StemCell Therapy

Help Make A Difference: Donate Today to Support a Cure!

Every 23 seconds, someone is diagnosed with diabetes. Diabetes causes more deaths a year than breast cancer and AIDS combined. It must be stopped!

Your gift today will go a long way in helping us save lives and continue to lead the search for a cure, so that one day we can be free of diabetes and its burdens.

Honor someone you love or remember someone you've lost with a gift in their name.

UPDATE: For a limited time every dollar you give will be MATCHED x2 ($1 you give = $3!)

Fill out the form to make a one-time gift of $25 or more and receive 200 miles from eMiles.

Help cure diabetes. We have an incredible opportunity to DOUBLE the impact of your support for critical diabetes research. The Amaranth Diabetes Foundation will match your contribution, dollar-for-dollar, up to campaign total of $350,000. Please don't wait, donate today - we only have until June 24th to meet this goal.

We're making tremendous strides to advance crucial diabetes research. But we have an epidemic on our hands and time is precious. We need far more resources to speed life-changing diabetes research that will provide better treatments and, one day, a cure.

UPDATE: For a limited time every dollar you give will be MATCHED x2 ($1 you give = $3!)

Your support is vital. Please donate today to support diabetes research.

We have an incredible opportunity to DOUBLE the impact of your support for critical diabetes research. The Amaranth Diabetes Foundation will match your contribution, dollar-for-dollar, up to campaign total of $200,000. Please don't wait, donate today - we only have until June 24th to meet this goal.

This special matching gift offer is brought to you by our campaign sponsor, Amaranth Diabetes Foundation. We are grateful for their support of the American Diabetes Association and people with diabetes. Donations to this matching gift campaign will be directed 100% to Association-funded diabetes research. Donations or contributions to Step Out: Walk to Stop Diabetes, Tour de Cure, or other special event fundraising campaigns do not qualify for this matching gift offer.

Help cure diabetes. We have an incredible opportunity to DOUBLE the impact of your support for critical diabetes research. The Amaranth Diabetes Foundation will match your contribution, dollar-for-dollar, up to campaign total of $350,000. Please don't wait, donate today - we only have until June 24th to meet this goal.

We're making tremendous strides to advance crucial diabetes research. But we have an epidemic on our hands and time is precious. We need far more resources to speed life-changing diabetes research that will provide better treatments and, one day, a cure.

UPDATE: For a limited time every dollar you give will be MATCHED x2 ($1 you give = $3!)

Your support is vital. Please donate today to support diabetes research.

We have an incredible opportunity to DOUBLE the impact of your support for critical diabetes research. The Amaranth Diabetes Foundation will match your contribution, dollar-for-dollar, up to campaign total of $200,000. Please don't wait, donate today - we only have until June 24th to meet this goal.

This special matching gift offer is brought to you by our campaign sponsor, Amaranth Diabetes Foundation. We are grateful for their support of the American Diabetes Association and people with diabetes. Donations to this matching gift campaign will be directed 100% to Association-funded diabetes research. Donations or contributions to Step Out: Walk to Stop Diabetes, Tour de Cure, or other special event fundraising campaigns do not qualify for this matching gift offer.

Help cure diabetes. We have an incredible opportunity to DOUBLE the impact of your support for critical diabetes research. The Amaranth Diabetes Foundation will match your contribution, dollar-for-dollar, up to campaign total of $350,000. Please don't wait, donate today - we only have until June 24th to meet this goal.

We're making tremendous strides to advance crucial diabetes research. But we have an epidemic on our hands and time is precious. We need far more resources to speed life-changing diabetes research that will provide better treatments and, one day, a cure.

UPDATE: For a limited time every dollar you give will be MATCHED x2 ($1 you give = $3!)

Your support is vital. Please donate today to support diabetes research.

Earn 1,000 Points from MyPoints by making a tax-deductible gift of $15 or more.

We have an incredible opportunity to DOUBLE the impact of your support for critical diabetes research. The Amaranth Diabetes Foundation will match your contribution, dollar-for-dollar, up to campaign total of $200,000. Please don't wait, donate today - we only have until June 24th to meet this goal.

Earn 1,000 Points from MyPoints by making a tax-deductible gift of $15 or more.

This special matching gift offer is brought to you by our campaign sponsor, Amaranth Diabetes Foundation. We are grateful for their support of the American Diabetes Association and people with diabetes. Donations to this matching gift campaign will be directed 100% to Association-funded diabetes research. Donations or contributions to Step Out: Walk to Stop Diabetes, Tour de Cure, or other special event fundraising campaigns do not qualify for this matching gift offer.

We have an incredible opportunity to DOUBLE the impact of your support for critical diabetes research. Our generous partner, Visionworks, will match your contribution, dollar-for-dollar, up to campaign total of $50,000. Please don't wait, donate today - we only have until August 15 to meet this goal.

We're making tremendous strides to advance crucial diabetes research, and prevent and cure diabetes. But we have an epidemic on our hands and time is precious. We need far more resources to speed life-changing diabetes research that will provide better treatments and, one day, a cure.

UPDATE: For a limited time every dollar you give will be MATCHED x2 ($1 you give = $3!)

Your support is vital. Please donate today to support diabetes research.

We're happy to announce that Visionworks is demonstrating its support of the American Diabetes Association with an offer to match every donation to this appeal dollar for dollar up to a campaign total of $50,000! Donate today we have until August 15 to meet this goal.

This matching gift offer is brought to you by Visionworks. Visionworks, a leading provider of eye care services, is committed to helping people with diabetes lead healthy lives. We are grateful for their support of the American Diabetes Association and people with diabetes. Donations to this matching gift campaign will be directed 100% to Association-funded diabetes research. Donations or contributions to Step Out: Walk to Stop Diabetes, Tour de Cure, or other special event fundraising campaigns do not qualify for this matching gift offer.

We have an incredible opportunity to DOUBLE the impact of your support for critical diabetes research. Our generous partner, Visionworks, will match your contribution, dollar-for-dollar, up to campaign total of $50,000. Please don't wait, donate today - we only have until August 15 to meet this goal.

We're making tremendous strides to advance crucial diabetes research, and prevent and cure diabetes. But we have an epidemic on our hands and time is precious. We need far more resources to speed life-changing diabetes research that will provide better treatments and, one day, a cure.

UPDATE: For a limited time every dollar you give will be MATCHED x2 ($1 you give = $3!)

Your support is vital. Please donate today to support diabetes research.

We're happy to announce that Visionworks is demonstrating its support of the American Diabetes Association with an offer to match every donation to this appeal dollar for dollar up to a campaign total of $50,000! Donate today we have until August 15 to meet this goal.

This matching gift offer is brought to you by Visionworks. Visionworks, a leading provider of eye care services, is committed to helping people with diabetes lead healthy lives. We are grateful for their support of the American Diabetes Association and people with diabetes. Donations to this matching gift campaign will be directed 100% to Association-funded diabetes research. Donations or contributions to Step Out: Walk to Stop Diabetes, Tour de Cure, or other special event fundraising campaigns do not qualify for this matching gift offer.

Honor a loved one with a donation in their name for Father's Day. Make a tax deductible gift now to help Stop Diabetes.

Your tax-deductible gift will fund critical diabetes research, education and awareness programs that will improve the lives of those with diabetes. Your gift includes the choice of an email or print announcement card for your gift recipient.

Honor a loved one with a donation in their name. Make a tax deductible gift now to help Stop Diabetes.

Please use our Memorial Donation Form if you would like to create a memorial in the name of a beloved family member or friend. If you prefer, you may make your donation by phone at 1-800-DIABETES (1-800-342-2383) or by mail.

This special matching gift offer is brought to you by our campaign sponsor, Amaranth Diabetes Foundation. We are grateful for their support of the American Diabetes Association and people with diabetes. Donations to this matching gift campaign will be directed 100% to Association-funded diabetes research. Donations or contributions to Step Out: Walk to Stop Diabetes, Tour de Cure, or other special event fundraising campaigns do not qualify for this matching gift offer.

Help give the gift of diabetes summer camp to a child like yours.

Give a child living with diabetes the life-changing experience of spending a whole week having fun and learning how to better manage this tough disease with other kids who all have diabetes, too.

It's tough to feel like you're the only person in the world who has to deal with diabetes, but then you go to camp. Camp is a place where I feel safe and people understand what I'm going through. When I'm there, everyone gets it, no one stares and there's no explanation necessary.

Help give the gift of diabetes summer camp to a child like yours.

Give a child living with diabetes the life-changing experience of spending a whole week having fun and learning how to better manage this tough disease with other kids who all have diabetes, too.

It's tough to feel like you're the only person in the world who has to deal with diabetes, but then you go to camp. Camp is a place where I feel safe and people understand what I'm going through. When I'm there, everyone gets it, no one stares and there's no explanation necessary.

In the next 48 hours, 7,670 Americans will be diagnosed with diabetes, changing their lives forever. There's no sugarcoating itdiabetes is bad news. It makes everything harderfrom eating a meal to staying healthy to being treated fairly at work and school and so much more.

That's why we want to show these people that they're not alone during what is probably a very tough time in their lives. Show them that you stand with them by making a gift to help fight this devastating disease. No matter how much youre able to give, your tax-deductible gift will help speed the search for a cure and improve care for people living with diabetes, as well as prevent more Americans from developing this deadly disease. #GiveForDiabetes

In the next 48 hours, 7,670 Americans will be diagnosed with diabetes, changing their lives forever. There's no sugarcoating itdiabetes is bad news. It makes everything harderfrom eating a meal to staying healthy to being treated fairly at work and school and so much more.

STANDING TOGETHER OUR WONDERFUL SUPPORTERS

Fill out the fields to put your pin in the map!

Read more:
American Diabetes Association: 2016 Help Cure Diabetes v1 ...

What will they be when they grow out?

by Diane Brucato-Thomas, RDH, EF, BS, FAADH

To be or not to be? That is the question was likely uttered on the stage at the Shakespeare Festival next door to where we sat on a blanket on the Lithia Park grass, in Ashland, Oregon. We were contemplating the backgammon board between us, as leaves sprinkled down, in the crisp autumn air. Apparently, the backgammon board was not all that Jack was contemplating. A similar question left his lips, Diane, when does the will begin?

Uh, well ... uuhhhhh ... Now, there was a question that I had not thought much about. Jack was good at snatching those kinds of questions out of thin air. Sometimes, I thought he used them as a means of distraction if I was winning, so I would make a dumb move. But then, his letters were the same way: How many drops of water does it take to fill a swimming pool? and he would go about figuring it out step by brilliant step in the body of the letter.

I came back to the question at hand and darn near gave away the game. I never was good at multitasking. Jack looked at me. Well? Does a plant have a will when it turns toward the light? Does a protozoa have a will? Does the will begin before or after the brain develops? Does a sperm cell have a will when it starts its journey with such seeming determination? Or does the will begin when the fertilized egg starts to divide? Or is it when the cells differentiate, determining their purpose within the organism? Exactly when does the will begin?

We ended up going round and round on that one, on that breezy fall day in 1984.

Fifteen years before I met this brilliant man, who could conjure scientific facts and philosophical dilemmas on a whim, Jack was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He was far from being alone. Parkinson's is a very common neurodegenerative disorder, found to affect 2% of the population over age 65. Actor Michael J. Fox brought Parkinson's more into the limelight when he was diagnosed at a much younger age. It is caused by a progressive degeneration and loss of neurons in the brain that produce dopamine. The symptoms include tremors, abnormally decreased mobility (hypokinesia), and rigidity. I remember Jack holding my arm as his feet would shuffle to a slow start, just to walk from here to there.

Jack died in 1996.

How I would love to have the opportunity to have a deep discussion with Jack today! Parkinson's disease may be among the first diseases to be well-suited to treatment using stem cell transplantation. Methods to induce embryonic stem cells to differentiate into cells with many of the functions of specific dopamine-producing neuron cells have been successfully developed in several laboratories.

