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A mothers mental health during pregnancy has a direct impact on the development of her babys immune system, according to a new Canadian study published in the journal Clinical & Experimental Allergy.

Previous research has shown a link between a mothers mental state and the development of asthma and allergies in her babies, but this is the first study in humans to identify the mechanism at work.

Our study shows that what happens to the mother during pregnancy could affect the levels and function of the cells that produce immunoglobulin in children, said Dr. Anita Kozyrskyj, a pediatric epidemiologist and a leading researcher on gut microbes at the University of Alberta (U of A).

The research team analyzed the health records of 1,043 mother-infant pairs who were participating in the CHILD Cohort Study, a project that follows the health of thousands of Canadian children into their teens.

The mothers completed regular questionnaires about their mood during and after their pregnancies, asking, for example, whether they felt sad or overwhelmed. Stool samples from the babies were examined for the presence of intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), an antibody that plays a crucial role in immunity.

This immunoglobulin is really important in the microbiome for developing oral tolerance to environmental antigens, said lead author Liane Kang, who conducted the study for her MSc and is now studying medicine at the U of A.

The findings show that moms who reported symptoms of depression during their third trimester, or persistently before and after the birth, were twice as likely to have babies with the lowest levels of immunoglobulin A in their gut. The mothers symptoms did not have to be severe enough for a clinical diagnosis of depression. No link was found with postpartum depression.

The results remained even when variable factors such as breastfeeding and antibiotic use by the mothers and babies were taken into account.

We know that women who have psychological distress are less likely to breastfeed and interact with their children, said Kang. Antibiotic use could also impact how the infant gut microbiome is developing.

Despite all these factors there was still a link between depression and lower immunoglobulin A in the infant.

Kozyrskyj noted that the lowest levels of immunoglobulin A were found in infants between four and eight months old, when they would normally begin to produce their own immunoglobulin.

The largest impact of depression in the mothers was seen in this startup phase of the childs own immune system, she said.

Lowered immunity places the babies at risk for respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, as well as asthma and allergies, and may also lead to a greater risk for depression, obesity and autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, say the researchers.

Kozyrskyj suggests that higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol may be transferred from depressed moms to their fetuses and interfere with the production of cells that will make immunoglobulin after birth. She said more research is required to understand this link between the maternal microbiome and infant immune development.

New mothers are going through a very different stage in their life where they have to take care of another human being, and there are a lot of stressors that come with that, said Kang.

Both researchers said their study indicates that more mental health supports are needed for pregnant women.

These findings should not be used to blame mothers, said Kozyrskyj. Maternal mental health does not occur in isolation.

Source: University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry

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