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Archive for the ‘Genetics’ Category

Spanish scientists identify the molecular mechanisms controlling the genes involved in proper formation of the heart … – EurekAlert

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

Spanish scientists identify the molecular mechanisms controlling the genes involved in proper formation of the heart ...  EurekAlert

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GENEFIT, the First-Ever Fitness Technology to Integrate Personal Genetics with Wearable Tracker Data, Launches to … – Fitt Insider

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

GENEFIT, the First-Ever Fitness Technology to Integrate Personal Genetics with Wearable Tracker Data, Launches to ...  Fitt Insider

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GENEFIT, the First-Ever Fitness Technology to Integrate Personal Genetics with Wearable Tracker Data, Launches to ... - Fitt Insider

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Genetic ‘protection’ against depression was no match for pandemic stress, finds study of first-year college students – Medical Xpress

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

Genetic 'protection' against depression was no match for pandemic stress, finds study of first-year college students  Medical Xpress

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Genetic 'protection' against depression was no match for pandemic stress, finds study of first-year college students - Medical Xpress

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Origin and evolution of the triploid cultivated banana genome – Nature.com

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

Origin and evolution of the triploid cultivated banana genome  Nature.com

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Origin and evolution of the triploid cultivated banana genome - Nature.com

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CellCharter reveals spatial cell niches associated with tissue remodeling and cell plasticity – Nature.com

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

CellCharter reveals spatial cell niches associated with tissue remodeling and cell plasticity  Nature.com

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CellCharter reveals spatial cell niches associated with tissue remodeling and cell plasticity - Nature.com

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How do we get our eye color? A genetics expert reveals the fascinating truth – Fox News

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

How do we get our eye color? A genetics expert reveals the fascinating truth  Fox News

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WVU Today | WVU scientists spice up genetic research through habanero peppers and AI – WVU Today

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

WVU Today | WVU scientists spice up genetic research through habanero peppers and AI  WVU Today

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Genetic mutations that promote reproduction tend to shorten human lifespan, study shows – Phys.org

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

Genetic mutations that promote reproduction tend to shorten human lifespan, study shows  Phys.org

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Genetic mutations that promote reproduction tend to shorten human lifespan, study shows - Phys.org

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Stanford Scientists Discover Common Genetic Factor That Fends Off Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s – SciTechDaily

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

Stanford Scientists Discover Common Genetic Factor That Fends Off Alzheimer's and Parkinson's  SciTechDaily

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Stanford Scientists Discover Common Genetic Factor That Fends Off Alzheimer's and Parkinson's - SciTechDaily

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Association of genetic risk and lifestyle with pancreatic cancer and their age dependency: a large prospective cohort … – BMC Medicine

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

Association of genetic risk and lifestyle with pancreatic cancer and their age dependency: a large prospective cohort ...  BMC Medicine

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New bill would block American genetic data from access by companies tied to foreign adversaries – Homeland Preparedness News

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

New bill would block American genetic data from access by companies tied to foreign adversaries  Homeland Preparedness News

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Electric Eels Shocking Ability To Alter The Genetics Of Nearby Animals – Forbes

Wednesday, December 13th, 2023

Electric Eels Shocking Ability To Alter The Genetics Of Nearby Animals  Forbes

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"When them genetics kick in its all over" – NBA fans send in rib-tickling reactions as LeBron James attends Zhuri James’ volleyball game -…

Monday, October 16th, 2023

"When them genetics kick in its all over" - NBA fans send in rib-tickling reactions as LeBron James attends Zhuri James' volleyball game  Sportskeeda

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"When them genetics kick in its all over" - NBA fans send in rib-tickling reactions as LeBron James attends Zhuri James' volleyball game -...

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David Liu, chemist: We now have the technology to correct misspellings in our DNA that cause known genetic diseases – EL PAS USA

Friday, April 7th, 2023

David Liu, chemist: We now have the technology to correct misspellings in our DNA that cause known genetic diseases  EL PAS USA

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David Liu, chemist: We now have the technology to correct misspellings in our DNA that cause known genetic diseases - EL PAS USA

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World Health Day 2023: Understanding the science of Epi-genetics and how to apply it in our daily lives – Free Press Journal

Friday, April 7th, 2023

World Health Day 2023: Understanding the science of Epi-genetics and how to apply it in our daily lives  Free Press Journal

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World Health Day 2023: Understanding the science of Epi-genetics and how to apply it in our daily lives - Free Press Journal

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Genetics – National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)

Wednesday, March 29th, 2023

Why do scientists study the genes of other organisms?