Jack would have been fascinated to learn that recently scientists directed mouse embryonic stem cells to differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons and then transplanted them into the brains of a rat model of Parkinson's disease. These stem cell derived neurons reinnervated the brains of the rat Parkinson model, released dopamine, and improved their motor function!

Scientists are now developing a number of strategies in the laboratory for producing dopamine-releasing neurons from human adult stem cells to be transplanted into humans with Parkinson's disease. If the generation of an unlimited supply of dopamine-producing neurons is successful, neurotransplantation may be widely available for Parkinson's patients in the future.

Parkinson's disease is just one of many previously incurable diseases and conditions that may find a cure in stem cell regenerative therapies. Muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, renal failure, and spinal cord injuries are a few others. Virtually any disease that occurs as a result of damaged, failing or malfunctioning tissues may potentially be cured through regenerative therapies.

Stem cells from one part of the body will be expanded (grown out) and reimplanted to replace an entirely different type of tissue. This type of transplant will totally negate the need for antirejection drugs, since the implant is made of the patient's own body cells.

Most recently, the very first engineered whole organ transplant, using a windpipe made with the patient's own stem cells, was successfully completed by surgeons in Spain. The patient was a 30-year-old woman, whose airways were damaged by tuberculosis and who needed the transplant to save her lung.

The doctors removed a trachea and bronchus from a donor patient who recently died. Using strong chemicals and enzymes, all of the cells were dissolved from the donor trachea, leaving only a fibrous tissue scaffolding made of collagen protein. This structure was used as the framework to repopulate with the woman's own cells. The doctors used two types of the woman's own cells to populate the scaffold cells lining her own windpipe, and very immature bone marrow cells (adult stem cells), which could be encouraged to form the kind of cells that normally surround the trachea.

The repopulated scaffold was rotated in a special bioreactor and after only four days of growth in the lab, the newly-coated donor trachea was ready for transplant. It looked and behaved identically as a normal human donor trachea would. This was cut to fit and replaced the woman's damaged windpipe. Four days after the transplant, the hybrid trachea was almost indistinguishable from the adjacent normal airway. Further, there was no sign of rejection four months later.

The idea of using stem cells from the person's own body to provide undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, not only circumvents the necessity for antirejection medication, it entirely avoids the controversy of using embryonic stem cells. Most exciting for us in the dental field is that undifferentiated mesenchymal cells originated from the cranial ectoneuromesioderm can be found in the pulp of teeth! These stem cells may be used to produce tissues found from the neck up, including nerves, bone, cartilage, and fat.

This discovery prompted Dr. Greg Chotkowski, an oral surgeon whose own son suffers from muscular dystrophy, to look at the plethora of extracted teeth being discarded daily in an entirely new light. Here was a noninvasive source of magical adult stem cells readily available for patients' future access. This realization led Dr. Chotkowski to create StemSave, a company that provides an opportunity for dentists and patients to recover and cryogenically preserve their own or their child's healthy stem cells for future regenerative purposes. This is an incredible gift of life to offer for your child's future health.

One of my favorite clients is a smart and beautiful 30-year-old mother from Brazil. She was showing me a picture of her darling 10-month-old son, when she cited her gratefulness that he was born in good health. She told me that, at the time when she gave birth, she had been reading about stem cell therapies and research being done, and asked the nurses at her hospital about banking the umbilical stem cells. Surprisingly, she was told that it was too difficult and, therefore, was not given the opportunity. Imagine, this woman was thrilled to hear from me that there would be another opportunity when her little boy began to lose his baby teeth.

Deciduous teeth that are just starting to loosen, particularly incisors or canines, with more than one-third of the root structure intact, are perfect candidates for viable pulpal stem cell recovery. The tooth must be free of infection, deep caries, and have an intact blood supply. Mesodens or supernumerary teeth are another ideal source. Extracted permanent teeth, such as wisdom teeth or bicuspids extracted for orthodontic purposes can also be a source for adult stem cells, as long as the teeth are free of infection or pathology, have a complete root, and intact blood supply.

If a client chooses to bank their dental stem cells, they can enroll online at http://www.stemsave.com. Their dentist will then receive a recovery and transport kit in time for the extraction appointment. When the tooth is removed from the oral cavity at 98.6 degrees, the dentist places the tooth or teeth into a vial included in the recovery kit. This is then placed into a thermos containing a patented phase change material that maintains the internal environment of the thermos at room temperature, inducing hypothermia. UPS is dispatched through StemSave for immediate pickup and delivery within 48 hours. This is critical to keep the pulp alive.

When StemSave receives the package, the teeth are removed and disinfected. Then they are cracked open, and the pulp is removed and tested for viability. The dental stem cells are then cryogenically preserved in liquid nitrogen utilizing DMSO as a cryoprotectant. DMSO prevents crystallization damage within the cells, so, even though frozen, the cells remain undamaged in suspended animation at a cryopreservation facility that has been in business for 25 years.

At this point in time, studies involving the applicability of adult stem cells derived from dental pulp has focused on proving the viability of these cells for regenerative applications. Less invasive than extracting stem cells from conventional sources, such as bone marrow and umbilical cords, dental pulp stem cell extraction is an attractive and less expensive alternative.

Jeremy Mao, DDS, PhD, a professor and director of the Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory and professor of dentistry at Columbia University, states that, although more clinical research and differentiation studies are needed involving dental stem cells, the future holds a great potential for the use of these cells. Clinical research of the potential for utilizing these cells in the treatment of diseases or conditions involving neural, bone, cartilage, or fat is just beginning.

Dr. Mao's latest announcement states in an abstract that he has turned dental stem cells into pancreatic beta islet cells that produce insulin. Considering the fact that the occurrence of diabetes in the United States is reaching epidemic proportions, this is most exciting!

Since the very beginning of the profession of dental hygiene, dental hygienists were known as specialists in prevention. In recent years, as periodontal diseases have become linked with systemic diseases, dental hygienists are being touted as not only saving teeth, but saving lives! Now, dental hygienists are in the unique position to not only save lives, but actually play a role in improving the quality of and extending lives.

Dental hygienists see almost every client that comes in the door. How many of these adults need an extraction?

How many college kids are having their wisdom teeth extracted? How many teens are getting orthodontic extractions? How many little tykes are anxiously awaiting the tooth fairy? How many new mothers like my client were denied an opportunity to bank their umbilical stem cells? Imagine the fact that encouraging the simple banking of those viable dental stem cells may save and extend their lives in the event of an unfortunate disease or condition occurring. Talk about making a difference!

Now that I've got your attention, stay tuned. The sequel to this article will go into more depth to help you understand the miraculous life-giving science of stem cells and regenerative medicine.

This brings me back to Jack. I found a couple of letters he wrote to my husband. In this one from 1988, Jack relates that his cousin once asked:

You say, And so you are 70 and have your own hell with that Parkinson's disease.' Has the happiness in your life been worth the suffering?

Jack answered:

My whole life, practically, has been a wonderful experience. Somehow I escaped the thistle and thorns. The accent on my existence has been exploring and knowing. I find the times we live in now most fascinating.

I never planned on an immortal existence ... Man and other living things go through a cycle of birth, life, and death. I remember, as a youngster, asking the question: What is the mechanism for gathering together the residue of ashes or bacterial decay and reconstituting it into a loving sentient being? A shriveled shell of 75 or an improved new young model?'

In another letter from December 1981, Jack writes: How often do you pause to marvel at the new things of recent years? ... sending a space craft to Jupiter and having thousands of pictures sent back, putting a man on the moon, releasing nuclear energy, the wonders of electronics ... Who needs (more) miracles? We've got all we need ... and real ones.

These contemplations make me wish Jack were here now. I would gladly give up winning the backgammon game to discuss the amazing potential of stem cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and the hope of life without the debilitating symptoms. What a way to spend the day!

Originally posted here:
Stem Cells - Registered Dental Hygienist - RDH Mag

Recommended Preventative Medicine Guidelines for Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis sp.),

Preventative medicine is key to providing long-term health care for all animals, including giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis sp.). Use of a preventative program helps to avoid intra- and inter- specific infectious disease, developmental problems, and in the long term management is cost effective.

Giraffe are commonly kept in zoological facilities and generally present few problems. In many instances however, giraffe can be difficult to clinically manage, due to the mechanics of dealing with a megavertebrates. Operant conditioning, even with limited physical facilities, may assist with the evaluation of captive giraffe and is encouraged. A preventative health care plan should also address the social and psychological needs og the individuals and the group as a whole. Activities that stimulate normal behaviors have beneficial physical effects on the animals and make for better display animals as well. Use of browse is strongly encouraged for this and other health effects addressed in the nutritional section.

Giraffe are difficult animals to physically examine due to the inherent dangers of manual and chemical restraint.1-3 In general, current recommendations advise against yearly immobilization for physical examinations until safe methods for routine sedation and handling are defined. When performed, a physical examination should include;

1. Visual examination during normal ambulation for symmetry, gait, and overall appearance.

2. Verification of permanent identification (microchip, tattoo, ear tag, patterning, etc.).

3. Physical examination to include auscultation, hoof condition and wear, ophthalmic and aural exam, visual assessment of the external genitalia, haircoat density, dental assessment, EKG when possible, etc.

4. Clinicopathologic assessment;

A. Bloodwork to include:

a. Complete blood count

b. Serum chemistry panel

c. Mineral panel

d. Serology to include Leptospirosis sp (17 serovar panel- Appendix II), Malignant Catarrhal Fever, Bluetongue, Brucellosis, M. paratuberculosis, and New World West Nile virus status.

B. Routine urinalysis.

5. Estimated or actual weight.

6. Fecal analyses

A. Parasite screen- fecal flotation, direct.

B. Enteric pathogen screen; salmonella, campylobacter

C. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis surveillance- 3 fecal cultures (see Appendix).

7. Tuberculosis (TB) test- intradermal testing can be performed in the caudal tail fold with 0.1cc Bovine PPD as opportunity arises. It is not currently recommended to immobilize giraffe on a routine basis for tuberculosis screening unless clinical signs support testing, a history of tuberculosis in the herd warrants screening, or impending shipment is to occur.

8. Recommended vaccinations-

A. Giraffe are susceptible to Clostridium tetani.4 Vaccination with tetanus toxoid should be performed every other year or opportunistically.

B. Other vaccination for infectious disease (Leptospirosis sp., rabies, etc.) is left to the discretion of the institutions and perceived risks. There are no reported infections with New World West Nile virus in giraffe and vaccination is not recommended at this time.

9. Prophylactic treatments as needed

A. Ivermectin

B. Vitamin E/Selenium

C. Pyrantel tartrate

D. Fenbendazole

10. Hoof trimming

A. Some animals can be conditioned to allow routine hoof trimming in a restraint. Hoof trimming should be performed as needed to prevent long-term problems.

Parasite Control

Routine fecal examination (minimum twice yearly) should be performed on all individuals. Persistent parasitemia should be addressed with rotational anthelmintics based on a comprehensive parasite program.5-6 Larval drug resistance can be determined prior to developing any deworming program as resistance has developed in giraffe herds in certain areas. Testing can be performed with Dr. Tom Craig at Texas A&M.

Literature cited

1. Bush, M. Anesthesia of high-risk animals: Giraffe. In: (Fowler, M.E., R.E. Miller, eds.) Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4. 1999. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA. Pp. 545-547.

2. Bush, M., D.G. Grobler, J.P. Raath, L.G. Phillips, M. A. Stamper and W.R. Lance. 2001. Use of medetomidine and ketamine for immobilization of free-ranging giraffes. J.A.V.M.A. 218(2): 245-249.

3. Fischer, M.T., R.E. Miller, and E.W. Houston. 1997. Serial tranquilization of a reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) using xylazine. J.Zoo Wildl. Med. 28(2): 182-184.

4. Nofs, S.A., T.A. Reichard, W. Shellabarger. 2002. Tetanus in a Reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata): Observations and implications at the Toledo zoo. Proc. Am. Assoc. of Zoo Vet. Ann Conf., Milwaukwee, WI Pp. 186-190.

5. Isaza, R., G.V. Kollias. Designing a trichostrongyloid parasite control program for captive exotic ruminants. In (Fowler, M.E. and R.E. Miller, eds.). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA 593-597.

6. Young, K.E., J.M. Jensen, T.M. Craig. 2000. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity in captive wild ruminants by fecal egg reduction tests and a larval development assay. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 31(3): 348-352.

Appendix I

1. Fecal specimen testing for M. paratuberculosis from giraffe.

a. Collect at least 3 grams of feces daily for 3 days. Refrigerate specimens until the third specimen is obtained, place in seal able baggies or large seal able plastic tubes, place on ice and ship via overnight express to;

Johnes Testing Center

University of Wisconsin

School of Veterinary Medicine

2015 Linden Drive, West Room 4230

Madison, WI 53706-1102

Phone (608) 265-6463

2. Serology specimens for M. paratuberculosis ELISA and AGID.

a. Collect 1cc of serum in sealable plastic tubes and send on ice to;

Johnes Testine Center

University of Wisconsin

School of Veterinary Medicine

2015 Linden Drive West, Room 4230

Madison, WI 53706-1102

Phone (608) 265-6463

Appendix II

1. Leptospire titers-

a. Collect 2cc of serum in seal able plastic tubes and send on ice sent to;

National Veterinary Services Laboratory

1800 Dayton Road

Ames, IA 50010

Phone (515) 663-7266

Read the original here:
Giraffe Preventative Medicine Guidelines - American ...

OMICS InternationalConference Seriesprovides the perfect platform for global networking and we are truly delighted to invite you to attend our 6thInternational Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics, during September 12-14, 2016, Berlin, Germany. Genomics-2016 is a global platform to discuss and learn about Genomics & Pharmacogenomics and its allied areas Bioinformatics, Transcriptomics, Biotechnology, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering.

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Track 4:Biomarkers & Molecular Markers

Biomarkerscan be trademark organic properties or particles that can be distinguished and measured in parts of the body such as the blood or tissue. Biomarkers can be particular cells, atoms, or qualities, quality items, chemicals, orhormones.Atomicmarkeris a section of DNA that is connected with a specific area inside of the genome. Atomic markers are utilized as a part of sub-atomic science andbiotechnologyto distinguish a specific grouping of DNA in a pool of obscure DNA.

RelatedConferences: International ConferenceonMolecularandCancerBiomarkersSeptember 15-17, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016 Berlin; 7th International ConferenceonBiomarkersandClinicalResearch, November 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; International ConferenceonBiochemistryOctober 13-15, 2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Conference onProteinEngineering, October 26-28, 2015 Chicago, USA;BiomarkerSummit, 2123 March 2016, San Diego, United States; 18th International Conference on Biomarkers andClinical Medicine, 16-17 May, 2016, Paris, France; Circulating Biomarkers World Congress 2016, 21-22 March, 2016, Boston, USA; The Biomarker Conference, 18 - 19 February 2016, San Diego, USA; CancerMolecular Markers, 7-9, March 2016, San Francisco, USA

Track: 5Pharmacogenomics & Personalized Medicine

Pharmacogenomicsis a piece of a field called customized solution that means to tweak human services, with choices and medications custom-made to every individual patient inside and out conceivable. Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenomics manages new developments in the field of customized meds and advancements in modified medication revelation utilizingproteomeinnovation.

RelatedConferences: 5th International ConferenceonMetabolomics, May 16-18, 2016 Osaka, International Conference onGeneticCounselingandGenomicMedicineAugust 11-12, 2016 Birmingham; Japan; 5th International ConferenceonTissueScienceandRegenerativeMedicine September 12-14, 2016 Berlin, Germany; International ConferenceonRestorativeMedicine October 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA; International ConferenceonMolecularGenetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; Golden Helix Symposium, January 14-16, 2016, Mansoura, Egypt; ThePersonalized Medicine, World Conference 24-27 January, 2016, San Francisco, USA; 14th Asia-PacificFederationforClinicalBiochemistryand LaboratoryMedicineCongress, November 26-29, 2016,Taipei, Taiwan; Personalized Medicine, July 10-15, 2016, Hong Kong, China; 18th International ConferenceonPharmaceuticalEngineering andPharmacogenetics, March 30 - 31, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey

Track 6:Clinical Genomics

Clinical Genomicsis the utilization of genome sequencing to educate understanding analysis and care. Genome sequencing is relied upon to have the most effect in: portraying and diagnosing hereditary infection; stratifying patients for fittingmalignancytreatment; and giving data around an individual'simaginable reactionto treatment to lessen antagonistic medication responses.

RelatedConferences: ThePersonalized Medicine, World Conference 24-27 January, 2016, San Francisco, USA; International ConferenceonClinicalandMolecularGenetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; 5th International ConferenceandExhibitiononMetabolomics, May 16-18, 2016 Osaka, Japan; International Conference onRestorativeMedicine October 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA; 5th International ConferenceonTissue ScienceandRegenerativeMedicineSeptember 12-14, 2016 Berlin, Germany; AmericanCollege ofMedicalGeneticsandGenomics(ACMG)Annual Clinical Genetics Meeting, March 8-12, 2016, Tampa, USA; BelgianSocietyofHumanGeneticsandDutchSocietyforHumanGenetics Joint Meeting 2016 (NVHG BESHG 2016), February 4-5, 2016, Leuven, Belgium; An International theAssociation ofBiomolecularResource Facilities, February 20-23, 2016, Florida, USA; 14th Asia-PacificFederation forClinicalBiochemistryandLaboratoryMedicineCongress, November 26-29, 2016,Taipei, Taiwan;Personalized Medicine, July 10-15, 2016, Hong Kong, China

Track 7:Micro RNA

MicroRNAscomprise a novel class of small, non-coding endogenous RNAs that regulategene expressionby directing their target mRNAs for degradation or translational repression. miRNAs represent small RNA molecules encoded in the genomesofplants and animals. These highly conserved 22 nucleotides long RNA sequences regulate the expression of genes by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of specific mRNAs. A growing body of evidence shows that mRNAs are one of the key players in cell differentiation and growth, mobility andapoptosis.

RelatedConferences: International ConferenceonClinicalandMolecularGenetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; International ConferenceonNextGenerationSequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 7th International ConferenceandExpoonProteomicsOctober 24-26, 2016 Rome, Italy; International ConferenceonStructuralBiologyJune 23-24, 2016 New Orleans, USA; International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International ConferenceonMolecular Biology October 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 18th International Conferenceon ExtracellularBiomarkers, 22 23 April, 2016, London, United Kingdom; The 21st Annual Meeting of the RNA Society, June 28-June 2, 2016, Kyoto, Japan; NoncodingRNAsinHealthandDisease, February 21-24, 2016, New Mexico, USA;Small RNASilencing: Little Guides, Big Biology, January 24-28, 2016, Colorado, USA; MicroRNAas Biomarkers and Diagnostics, Positive-Strand RNAViruses, May 1-5, 2016, Texas, USA

Track 8:mRNA Analysis

mRNAis a subtype of RNA. A mRNA atom conveys a segment of the DNA code to different parts of the cell for preparing. mRNA is made amid interpretation. Amid the translation handle, a solitary strand ofDNAis decoded by RNA polymerase, and mRNA is incorporated. Physically, mRNA is a strand of nucleotides known as ribonucleiccorrosive, and is single-stranded.

RelatedConferences: International ConferenceonClinicalandMolecularGenetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; International ConferenceonNextGenerationSequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 7th International ConferenceandExpoonProteomicsOctober 24-26, 2016 Rome, Italy; International ConferenceonStructuralBiologyJune 23-24, 2016 New Orleans, USA; International Conference onTranscriptomics August 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International ConferenceonMolecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; FromCellBiologytoPathology, January 24-27, 2016, New Mexico, USA; Complex Life of mRNA, 58 October 2016, Heidelberg, Germany;Genome Editingand Gene ModulationCongress 2016, 6-8 Apr 2016, Oxford, United Kingdom;NGS2015 Sheffield Conference, 18-19 November, 2015, Sheffield, USA; QuantitativemethodsinGeneRegulation-III, 7-8 December, 2015, Cambridge, UK

Track9:BioinformaticsinGenomics

Bioinformaticsis the exploration of gathering and breaking down complex organic information, for example,hereditary codes. Sub-atomic solution requires the joining and examination of genomic, sub-atomic, cell, and additionallyclinical informationand it in this way offers a momentous arrangement of difficulties to bioinformatics.

RelatedConferences: 5th International ConferenceonComputationalSystemsBiologyAugust 22-23, 2016 Philadelphia, USA; 6th International ConferenceonBioinformaticsMarch 29-30, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 7th International ConferenceonBioinformatics October 27-28, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2nd International Conference onTranscriptomics August 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International ConferenceonNext GenerationSequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; The Fourteenth Asia PacificBioinformaticsConference, 11th-13 January 2016, San Francisco, USA; 18th International ConferenceonBioinformatics andBiotechnology, 19 20 May 2016, Berlin, Germany; IEEE conference onComputationalIntelligenceinBioinformaticsandComputationalBiology, October 5-7, 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand; 7th International ConferenceonBioinformatics Models, MethodsandAlgorithms, 21- 23 Feb, 2016, Rome, Italy;Bio banking2016, 57 January 2016, London, United Kingdom

Track 10:Comparative Genomics

SimilarGenomicsandgenomicmedicinenewfieldofnaturalexaminationinwhichthegenomegroupins of variousspecies- human, mouse and a wide assortment of different life forms from yeast to chimpanzees-are looked at. The assessment of likenesses and contrasts betweengenomesof various life forms; can uncover contrasts in the middle of people and species and also transformative connections.

RelatedConferences: WorldCongressonHumanGeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 4th International ConferenceonIntegrativeBiology, July 18-20, 2016, Berlin, Germany; International Conference onMolecular Biology, October 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; International ConferenceonGenetic Counseling andGenomicMedicineAugust 11-12, 2016 Birmingham; 5th International Conference onCellandGeneTherapyMay 19-21, 2016 San Antonio, USA; 20th Annual International ConferenceonComputationalMolecularBiology, April 17-21, 2016, Santa Monica, USA; 8th International ConferenceonBioinformaticsandComputationalBiology, April 4-6, 2016, Nevada, USA; Visualizingbiological data, 911 March 2016, Heidelberg, Germany; Chromatin andEpigenetics, March 20-24, 2016, British Columbia, Canada; Game ofEpigenetics, April 24-28, 2016 in Dubrovnik

Track 11:Plant Genomics

Late mechanical headways have generously extended our capacity to dissect and comprehendplantgenomes and to diminish the crevice existing in the middle of genotype and phenotype. The quick advancing field of genomics permits researchers to dissect a huge number of qualities in parallel, to comprehend the hereditary building design ofplant genomesfurthermore to separate the qualities in charge oftransformations.