All living things evolved from a common ancestor. Therefore, humans, animals, and other organisms share many of the same genes, and the molecules made from them function in similar ways.

Scientists have found many genes that have been preserved through millions of years of evolution and are present in a range of organisms living today. They can study these preserved genes and compare the genomes of different species to uncover similarities and differences that improve their understanding of how human genes function and are controlled. This knowledge helps researchers develop new strategies to treat and prevent human disease. Scientists also study the genes of bacteria, viruses, and fungi for solutions to prevent or treat infection. Increasingly, these studies are offering insight into how microbes on and in the body affect our health, sometimes in beneficial ways.

Increasingly sophisticated tools and techniques are allowing NIGMS-funded scientists to ask more precise questions about the genetic basis of biology. For example, theyre studying the factors that control when genes are active, the mechanisms DNA uses to repair broken or damaged segments, and the complex ways traits are passed to future generations. Another focus of exploration involves tracing genetic variation over time to detail human evolutionary history and to pinpoint the emergence of disease-related attributes. These areas of basic research will continue to build a strong foundation for more disease-targeted studies.

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Genetics - National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)

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GENETICS 101 – Understanding Genetics – NCBI Bookshelf

Wednesday, March 29th, 2023

Almost every human trait and disease has a genetic component, whether inherited orinfluenced by behavioral factors such as exercise. Genetic components can also modifythe bodys response to environmental factors such as toxins. Understanding theunderlying concepts of human genetics and the role of genes, behavior, and theenvironment is important for appropriately collecting and applying genetic and genomicinformation and technologies during clinical care. It is important in improving diseasediagnosis and treatment as well. This chapter provides fundamental information aboutbasic genetics concepts, including cell structure, the molecular and biochemical basisof disease, major types of genetic disease, laws of inheritance, and the impact ofgenetic variation.

Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of every known livingorganism. Instructions needed to direct activities are contained within a DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence. DNA from all organisms is made up of the samechemical units (bases) called adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, abbreviatedas A, T, G, and C. In complementary DNA strands, A matches with T, and C with G, toform base pairs. The human genome (total composition of genetic material within acell) is packaged into larger units known as chromosomesphysically separatemolecules that range in length from about 50 to 250 million base pairs. Human cellscontain two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent. Each cellnormally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, which consist of 22 autosomes (numbered 1through 22) and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). However, sperm and ovanormally contain half as much genetic material: only one copy of eachchromosome.

Each chromosome contains many genes, the basic physical and functional units ofheredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions for how tomake proteins. The DNA sequence is the particular side-by-side arrangement of basesalong the DNA strand (e.g., ATTCCGGA). Each gene has a unique DNA sequence. Genescomprise only about 29 percent of the human genome; the remainder consists ofnon-coding regions, whose functions may include providing chromosomal structuralintegrity and regulating where, when, and in what quantity proteins are made. Thehuman genome is estimated to contain 20,000 to 25,000 genes.

Although each cell contains a full complement of DNA, cells use genes selectively.For example, the genes active in a liver cell differ from the genes active in abrain cell because each cell performs different functions and, therefore, requiresdifferent proteins. Different genes can also be activated during development or inresponse to environmental stimuli such as an infection or stress.

Many, if not most, diseases are caused or influenced by genetics. Genes, through theproteins they encode, determine how efficiently foods and chemicals are metabolized,how effectively toxins are detoxified, and how vigorously infections are targeted.Genetic diseases can be categorized into three major groups: single-gene,chromosomal, and multifactorial.