RelatedConferences: International ConferenceonPlantPhysiologyJune 09-11, 2016 Dallas, USA ; GlobalSummit onPlant ScienceNovember 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; 5th International ConferenceonAgricultureand HorticultureJune 27-29, 2016 Cape Town, South Africa ; 6th International ConferenceonGenomicsand PharmacogenomicsSeptember 22-24, 2016 Berlin, Germany; International ConferenceonGreen Energy& Expo November 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; PlantGenomes andBiotechnology: from genes to networks Dec ember 02-05, 2015 Berlin, Germany; Plant Genome Evolution 2015 September, 6 - 8 2015 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The 3rdPlant GenomicsCongress September 14-15,2015 Missouri, USA; ProkaGENOMICS EuropeanConferenceonProkaryoticandFungalGenomics29 September-2 October 2015 Gttingen, Germany; International MeetingonBioinformaticsand OMICs October 27- 30,2015 Varadero, Cuba; The 2ndPlant GenomicsCongress: September 14-15, 2015 MO, USA; GET Global ConferenceSeptember 17-19, 2015 Vienna, Austria

Track 12:Personal Genomics

Individualgenomicsis the branch of genomics worried with thesequencingand examination of the genome of a person. The genotyping stage utilizes diverse strategies, includingsingle-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) examination chips or incomplete or fullgenome sequencing.

RelatedConferences: 4th International ConferenceonIntegrativeBiology, July 18-20, 2016, Berlin, Germany; 2nd International ConferenceonTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International ConferenceonNextGenerationSequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; WorldCongress onHumanGeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 18th International Conference onHuman Genetics, February 25 - 26, 2016, London, United Kingdom; Visualizing biological data, 911 March 2016, Heidelberg, Germany; 1st Annual International CongressofGenetics, April 25-28, Dalian, China; ChromatinandEpigenetics, March 20-24, 2016, British Columbia,Canada;GameofEpigenetics, April 24-28, 2016 in Dubrovnik

Track 13:Microbial Genomics

MicrobialGenomicsappliesrecombinantDNA,DNAsequencingroutines,andbioinformaticsto succession, gather, and dissect the capacity and structure of genomes in organisms. Amid the previous 10 years, genomics-based methodologies have profoundly affected the field ofmicrobiologyand our comprehension of microbial species. In view of their bigger genome sizes,genome sequencingendeavors on growths and unicellular eukaryotes were slower to begin than ventures concentrated on prokaryotes.

RelatedConferences: International ConferenceonMolecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 4th International ConferenceonIntegrativeBiologyJuly 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; International Conference onMicrobial Physiology and Genomics October 20-22, 2016 Rome, Italy; 4th International Conference onClinicalMicrobiologyandMicrobialGenomics October 05-07, 2015 Philadelphia, USA; 2nd World CongressandExpoonAppliedMicrobiology October 31-November 02, 2016 Istanbul, Turkey; 18th International ConferenceonClinicalMicrobiologyandMicrobialGenomics, June 9 - 10, 2016, San Francisco, USA; 18th International ConferenceonMicrobialGenomeResources, February 11 - 12, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 18th International ConferenceonMicrobialGenomeResources and Clinical Microbiology, January 12 - 13, 2016, Zurich, Switzerland; 18th International Conference onMolecular Geneticsand Microbiology, February 25 - 26, 2016, London, United Kingdom

Track 14:Future trends in Genomics

Genomics researchholds the way to meeting a considerable lot of the difficulties of the coming years. Right now, the greatest test is in information investigation. We can produce a lot of information modestly, yet that overpowers our ability to comprehend it. The significant test of the Genome Research is we have to imbue genomic datainto restorative practice, which is truly hard.

RelatedConferences: International ConferenceonClinical and Molecular Genetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2nd International ConferenceonTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International ConferenceonNextGenerationSequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; The Fourteenth Asia PacificBioinformaticsConference, 11th-13 January 2016, San Francisco, USA; WorldCongress onHumanGeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 18th International Conference onGeneticsand Genomics, June 9 - 10, 2016, San Francisco, USA; NGS 16Genome Annotation, April 4 6, 2016, Barcelona, Spain; Maintenance of Genome Stability 2016, March 7-10, 2016, Panama, Central America;Epigenomics: new marks, new horizons, December 2015, 2 December 2015, UK;Human GenomeMeeting, 28 February 2 March 2016, Houston, USA

Track15:GenomicMedicine GenomicMedicineas "a developing restorative train that includes utilizing genomicdata around a person as a major aspect of their clinical consideration (e.g., for demonstrative or remedial choice making) and the wellbeing results and strategy ramifications of that clinical use." Already, genomic medication is having an effect in the fields of oncology,pharmacology, uncommon and undiscovered maladies, and irresistible illness.

RelatedConferences: International ConferenceonMolecularandCancerBiomarkersSeptember 15-17, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 4th International ConferenceonIntegrativeBiology, July 18-20, 2016 Berlin; 7th International ConferenceonBiomarkers & Clinical Research, November 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; International ConferenceonBiochemistryOctober 13-15, 2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Conference onProtein Engineering, October 26-28, 2015 Chicago, USA;BiomarkerSummit, 2123 March 2016, San Diego, United States; 18th International ConferenceonBiomarkersandClinicalMedicine, 16-17 May, 2016, Paris, France; Circulating Biomarkers World Congress 2016, 21-22 March, 2016, Boston, USA; The Biomarker Conference, 18 - 19 February 2016, San Diego, USA; CancerMolecular Markers, 7-9, March 2016, San Francisco, USA

Track 16:Genomics Market

Genomics is the study of the genetic material or genomes of an organism. Analysts forecast theGlobal Genomicsmarketwill grow at a CAGR of 11.21% over the period 2013-2018. According to the report, the most important driver of the market is an increase in the demand for consumables. The growing adoption ofgenetictestingfor various applications, especially in regions such as the APAC, and an increase in genetictesting volumes in North America and Western Europe is increasing the demand for consumables.

RelatedConferences: 5th International ConferenceonComputationalSystemsBiologyAugust 22-23, 2016 Philadelphia, USA; 6th International ConferenceonBioinformaticsMarch 29-30, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 7th International Conference onBioinformaticsOctober 27-28, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2nd International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International ConferenceonNext GenerationSequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; The Fourteenth Asia PacificBioinformaticsConference, 11th-13 January 2016, San Francisco, USA; 18th International Conference on Bioinformatics andBiotechnology, 19 20 May 2016, Berlin, Germany; IEEE conference onBioinformaticsandComputationalBiology, October 5-7, 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand; 7th International ConferenceonBioinformaticsModels, MethodsandAlgorithms, 21- 23 Feb, 2016, Rome, Italy;Bio banking2016, 57 January 2016, London, United Kingdom.

OMICS International hosted3rd International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics during September 21-23, 2015 at San Antonio, USA based on the theme Implications & Impacts of Genomic Advances on Global Health.

Active participation and generous response was received from the Organizing Committee Members, scientists, researchers, as well as experts from Non-government organizations, and students from diverse groups who made this conference as one of the most successful and productive events in 2015 from OMICS Group.

The conference was marked with several workshops, multiple sessions, Keynote presentations, panel discussions and Poster sessions. We received active participation from scientists, young and brilliant researchers, business delegates and talented student communities representing more than 35 countries, who have driven this event into the path of success.

The conference was initiated with a warm welcome note by Honorable guests and the Keynote forum.The proceedings went through interactive sessions and panel discussions headed byhonorable Moderator Dr. Aditi Nadkarni, New York University, USA for the conference.

The conference proceedings were carried out through various Scientific-sessions and plenary lectures, of which the following Speakers were highlighted as Keynote speakers:

Utilizing cancer sequencing in the clinic - Best practices in variant analysis, filtering and annotation: Andreas Scherer, Golden Helix Inc., USA

The role of genomics in gene therapy and diagnostic testing and related intellectual property issues: Krishna Dronamraju, Foundation for Genetic Research, USA

Epigenesis, methylation, and single strand breaks: Rosemarie Wahl, St. Mary's University, USA

The application of validation and proficiency testing concepts from current clinical genetic diagnostics for the implementation of new genetic technologies: Kathleen S Wilson, U.T Southwestern Medical Center, USA

Biomimetic membranes: Mariusz Grzelakowski, Applied Biomimetic Inc., USA

The Genomics-2015 also being highlighted for the below International workshop:

Understanding the effects of steroid hormone exposure on regulation of P53 and Bcl-2 gene expression

OMICS Group has taken the privilege of felicitating Genomics-2015 Organizing Committee, Keynote Speakers who supported for the success of this event. OMICS Group, on behalf of the Organizing Committee congratulates the Best Poster awardees for their outstanding performance in the field of Genomics & Pharmacogenomics and appreciates all the participants who put their efforts in poster presentations and sincerely wishes them success in future endeavors.

Poster Judging was done by: Dr. Hao Mei, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA Best Poster Award was received by: Mr. Juan Carlos Alberto Padilla, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico

Genomics-2015 attracted the Society for General Microbiology, UK and they came forward to advert their leading journals on the back side cover of conference proceedings book.

Genomics-2015 was sponsored by one of the leading bioinformatics solution center BGI Americas, USA

Genomics-2015 necessarily thanks Aeon Clinical Laboratories, USA for exhibiting recent innovations and express ways in clinical testing.

We are also obliged to various delegate experts, company representatives and other eminent personalities who supported the conference by facilitating active discussion forums. We sincerely thank theOrganizing Committee Membersfor their gracious presence, support, and assistance towards the success of Genomics-2015.

With the unique feedback from the conference,OMICS Groupwould like to announce the commencement of the "6th International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics, during September 12-14, 2016 at Berlin, Germany.

For More details visit: http://genomics.conferenceseries.com/

Genomics-2014

The conference brought together a broad spectrum of the Genomics community, educators from research universities with their programs and state colleges from across the world, as well as representatives from industry and professional geosciences societies.

This 2ndInternational Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics was based on the theme Envisioning the Genomic Advances in Global Health which covered the below scientific sessions:

Functional genomics

The conference was greeted by the conference moderator Junio Cota, VTT Brasil, Brazil.The support was extended by the honorable guest Krishna Dronamraju, Foundation for Genetic Research, USA; Anton A. Komar, Cleveland State University, USA; J. Claiborne Stephens, Genomics GPS, LLC USA and energized by Keynote presentations.

This 2nd International Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics uplifted with more than 30 oral presentations by researchers, scientists, professors, industry delegates and more than 6 poster participants around the globe. OMICS Group International has taken the privilege of felicitating Earth Science-2014 Organizing Committee Members, Editorial Board Members of the supported Journals and Keynote Speakers who supported for the success of this event.

Last but not the leastOMICS GroupInternational Conferences wishes to acknowledge with its deep sincere gratitude to all the supporters from the Editorial Board Members of our Open Access Journals, Keynote speakers, Honorable guests, Valuable speakers, Poster presenters, students, delegates and special thanks to the Exhibitors andMedia partnersfor their support to make this event a huge success.

With enormous feedback from the participants and supporters of 2nd International Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics, OMICS Group conferences is glad to announce its 3rd International Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics (Genomics-2015) event fron September 21-23, 2015 at San Antonio, USA.

Genomics-2013

The International Conference on Functional and Comparative Genomics & Pharmacogenomics (Genomics-2013) was organized by the OMICS Group during November 12-14, 2013 at DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Chicago-North Shore, IL, USA. The conference was well received with participation from Genomics-2013 Organizing Committee Members, researchers, scientists, technologists and students from various parts of the world. The three day program witnessed thought provoking speeches from experts which focused on the theme Recent Research Methodologies and Discoveries in Genomics Era. The theme touched upon various topics like

Functional and Comparative Genomics Pharmacogenomics and Personalized medicine Evolutionary and Developmental Genomics Bioinformatics in Genomics & Proteomics Cancergenomics Epigenomics, Transcriptomics and Non-coding genomics Genome Sequencing & Mapping Plant & Ecological Genomics Biomarkers & Molecular Markers

The Conference has gathered support from The European Society of Pharmacogenomics and Theranostics (ESPT), The Nestle Institute of Health Sciences and Geneticational.

Genomics-2013 has swirl up the scientific thoughts on various current genome research related areas. The conference has shown scope of pharmacogenomics (studies of how variations in the human genome affect response to the drugs) and its implications in global health and pharma industry. The conference focused on how pharmacogenomics aids in diagnosing genetic information thus helping to predict not only patients drug response but also many other effects like adverse drug effects and their interactions and the diseases related to that gene. The conference was initiated with a series of invited lectures delivered by both Honorable Guests and members of the Keynote Forum.

Clyde A. Hutchison, Distinguished Investigator from J. Craig Venter Institute, USA who helped in determining the first complete sequence of a DNA molecule (phiX174) and developed site-directed mutagenesis with Michael Smith (1978) delivered a phenomenal and worthy keynote presentation on Building a minimal cell The JCVI design-build-test cycle for synthetic cells during the conference.

Roger Hendrix, Distinguished Professor from University of Pittsburgh, USA explained how he and his group are involved in Genomic analysis of bacteriophages.

William C. Reinhold from National Cancer Institute, NIH, USA presented his speech on The current state of comparative genomics and pharmacogenomics, and the application of the NCI-60 resources and CellMiner tools to these problems.

The conference was chaired by Alexander Bolshoy, Yasuo Iwadate, Gil Atzmon, Gary A. Bulla, Jatinder Lamba, William C. Reinhold, Luciano Brocchieri and Ning-Sun Yang.

Along with the participants of Genomics-2013, we would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Alexander Bolshoy and Dr. William C. Reinhold for their extreme support and assistance towards the conference.

Students from various parts of the world took active participation in poster presentations. Mr. Aren Ewing and Mr. Chih-Yao Hsu were awarded with best posters for their outstanding contribution.

OMICS Group also took the privilege of felicitating Genomics-2013 Organizing Committee, Editorial Board Members of Journal of Data Mining in Genomics and Proteomics, Journal of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, Journal of Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Biology and Journal of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Keynote Speakers, Chair and Co-Chairs whose support led the conference into the path of excellence.

The warm support and suggestions from all the participants, inspires us in organizing 2nd International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics which will be held during September 08-09, 2014 Raleigh, USA.

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Worlds Leading Genomics Conference | Global Meetings ...

The Ophthalmology Residency at Interfaith Medical Center is an AOA accredited program administered along with St. John's Episcopal Hospital, Far Rockaway, New York which is the sponsoring hospital.

The goal of the program is to train Osteopathic Physicians to become proficient in diagnosing and treating patients with ophthalmic pathology, both medically and surgically. The osteopathic philosophy of patient care is stressed throughout the training years. The residency is 36 months in duration and will provide the resident with the didactic and clinical training required to become competent and compassionate ophthalmologists. Most residents enroll in Fellowships in various ophthalmic subspecialties upon completion of the program.

Prospective residents must be graduates of an AOA accredited School of Osteopathic Medicine. In addition, they must have completed an AOA accredited internship. Prospective residents apply for the residency through ERAS during their senior year of medical school.

Residents will rotate through both St. John's Episcopal Hospital and Interfaith Medical Center and will attend to patients in the outpatient clinics, operating rooms, ER as well as inpatient care and consultation. There are also out of hospital rotations that the residents participate in. The residents will be expected to assume increasing responsibilities in ophthalmic care as they progress through the program.

The residents will be expected to complete the American Academy of Ophthalmology's Basic and Clinical Science Course. In addition, they are required to take the annual OKAP in-service exam in each year of training. Didactics will be given daily by the faculty. The residents also attend weekly Grand Rounds at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and in addition attend the weekly Greater New York Ophthalmology Clinical Lecture Series and the OKAP Board Review Course, both given in the evenings in Manhattan. There are required Osteopathic Practice and Principals symposia that the residents attend. Residents are required to participate in independent research projects during their training years. Finally, the residents are encouraged to attend many Ophthalmology symposia that are given in the New York metropolitan area.

The faculty of the program is dedicated to ensuring that the educational goals of the program are achieved. Upon successful completion of the residency, the physician will be qualified to take the Board Certification exam in Ophthalmology given by the American Osteopathic Board of Ophthalmology.

For any questions regarding the program call 718.869.7815

Information for Medical Residency Applicants

Read more here:
Opthalmology Residency at Interfaith Medical Center

Welcome to Allaman Eye Care Medical Group. We are a comprehensive ophthalmology practice conveniently located in Santa Cruz, California. With a board-certified ophthalmologist and two fully licensed optometrists, we strive to provide the highest quality of eye care in a friendly, welcoming environment by combining advanced skill and years of experience.

Our doctors are dedicated to helping patients of all ages improve, preserve and maintain the health of their eyes with specialized treatment of many eye diseases and conditions. We also provide full optometry services, with an in-house optical shop, to fulfill your unique vision needs.

Welcome to Allaman Eye Care Medical Group. We are a comprehensive ophthalmology practice conveniently located in Santa Cruz, California. With a board-certified ophthalmologist and two fully licensed optometrists, we strive to provide the highest quality of eye care in a friendly, welcoming environment by combining advanced skill and years of experience.

Our doctors are dedicated to helping patients of all ages improve, preserve and maintain the health of their eyes with specialized treatment of many eye diseases and conditions. We also provide full optometry services, with an in-house optical shop, to fulfill your unique vision needs.

More here:
Eye Care Medical Group Inc - Opthalmology Santa Cruz CA

Nanotechnology involves manipulating properties and structures at the nanoscale, often involving dimensions that are just tiny fractions of the width of a human hair. Nanotechnology is already being used in products in its passive form, such as cosmetics and sunscreens, and it is expected that in the coming decades, new phases of products, such as better batteries and improved electronics equipment, will be developed and have far-reaching implications.

One area of nanotechnology application that holds the promise of providing great benefits for society in the future is in the realm of medicine. Nanotechnology is already being used as the basis for new, more effective drug delivery systems and is in early stage development as scaffolding in nerve regeneration research. Moreover, the National Cancer Institute has created the Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer in the hope that investments in this branch of nanomedicine could lead to breakthroughs in terms of detecting, diagnosing, and treating various forms of cancer.

Nanotechnology medical developments over the coming years will have a wide variety of uses and could potentially save a great number of lives. Nanotechnology is already moving from being used in passive structures to active structures, through more targeted drug therapies or smart drugs. These new drug therapies have already been shown to cause fewer side effects and be more effective than traditional therapies. In the future, nanotechnology will also aid in the formation of molecular systems that may be strikingly similar to living systems. These molecular structures could be the basis for the regeneration or replacement of body parts that are currently lost to infection, accident, or disease. These predictions for the future have great significance not only in encouraging nanotechnology research and development but also in determining a means of oversight. The number of products approaching the FDA approval and review process is likely to grow as time moves forward and as new nanotechnology medical applications are developed.

To better understand current and future applications of nanotechnology in various fields of medicine, the project has developed two web-based resources that track medical developments focused on cancer and drug delivery systems.

See the original post here:
Nanotechnology and Medicine / Nanotechnology Medical ...

I am Dr. Yoon Hang Kim, an integrative medicine specialist who specializes in assisting patients with complex medical issues.

I began my training in family medicine, however, I felt frustrated and limited by using conventional approach alone. This led to my continued specialization into preventive medicine, medical acupuncture, and integrative medicine. In my training journey, I was fortunate to train with best physicians in the field including Dr. Andrew Weil.

In my 30s I developed severe and debilitating chronic pain. I tried every suggested modality within conventional medicines, including surgery, all of which failed me.

I researched potential answers and then developed a new approach to treating pain Neuroanatomic Approach to Pain. The results of the treatments was incredible. Neuroanatomic approach to pain not only freed me from my pain, it also restored my ability to function.

Today, I utilize my Neuroanatomic Approach to Pain to help others recover from severe pain and rediscover their happiness and functionality. Looking back, I realize that my own experience with severe, debilitating chronic pain gave me the unique insight I needed so that I can help people with chronic pain. Through my work I have recognized that chronic pain is a problem that can be dealt with, and it does not have to ruin lives or hamper the health of my patients.

Over time, I grew frustrated as I watched family members struggle with allopathic treatments for their autoimmune disorders. My frustration become inspiration, as I worked hard to develop another clinical expertise: treating autoimmune conditions such as Hashimotos thyroiditis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, fibromyalgia, respiratory allergies, and food allergies. My desire to help these loved ones inspired me to develop an Autoimmune Condition Reset program.

Successful autoimmune diseases treated by Integrative Autoimmune Reset program include: Multiple Scleorosis, Lupus, Crohns disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Mixed Connective Tissue Disorder.

It gives me great joy to say that this program is currently helping my family members and my patients cope with their ailments.

I believe in and practice integrative medicine because it expands my toolbox, the options for healing that I can offer my patients. However, after practicing all of these years, I realize that, fueled by a natural gift for problem solving and combined with tenacity and perseverance, my true calling is solving complex medical problems. A large majority of my patients have given up hope that anyone can find viable solutions for them. I derive a great deal of satisfaction from working with these patients and improving the quality of their lives. It is that personal connection with my patients that I seek, a partnership that is integral to the wellbeing of the people I work with. My staff members and I take these relationships seriously, and we work hard to forge a genuine, meaningful relationship with each of our patients. In our experience, these authentic connections are vital to patients health, and serve a big role in overall healing. Ultimately, we greatly value both the strengths of conventional medicine and the wisdom of complementary and alternate healing modalities.

More here:
Chronic Pain Treatment | Georgia Integrative Medicine, Atlanta

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Excerpt from:
Recent Articles | Genetic Engineering | The Scientist ...

On behalf of the organizing committee, it is my distinct pleasure to invite you to attend the Stem Cell Congress-2017. After the success of the Cell Science-2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, Conference series.LLC is proud to announce the 6th World Congress and expo on Cell & Stem Cell Research (Stem Cell Congress-2017) which is going to be held during March 20-22, 2017, Orlando, Florida, USA. The theme of Stem Cell Congress-2017 is Explore and Exploit the Novel Techniques in Cell and Stem Cell Research.

This annual Cell Science conference brings together domain experts, researchers, clinicians, industry representatives, postdoctoral fellows and students from around the world, providing them with the opportunity to report, share, and discuss scientific questions, achievements, and challenges in the field.

Examples of the diverse cell science and stem cell topics that will be covered in this comprehensive conference include Cell differentiation and development, Cell metabolism, Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, Stem cell therapy, Cell and gene therapy, Novel stem cell technologies, Stem cell and cancer biology, Stem cell treatment, Tendency in cell biology of aging and Apoptosis and cancer disease, Drugs and clinical developments. The meeting will focus on basic cell mechanism studies, clinical research advances, and recent breakthroughs in cell and stem cell research. With the support of many emerging technologies, dramatic progress has been made in these areas. In Stem Cell Congress-2017, you will be able to share experiences and research results, discuss challenges encountered and solutions adopted and have opportunities to establish productive new academic and industry research collaborations.

In association with the Stem Cell Congress-2017 conference, we will invite those selected to present at the meeting to publish a manuscript from their talk in the journal Cell Science with a significantly discounted publication charge. Please join us in Philadelphia for an exciting all-encompassing annual Stem Cell get together with the theme of better understanding from basic cell mechanisms to latest Stem Cell breakthroughs!

Haval Shirwan, Ph.D. Executive Editor, Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology Dr. Michael and Joan Hamilton Endowed Chair in Autoimmune Disease Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Director, Molecular Immunomodulation Program, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY

Track01:Stem Cells

The most well-established and widely used stem cell treatment is thetransplantationof blood stem cells to treat diseases and conditions of the blood and immune system, or to restore the blood system after treatments for specific cancers. Since the 1970s,skin stem cellshave been used to grow skin grafts for patients with severe burns on very large areas of the body. Only a few clinical centers are able to carry out this treatment and it is usually reserved for patients with life-threatening burns. It is also not a perfect solution: the new skin has no hair follicles or sweat glands. Research aimed at improving the technique is ongoing.