Changes in the DNA sequence of single genes, also known as mutations, cause thousandsof diseases. A gene can mutate in many ways, resulting in an altered protein productthat is unable to perform its normal function. The most common gene mutationinvolves a change or misspelling in a single base in the DNA.Other mutations include the loss (deletion) or gain (duplication or insertion) of asingle or multiple base(s). The altered protein product may still retain some normalfunction, but at a reduced capacity. In other cases, the protein may be totallydisabled by the mutation or gain an entirely new, but damaging, function. Theoutcome of a particular mutation depends not only on how it alters aproteins function, but also on how vital that particular protein is tosurvival. Other mutations, called polymorphisms, are natural variations in DNAsequence that have no adverse effects and are simply differences amongindividuals.

In addition to mutations in single genes, genetic diseases can be caused by largermutations in chromosomes. Chromosomal abnormalities may result from either the totalnumber of chromosomes differing from the usual amount or the physical structure of achromosome differing from the usual structure. The most common type of chromosomalabnormality is known as aneuploidy, an abnormal number of chromosomes due to anextra or missing chromosome. A usual karyotype (complete chromosome set) contains 46chromosomes including an XX (female) or an XY (male) sex chromosome pair. Structuralchromosomal abnormalities include deletions, duplications, insertions, inversions,or translocations of a chromosome segment. (See Appendix F for more information aboutchromosomal abnormalities.)

Multifactorial diseases are caused by a complex combination of genetic, behavioral,and environmental factors. Examples of these conditions include spina bifida,diabetes, and heart disease. Although multifactorial diseases can recur in families,some mutations such as cancer can be acquired throughout an individualslifetime. All genes work in the context of environment and behavior. Alterations inbehavior or the environment such as diet, exercise, exposure to toxic agents, ormedications can all influence genetic traits.

The basic laws of inheritance are useful in understanding patterns of diseasetransmission. Single-gene diseases are usually inherited in one of several patterns,depending on the location of the gene (e.g., chromosomes 1-22 or X and Y) andwhether one or two normal copies of the gene are needed for normal protein activity.Five basic modes of inheritance for single-gene diseases exist: autosomal dominant,autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, and mitochondria. (Seediagram on following page.)

All individuals are 99.9 percent the same genetically. The differences in thesequence of DNA among individuals, or genetic variation, explain some of thedifferences among people such as physical traits and higher or lower risk forcertain diseases. Mutations and polymorphisms are forms of genetic variation. Whilemutations are generally associated with disease and are relatively rare,polymorphisms are more frequent and their clinical significance is not asstraightforward. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, pronouncedsnips) are DNA sequence variations that occur when a singlenucleotide is altered. SNPs occur every 100 to 300 bases along the 3 billion-basehuman genome. A single individual may carry millions of SNPs.

Although some genetic variations may cause or modify disease risk, other changes mayresult in no increased risk or a neutral presentation. For example, genetic variantsin a single gene account for the different blood types: A, B, AB, and O.Understanding the clinical significance of genetic variation is a complicatedprocess because of our limited knowledge of which genes are involved in a disease orcondition and the multiple gene-gene and gene-behavior-environment interactionslikely to be involved in complex, chronic diseases. New technologies are enablingfaster and more accurate detection of genetic variants in hundreds or thousands ofgenes in a single process.

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GENETICS 101 - Understanding Genetics - NCBI Bookshelf

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People always think Im skinny because of good genetics theyre shocked when they see what I used to lo… – The US Sun

Wednesday, March 29th, 2023

People always think Im skinny because of good genetics theyre shocked when they see what I used to lo...  The US Sun

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People always think Im skinny because of good genetics theyre shocked when they see what I used to lo... - The US Sun

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Forensics expert explains ‘genetic genealogy’ process believed to be used in Kohberger’s arrest – KTVB.com

Friday, January 6th, 2023

Forensics expert explains 'genetic genealogy' process believed to be used in Kohberger's arrest  KTVB.com

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Forensics expert explains 'genetic genealogy' process believed to be used in Kohberger's arrest - KTVB.com

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Idaho student murders: What is genetic genealogy, a tool reportedly used to help capture the suspect? – FOX 10 News Phoenix

Friday, January 6th, 2023

Idaho student murders: What is genetic genealogy, a tool reportedly used to help capture the suspect?  FOX 10 News Phoenix

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Idaho student murders: What is genetic genealogy, a tool reportedly used to help capture the suspect? - FOX 10 News Phoenix

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