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Track 02: Stem Cell Banking:

Stem Cell Banking is a facility that preserves stem cells derived from amniotic fluid for future use. Stem cell samples in private or family banks are preserved precisely for use by the individual person from whom such cells have been collected and the banking costs are paid by such person. The sample can later be retrieved only by that individual and for the use by such individual or, in many cases, by his or her first-degree blood relatives.

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Track 03: Stem Cell Therapy:

Autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures. Adult stem cells are frequently used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation. Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in vivo and stimulated to produce pancreatic -cells and later transplanted to the patient. Its success depends on response of the patients immune system and ability of the transplanted cells to proliferate, differentiate and integrate with the target tissue.

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Track 04: Novel Stem Cell Technologies:

Stem cell technology is a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Stem cells are defined as totipotent progenitor cells capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Stem cells survive well and show stable division in culture, making them ideal targets for in vitro manipulation. Although early research has focused on haematopoietic stem cells, stem cells have also been recognised in other sites. Research into solid tissue stem cells has not made the same progress as that on haematopoietic stem cells.

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Track 05: Stem Cell Treatment:

Bone marrow transplant is the most extensively used stem-cell treatment, but some treatment derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.

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Track 06: Stem cell apoptosis and signal transduction:

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay. Most cytotoxic anticancer agents induce apoptosis, raising the intriguing possibility that defects in apoptotic programs contribute to treatment failure. Because the same mutations that suppress apoptosis during tumor development also reduce treatment sensitivity, apoptosis provides a conceptual framework to link cancer genetics with cancer therapy.

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Track 07: Stem Cell Biomarkers:

Molecular biomarkers serve as valuable tools to classify and isolate embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and to monitor their differentiation state by antibody-based techniques. ESCs can give rise to any adult cell type and thus offer enormous potential for regenerative medicine and drug discovery. A number of biomarkers, such as certain cell surface antigens, are used to assign pluripotent ESCs; however, accumulating evidence suggests that ESCs are heterogeneous in morphology, phenotype and function, thereby classified into subpopulations characterized by multiple sets of molecular biomarkers.

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Track 08: Cellular therapies:

Cellular therapy also called Cell therapy is therapy in which cellular material is injected into a patient, this generally means intact, living cells. For example, T cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity may be injected in the course of immunotherapy.

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Track 09: Stem cells and cancer:

Cancer can be defined as a disease in which a group of abnormal cells grow uncontrollably by disregarding the normal rules of cell division. Normal cells are constantly subject to signals that dictate whether the cells should divide, differentiate into another cell or die. Cancer cells develop a degree of anatomy from these signals, resulting in uncontrolled growth and proliferation. If this proliferation is allowed to continue and spread, it can be fatal.

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Track 10: Embryonic stem cells:

Embryonic stem cells have a major potential for studying early steps of development and for use in cell therapy. In many situations, however, it will be necessary to genetically engineer these cells. A novel generation of lentivectors which permit easy genetic engineering of mouse and human embryonic stem cells.

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Track 11: Cell differentiation and disease modeling:

Cellular differentiation is the progression, whereas a cell changes from one cell type to another. Variation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiationalmost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.

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Track 12: Tissue engineering:

Tissue Engineering is the study of the growth of new connective tissues, or organs, from cells and a collagenous scaffold to produce a fully functional organ for implantation back into the donor host. Powerful developments in the multidisciplinary field of tissue engineering have produced a novel set of tissue replacement parts and implementation approaches. Scientific advances in biomaterials, stem cells, growth and differentiation factors, and biomimetic environments have created unique opportunities to fabricate tissues in the laboratory from combinations of engineered extracellular matrices cells, and biologically active molecules.

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Track 13: Stem cell plasticity and reprogramming:

Stem cell plasticity denotes to the potential of stem cells to give rise to cell types, previously considered outside their normal repertoire of differentiation for the location where they are found. Included under this umbrella title is often the process of transdifferentiation the conversion of one differentiated cell type into another, and metaplasia the conversion of one tissue type into another. From the point of view of this entry, some metaplasias have a clinical significance because they predispose individuals to the development of cancer.

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Track 14: Gene therapy and stem cells

Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. Gene therapy could be a way to fix a genetic problem at its source. The polymers are either expressed as proteins, interfere with protein expression, or possibly correct genetic mutations. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

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Track 15: Tumour cell science:

An abnormal mass of tissue. Tumors are a classic sign of inflammation, and can be benign or malignant. Tomour usually reflect the kind of tissue they arise in. Treatment is also specific to the location and type of the tumor. Benign tumors can sometimes simply be ignored, cancerous tumors; options include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.

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Track 16: Reprogramming stem cells: computational biology

Computational Biology, sometimes referred to as bioinformatics, is the science of using biological data to develop algorithms and relations among various biological systems. Bioinformatics groups use computational methods to explore the molecular mechanisms underpinning stem cells. To accomplish this bioinformaticsdevelop and apply advanced analysis techniques that make it possible to dissect complex collections of data from a wide range of technologies and sources.

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The fields of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine research are fundamentally about understanding dynamic cellular processes such as development, reprogramming, repair, differentiation and the loss, acquisition or maintenance of pluripotency. In order to precisely decipher these processes at a molecular level, it is critical to identify and study key regulatory genes and transcriptional circuits. Modern high-throughput molecular profiling technologies provide a powerful approach to addressing these questions as they allow the profiling of tens of thousands of gene products in a single experiment. Whereas bioinformatics is used to interpret the information produced by such technologies.

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8th World Congress on Cell & Stem Cell Research

The success of the 7 Cell Science conferences series has given us the prospect to bring the gathering one more time for our 8thWorld Congress 2017 meet in Orlando, USA. Since its commencement in 2011 cell science series has perceived around 750 researchers of great potentials and outstanding research presentations around the globe. The awareness of stem cells and its application is increasing among the general population that also in parallel offers hope and add woes to the researchers of cell science due to the potential limitations experienced in the real-time.

Stem Cell Research-2017has the goal to fill the prevailing gaps in the transformation of this science of hope to promptly serve solutions to all in the need.World Congress 2017 will have an anticipated participation of 100-120 delegates from around the world to discuss the conference goal.

History of Stem cells Research

Stem cells have an interesting history, in the mid-1800s it was revealed that cells were basically the building blocks of life and that some cells had the ability to produce other cells. Efforts were made to fertilize mammalian eggs outside of the human body and in the early 1900s, it was discovered that some cells had the capacity to generate blood cells. In 1968, the first bone marrow transplant was achieved successfully to treat two siblings with severe combined immunodeficiency. Other significant events in stem cell research include:

1978: Stem cells were discovered in human cord blood 1981: First in vitro stem cell line developed from mice 1988: Embryonic stem cell lines created from a hamster 1995: First embryonic stem cell line derived from a primate 1997: Cloned lamb from stem cells 1997: Leukaemia origin found as haematopoietic stem cell, indicating possible proof of cancer stem cells

Funding in USA:

No federal law forever did embargo stem cell research in the United States, but only placed restrictions on funding and use, under Congress's power to spend. By executive order on March 9, 2009, President Barack Obama removed certain restrictions on federal funding for research involving new lines of humanembryonic stem cells. Prior to President Obama's executive order, federal funding was limited to non-embryonic stem cell research and embryonic stem cell research based uponembryonic stem celllines in existence prior to August 9, 2001. In 2011, a United States District Court "threw out a lawsuit that challenged the use of federal funds for embryonic stem cell research.

Members Associated with Stem Cell Research:

Discussion on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the fundamental question of how a single cell, the fertilized egg, ultimately produces a complex fully patterned adult organism, as well as the intimately related question of how adult structures regenerate. Stem cells play critical roles both during embryonic development and in later renewal and repair. More than 65 faculties in Philadelphia from both basic science and clinical departments in the Division of Biological Sciences belong to Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology. Their research uses traditional model species including nematode worms, fruit-flies, Arabidopsis, zebrafish, amphibians, chick and mouse as well as non-traditional model systems such as lampreys and cephalopods. Areas of research focus include stem cell biology, regeneration, developmental genetics, and cellular basis of development, developmental neurobiology, and evo-devo (Evolutionary developmental biology).

Stem Cell Market Value:

Worldwide many companies are developing and marketing specialized cell culture media, cell separation products, instruments and other reagents for life sciences research. We are providing a unique platform for the discussions between academia and business.

Global Tissue Engineering & Cell Therapy Market, By Region, 2009 2018

$Million

Why to attend???

Stem Cell Research-2017 could be an outstanding event that brings along a novel and International mixture of researchers, doctors, leading universities and stem cell analysis establishments creating the conference an ideal platform to share knowledge, adoptive collaborations across trade and world, and assess rising technologies across the world. World-renowned speakers, the most recent techniques, tactics, and the newest updates in cell science fields are assurances of this conference.

A Unique Opportunity for Advertisers and Sponsors at this International event:

http://stemcell.omicsgroup.com/sponsors.php

UAS Major Universities which deals with Stem Cell Research

University of Washington/Hutchinson Cancer Center

Oregon Stem Cell Center

University of California Davis

University of California San Francisco

University of California Berkeley

Stanford University

Mayo Clinic

Major Stem Cell Organization Worldwide:

Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research

Visit link:
Stem Cell Conferences | Cell and Stem Cell Congress | Stem ...

You go to your doctorwith your symptoms, and you get an evaluation, maybe have a few tests run.

If you are lucky, youre on your way to a diagnosis and a path to feeling better. How much more personal does it get? In fact, much more. In theory, astonishingly more.

Most often today, your treatment plan doesnt have all that much to do with you specifically. Its identical to what doctors would hand over to essentially anyone with the same condition your neighbor, the hot dog vendor at Wrigley Field, or the prime minister of Bangladesh.

Thats because medicine as we know it revolves around standards of care, the best courses of prevention or treatment for the general population, or the average person on the street. With breast cancer, for example, those standards mean self-exams and mammograms after a set age and the usual chemotherapy to treat a tumor if one is found. If the first treatment doesnt work, doctors and patients move on to the next one and the next. Its trial and error, with life on the line.

Patients are not yet asking the question Is this therapy going to work for me? I look forward to the day patients do ask that question.

A growing contingent of researchers, some healthcare clinicians, and an increasing number of patients are calling for a more personalized approach aimed as much at preventing disease as it is at tailoring treatment once its there. Call it what you will personalized medicine, genomic medicine, precision medicine. Its an approach that emphasizes the ways in which your disease risks are unique and different, just like your other, more obvious characteristics. Those disease risks are based on the predispositions written into your genome at birth, combined with your lifestyle and environment. In the case of cancer, the disease has its own genetic makeup, lending each tumor a unique character with unique tendencies and vulnerabilities.

And perhaps there is, or soon will be, a drug or treatment or tailored combination of the two that will work better for you than it would for someone else.

The number of targeted therapies in the pipeline for all diseases is increasing dramatically, says J. Leonard Lichtenfeld, deputy chief medical officer for the American Cancer Society. Personalized medicine in the age of genomics means were living in dynamic times. The big question right now is How do we take all this new information were gathering and use it for the benefit of the patient?

In many cases, the current standard of care may be the safest, most sensible option, but its also one size fits all. Sometimes thats perfectly sufficient, but not always. It is in that not always category that personalized medicine is making the most headway.

A Decade of Advancement

Many doctors will tell you theyve been doing personalized, patient-centered medicine all along, and they do have a point. Wikipedia defines personalized medicine as a medical model that proposes the customization of healthcare with medical decisions, practices, and/or products being tailored to the individual patient. But the definition preferred by the National Human Genome Research Institute is more specific, maintaining that a personalized approach to medicine includes an individuals genetic profile to guide decisions made in regard to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. Reaching that goal has been more than 20 years in the making, birthed from an ambitious plan to sequence the first reference human genome. By 2003, scientists had done it; for the first time, they had an essentially complete sequence and map of all the genes in the human body.

Probably at no time in the history of medical research, going back to the time of William Harvey and the circulation of blood, in the 1600s, has there been more potential and promise for discovery that will benefit mankind in terms of the health of the species as where we are right now as a result of the Human Genome Project, says Scott T. Weiss, scientific director at Partners HealthCare Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine at Harvard Medical School.

Advances in technology have since accelerated the pace of discovery and lowered the cost so much that scientists pushed on from that single reference genome to sequence the genomes of more than 1,000 individuals in all their variations. These days, individual patients and sometimes healthy people, too can have their personal genomes scanned or fully sequenced. This knowledge about the basic elements of human genomes and their differences, both common and rare, is central to the concept of personalized medicine. Its changing the field of medicine, even though many of us probably havent noticed any direct evidence of it at the family doctors office yet.

A 2013 survey by GfK, a global consumer research firm, found that just 27 percent of people interviewed had heard the term personalized medicine. Of those, only 4 percent understood what the phrase most often implies: medicine based on genomic makeup.

An Ounce of Prevention

There have been recent, high-profile examples: Angelina Jolie made headlines with a proactive double mastectomy last year after tests showed she carried BRCA1, the same genetic marker for breast cancer that her mother, who died from the disease, carried. The National Cancer Institute puts the risk of breast cancer for those carrying a BRCA1 mutation at 65 percent and the risk of ovarian cancer at 39 percent.

While its important to remember that genes are not destiny, they do provide information that can lead us to make more informed decisions about our health and healthcare, and, as in Jolies case, that can change the future.

If you get sick, knowing your genome or the molecular basis of your disease can be an important piece of evidence for doctors seeking the most favorable treatment plan for you. In the case of cancer, genetic tests could lead to successful drug treatment rather than radical surgery. For instance, melanoma can be BRAF positive, meaning the tumor has a specific gene mutation that sets it apart from other melanomas. Your lung cancer can be EGFR or ALK positive. Your colon tumor may be KRAS positive.

Increasingly, doctors will scan not just single genes or a handful, but also complete genomes. The challenge then will be figuring out what it all means and what to do next.

While personalized medicine is escalating and becoming more common, its still in its infancy, and there are not yet enough products on the market that have penetrated the consciousness of the average patient, says Edward Abrahams, president of the Washington, D.C.-based Personalized Medicine Coalition. Patients are not yet asking the question Is this therapy going to work for me? I look forward to the day patients do ask that question.

If you find the idea of personalized medicine more than a little overwhelming, youre not alone. It isnt easy to turn an approach to healthcare on its head.

I dont think anybody disagrees with the fact that we [patients] are different and we respond differently. But its hard to make changes, Abrahams says. You want to see evidence before youre willing to move away from one-size-fits-all traditional medicine. To change it, you have to show that what youre promising is an improvement.

Testing, Testing

While more evidence about the promise of personalized medicine is certainly called for, individual stories are already pointing the way. In 2005, Stephanie Haney, now 45, had a pain on her right side that wouldnt go away. It hurt when she coughed or sneezed. She was pregnant, so she didnt investigate the cause, assuming perhaps shed broken a rib.

Two years later, she was diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer.

After undergoing chemotherapy, Haney began taking Tarceva (erlotinib) in 2008. But three years later, the drug was no longer keeping the tumors at bay. Prompted by friends and an insistent doctor, she had genetic testing on her tumors, which showed they were ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) positive. This gave her doctor a major clue as to which drugs were most likely to work (or not). Haney was able to start taking Xalkori (crizotinib), designed specifically for ALK-positive lung cancer tumors. She joined a clinical trial for Xalkori in Philadelphia, two and a half hours away. Three years later, her tumors were barely visible.

Haneys journey is emblematic of the ever-growing personalized medicine matrix, wherein spreadsheets will be filled with biomarkers for diseases, if not whole genome sequences, and treatments will be fast-tracked (like her Xalkori) for approval based on clinical trials designed for those who have certain biomarkers or genes.

Researchers have discovered more than 1,800 disease genes since the Human Genome Projects completion. There are now more than 2,000 genetic tests for human conditions and 350 biotechnology-based products currently in clinical trials.

Lung cancer treatment is one of the most advanced areas in terms of a personalized medicine approach, with several drugs approved by the FDA or in clinical trials for different lung cancer biomarkers. Unfortunately, but not unexpectedly, Haney found out last October that the cancer had moved to her brain, one of several places lung cancer is prone to migrate. Because Xalkori will not break the blood-brain barrier, she just started another trial drug, LDK378, to treat the brain tumor.

Caleb Nolan, 8, is on two basketball teams. Diagnosed with cystic fibrosis when he was 3 weeks old, he has spent much of his childhood in hospitals, taking many rounds of medicines each day. Like other cystic fibrosis patients, Caleb has a mutation in a gene called CFTR that causes mucus to clog the lungs and obstruct the pancreas so the body cant absorb food.

There are many different mutations of CFTR that lead to cystic fibrosis. Fortunately for Caleb, he has a mutation, G551D, found in 4 to 5 percent of cystic fibrosis patients, for which there is a treatment. Caleb is now on Kalydeco (ivacaftor), a genetically targeted treatment approved by the FDA in 2012 and the first such drug that treats an underlying cause of cystic fibrosis.

Shane Nolan, Calebs father and a UPS driver, will never forget delivering his sons first shipment to their house. Before Kalydeco, Caleb was on enzymes that allowed him to live with his condition, but life was difficult, and activities such as sports were limited.

With Kalydeco, Instead of the mucus building up, the medicine is thinning it, Shane says. Now his body naturally does this. The medicine is preventing damage from the CF. Caleb hasnt been in the hospital since hes been on it [almost two years]. Usually, once kids reach their late teens or early 20s, they have to get a lung transplant. This should prevent that.

The average lifespan of a person with cystic fibrosis is 37. Now, Caleb could die of old age instead of CF, Shane says.

Who Pays for This?

Caleb was lucky. His insurance paid for Kalydeco from the start. Jolie probably barely registered the $3,000 price tag on her genetic screening, although she did point out in a New York Times opinion piece that the price could be an obstacle for many.

When the FDA clearly ties a genetic mutation to a specific drug or treatment, insurers generally do cover the testing and treatment, says Bruce Quinn, senior health policy advisor at Foley Hoag LLP. If you have a family history that calls for it, insurance will pay for BRCA1 testing (in fact, the Affordable Care Act requires it). Where there is no such specific tie, insurance carriers have a judgment call to make.

Patients with cancer are more likely to have their tests covered. They have an interest in this because they dont want to prescribe drugs that wont work, Abrahams says. Insurance companies rightly want to see evidence that whatever they pay for works better than what were used to paying for. But thats a barrier to innovation.

When it comes to whole genome sequences, the uncertainties about outcomes are that much greater, but sequencing is getting cheaper all the time. In January, Illumina, a genetic-sequencing company based in San Diego, announced it had a new system that brought the cost for sequencing a human genome down to less than $1,000. (Thats cheaper than Jolies single BRCA1 test.) This doesnt put a sequencer in your local doctors office nor does it cover the cost of interpreting those results but it does make it feasible for clinicians and researchers to gather the evidence needed to push personalized medicine over the tipping point.

The D.C.-based Personalized Medicine Coalition has made defining levels of evidence that will be acceptable to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and private insurers a top priority. If a treatment or drug is outside medical guidelines, reimbursement is unlikely.

Medicine needs to be evidence-based, Abrahams says. Reimbursement is right up there with research in terms of priorities.

Who Owns the Data?

With all this data come new questions and ethical and practical challenges about privacy, access, ownership, and more. In many cases, research or clinical trial participants arent given their results at all. Companies like Myriad Genetics, the primary provider in the United States of clinical BRCA1 testing, have returned individual results to doctors and patients, of course, but Myriad has kept the bulk of its data as a trade secret.

Weiss, of Harvard Medical School, says patients are and always will be the rightful owners of their personal genetic data.

This is confidential patient data, he says. It can be used for medical research, but its highly unlikely that your identity will be disclosed to some commercial third party in any identifiable way. Academic medical centers may partner with pharmaceutical companies, using their genomic data, but will do it in an anonymous way and only if the patient consents. The patient is going to be in control of what they do here, as they should be.

Laws such as HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) and parts of the Affordable Care Act protect the privacy of personal health information. The passage of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) in 2008 was considered a major win, too, as it bars employers and health insurers from using genetic information or family history. Still, many people worry about such personal and sensitive information being out there. And genomic data is at the core of personalized medicine.

You cant do personalized medicine when it comes to genomics without electronic medical records and without the ability to deliver genomic content to providers at their desktop, Weiss says. Were not really talking about the doctor-patient relationship here. Were talking about the mechanics of how you deliver huge amounts of data to clinicians in the office and at the bedside.

Medicine is getting there slowly but surely. The Obama administration began moving our healthcare system toward electronic records in the summer of 2009. Now more than 50 percent of medical records are available in electronic form.

We need to get to 100 percent, and just having an electronic medical record isnt enough, Weiss says. We still have to have software focused on the genomic content delivery to the caregiver.

Ideally, doctors could tap into a single, large database filled with anonymous genetic information biomarkers tied to patient demographics tied to specific drugs and treatments to help doctors make decisions about each individuals medical path. But getting there is sure to be a long and bumpy ride, with plenty of detours along the way.

For Daryl Pritchard, director of policy research at the National Pharmaceutical Council, the end game is clear: The use of that information whether by a company or by a group of doctors or a provider group is ultimately going to be advantageous to treating the condition in question going forward. These things will work.

Talk to Your Doctor

Starting with a good family history is a smart and simple way to begin a personalized medicine discussion with your doctor, says Geoffrey Ginsburg, director of the Center for Personalized and Precision Medicine at Duke University Medical Center, although it doesnt happen often enough. (Ginsburg is also editor-at-large of Genome magazine.) While youre at it, he suggests asking about whether any genetic tests are useful for regulating a dose of a drug, an approach known as pharmacogenomics.

Abrahams recommends asking your doctor the following question: Do you have the expectation that this drug will work for me?

According to Randy Burkholder, the vice president of policy and research for Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), a Washington, D.C.-based trade group representing American biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, the most important thing is not being afraid to ask your doctor questions.

It can be a hard thing to do sometimes, especially when youre seeing a diagnosis, he says. Asking questions allows you to work with your doctor. The volume of information we can know is so much greater now. Doctors are doing a great job, but they cant be expected to know everything for every patient. As a patient, you shouldnt feel like youre imposing. You should feel like youre helping.

Where Is Personalized MedicineHelping Most?

Personalized medicines greatest strides have been in cancer. Consider these statistics on the percent of tumors containing genetic mutations that could be targeted by drugs, as reported by the Wall Street Journal in 2011:

Cancer is a genetic disease, Ginsburg says. In many ways, it is the poster child for a disease that has used personalized medicine strategies. It has used them in everything from risk assessment in healthy people from screening, diagnosis, and prognosis to selecting therapies based on genetics and the biology of the tumor.

HIV/AIDS is another area where the principles of personalized medicine have made great progress. The virus mutates differently in each patient, Abrahams says. Now we can understand the viral load and analyze it, then prescribe the right cocktail of medicine to treat it. This is the progress weve seen taking AIDS from a death sentence to a chronic condition. But thats understanding the virus, not the person.

Other diseases are clearly moving toward more comprehensive personalized medicine strategies, too, including heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and infectious diseases. Also, rare disease diagnosis is now becoming more amenable to personalized medicine strategies through genomics, Ginsburg says.

The Future of Personalized Medicine

Abrahams is optimistic about the progress now being made, particularly when it comes to complex chronic diseases.

At some point, and I dont know whether that will be 10 or 15 years from now, we will reach that tipping point where all medicines are linked to diagnostics, and well move out of the one-size-fits-all paradigm, he says. If we have good answers today with the one-size-fits-all model, I dont think that will change. But most patients are unaware of the limits of our medical knowledge.

Once the evidence is in, many pieces will need to fall into place before personalized medicine becomes mainstream. Payment systems must be flexible enough to account for individual treatment plans based on genetics and other indicators. Regulatory guidelines must adapt to the idea that genetic diagnostics and targeted drugs go together in a treatment plan. Medical schools must include personalized medicine in their curricula. Patient interest and demand are essential, too.

While some patients may be seeing the impact of personalized medicine in some corners already, patient outcomes with todays medicine show plenty of room for improvement. Consider patients with depression, 38 percent of whom do not respond to the first drug they are prescribed. Or patients with asthma, of whom 40 percent do not respond to the most commonly prescribed drugs. Or type 2 diabetes (43 percent), arthritis (50 percent), and Alzheimers disease (70 percent).

Education will be key. Knowing that tailored treatments are or may be available for various diseases is half the battle. Abrahams looks forward to the day when both patients and doctors will advocate for personalized medicine.

One day, patients will say, Im not an average patient. I am who I am. You need to understand who I am before you prescribe whatever treatment you plan to prescribe, he says. When that day comes, well no longer [have to] talk about personalized medicine.

Well know weve arrived when personalized and genomic medicine simply is medicine.

Kendall Morgan contributed to this report.

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Genome | What Is Personalized Medicine

Integrative medicine combines modern medical technologies with traditional natural approaches. Medical and Naturopathic doctors at Care Practice work together to teach our patients to use diet, exercise, lifestyle changes and cutting edge natural and pharmaceutical therapies to enhance their bodies ability to heal. Our integrative doctors view the patient as a complex, interrelated system, with unique lifestyle and environmental influences. We build comprehensive treatment plans that blend modern medical science with traditional natural medical approaches to treat disease and restore optimal health.

Integrative medicine combine the wisdom of nature with the rigors of modern science. Integrative medicine focuses on holistic, proactive prevention and comprehensive diagnosis and treatment. By using protocols that minimize the risk of harm, our integrative doctors help facilitate the bodys inherent ability to restore and maintain optimal health. It is the physicians role to identify and remove barriers to good health by helping to create a healing internal and external environment.

We treat all medical conditions and provide both individual and family healthcare. Among the most common ailments we treat are allergies, chronic pain, digestive issues, hormonal imbalances, obesity, respiratory conditions, heart disease, fertility problems, menopause, adrenal fatigue, cancer, lyme disease, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. We have extensive experience in the treatment of acute and chronic illness with vitamin and mineral supplements, herbal remedies, nutritional counseling, meditation, intravenous (IV) nutrients, and physical medicines such as hydrotherapy, craniosacral therapy and spinal manipulation.

Our Integrative doctors will take time with you. During your first appointment, your doctor will take your health history, find out about your diet, stress levels, and discuss why youre here. We will perform an examination and may order comprehensive diagnostic tests. Our physicians stay up-to-date on the latest scientific research and incorporate this evidence into your treatments. Our integrative doctors will work with you to set up a customized health management strategy.

Your first visit may last one hour and follow-up visits range from 15 to 60 minutes, depending on the severity of your condition. Our physicians take sufficient time to ask questions and understand the your health goals. We also take time to gather information, do appropriate examination and teach you about managing your condition and improving your health. Our integrative medicine approach to health care uses the least invasive therapies necessary to treat the root cause of illness, removes obstacles to recovery, and facilitates your bodys innate ability to heal through a variety of health promoting options.

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Care Practice | Integrative Medicine - San Francisco, Bay Area

While at St. Edwards University in Austin, TX, I was awarded a Presidential Award in my last year as an undergraduate. I have a doctorate in microbiology, and I have worked with Ebola and Marburg viruses as a researcher at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute in San Antonio, TX, under the direction of Jean L. Patterson. In 2013, I published two peer-reviewed articles on my virus research.

When working with students, my main goal is to challenge them to become problem solvers. Facts in all fields of study are in continuous evolution, and students therefore must understand that texts provide the basis for future discovery. As an educator, I require my students to think about contemporary challenges in science which in turn would help them understand how they too can become contributors to scientific thought and understanding.

Martin Sulkanen, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Physics

My Ph.D. in physics from Cornell University led me to a post-doctoral fellowship at Los Alamos National Laboratory, and a career in astrophysics with companies and organizations such as NASA Marshall Flight Center, Michigan Research and Development Center, and Leidos, Inc. Because of my lifelong fascination with the profound consequences of the basic principles of physics on our universe, I have studied binary star systems, galactic radio jets, and worked on NASAs Chandra X-Ray Observatory Project Science Team.

As a professor of physics and mathematics, I encourage my students to develop an intuitive understanding for physics to guide the understanding of further mathematical analysis: dont get lost in the equations! My students have gone on to a variety of careers in places such as at Yale University, the International Space Station and the the US Patent & Trademark Office.

Yuhui Lu, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Chemistry

The study of chemistry is necessary for students who want to pursue a career in natural science, medical science, and engineering. It also helps liberal art students to improve their reasoning skills, understand scientific methodology, and gain deeper insight between human-nature relationships. I challenge all my students, regardless of background, to engage in logic, diligence, and self-discipline.

I have earned Ph.D.s in both chemistry and electrical engineering. I use this combination of disciplines to research nanoelectronics and single molecular devices with colleagues at the University of Notre Dame. I have also been a principal investigator of grants with the National Science Foundation, and undergraduate research supervisor. I am currently pursuing a variety of research opportunities for Holy Cross students.

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Biotechnology - Holy Cross College Notre Dame, Indiana

Find solutions for a better world at the NSLC on Biotechnology. ';

The National Student Leadership Conference has a unique partnership with American University to offer college credit for our high school summer programs. The American University is distinguished as a premier global university and known for turning ideas into action and action into service. As a result of this NSLC/AU alliance, students attending the NSLCs summer programs for high school students have the opportunity to take college credit classes taught by American University faculty at all NSLC locations. This credit option enhances your education within the framework of your program experience, without interrupting NSLC activities.

Read more about earning college credit through your NSLC program.

Visit research labs Learn from scientists, doctors and engineers working in advanced research labs during exclusive hands-on tours.

Hands-on experiments Learn the basics of DNA manipulation during intensive biotech experiments.

Explore cutting-edge technologies used in the fields of medicine, energy production, agriculture, and bioengineering.

While at the NSLC, you will have the opportunity to step into the lab and learn hands-on the skills used in the field of biotechnology to manipulate DNA and create products like better medicines and cleaner fuels.

Lab experiences will include:

While at the NSLC on Biotechnology program, you will meet with and learn from leaders in the biotechnology field. In past years, guest speakers have included:

Dr. Francis S. Collins Director, National Institutes of Health

Dr. Ben Busby Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information

Dr. Eric D. Green Director, National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH)

Dean Stephen Carr Associate Dean of Undergraduate Engineering, Northwestern University

Dr. Jon R. Lorsch Director, National Insitute of General Medical Sciences

Dr. Anthony S. Fauci Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH)

An important part of the NSLCs Biotechnology youth leadership program is seeing the sites around some of our nations greatest cities. These trips are designed as both sightseeing tours and exclusive educational trips specifically tailored to the area of Biotechnology:

At the heart of each of our youth leadership programs is a curriculum designed to build concrete leadership skills that will help you succeed. From the beginning of your program you will learn to work as a team during an exciting Ropes Challenge Course. Interactive lectures and small-group workshops will give you an opportunity to build upon your strengths and minimize your weaknesses.

Leadership topics tailored to the Biotechnology program include:

Tuition

Scholarships

Fundraising

Tuition

Your NSLC tuition is all-inclusive. Your tuition covers course materials, housing, on-campus meals, social events and transportation throughout your program.

Learn More...

Program tuition is all-inclusive. It covers course materials, housing, on-campus meals, social events and transportation in air-conditioned motor coaches throughout the program. Each student is responsible for the cost of travel to and from the program as well as individual spending money.

Cancellation Fees and Refund Policy All cancellations must be submitted in writing (email is acceptable). The following cancellation fees apply to all NSLC enrollments:

NSLC will refund all funds minus the cancellation fee listed above. No refunds will be given after May 16th, 2016. Student Protection Plan fees for accepted students are non-refundable.

Instead of cancelling, you may elect to apply your total payments toward a program next year. If so, you will be enrolled in our 2017 Pre-Registration and sent an email in the fall of 2016 to select the program/session you wish to attend. Note: If you choose to cancel your enrollment and not attend a 2017 program, the cancellation fees above will still apply.

Note: If an application is rejected or if space in the program is not available, all deposits/payments will be refunded in full.

Scholarships

We offer a comprehensive scholarship program to assist qualified students with the cost of NSLC tuition, based on financial need, academic merit and extracurriculars.

Apply Now...

Fundraising

Fundraising is a great way to raise funds to contribute toward your NSLC program tuition while also forging relationships with leaders in your community.

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Biotechnology | National Student Leadership Conference

Pros And Cons in Research

The debate of the pros and cons of stem cell research clearly illustrate the difficult ethics evaluations researchers sometimes must do.

Don't miss these related articles:

All scientists must consider whether the positive effects from their research are likely to be significantly higher than the negative effects.

Stem Cells are crucial to develop organisms. They are nonspecialized cells which have the potential to create other types of specific cells, such as blood-, brain-, tissue- or muscle-cells.

Stem cells are in all of our body and lives, but are far more potent in a fetus (also spelled foetus, ftus, faetus, or ftus) than in an adult body.

Some types of stem cells may be able to create all other cells in the body. Others have the potential to repair or replace damaged tissue or cells.

Embryonic Stem Cells are developed from a female egg after it is fertilized by sperm. The process takes 4-5 days.

Stem cell research is used for investigation of basic cells which develop organisms. The cells are grown in laboratories where tests are carried out to investigate fundamental properties of the cells.

There are stem cells in the both placenta and blood contained in the placenta. Also the primary source of stem cells is from blastocysts. These are fertilized human eggs that were not implanted into a woman.

The controversy surrounding stem cell research led to an intense debate about ethics. Up until the recent years, the research method mainly focused on Embryonic Stem Cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get proper material to study. This is typically done just days after conception or between the 5th and 9th week.

Since then, researchers have moved on to more ethical study methods, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS). iPS are artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, such as adult somatic cells.

This is probably an important advancement in stem cell research, since it allows researchers to obtain pluripotent stem cells, which are important in research, without the controversial use of embryos.

There were two main issues concerning stem cell research with both pros and cons:

The first issue is really not just about stem cell research, as it may be applied to most research about human health.

Since 2007, the second point, concerns about the methods involved, has been less debated, because of scientific developments such as iPS.

As you will most probably notice, the following arguments are not exclusively in use when talking about stem cell research.

Stem cell research can potentially help treat a range of medical problems. It could lead humanity closer to better treatment and possibly cure a number of diseases:

Better treatment of these diseases could also give significant social benefits for individuals and economic gains for society

The controversy regarding the method involved was much tenser when researchers used Embryonic Stem Cells as their main method for stem cell research.

DISCLAIMER: These points are based on the old debate about the methods of stem cells research, from before 2007. Since then, scientists have moved on to use more ethical methods for stem cell research, such as iPS. This section serves as an illustration of the difficult evaluations researchers may have to analyze.

The stem cell-research is an example of the, sometimes difficult, cost-benefit analysis in ethics which scientists need to do. Even though many issues regarding the ethics of stem cell research have now been solved, it serves as a valuable example of ethical cost-benefit analysis.

The previously heated debate seems to have lead to new solutions which makes both sides happier.

Stem Cell pros and cons had to be valued carefully, for a number of reasons.

When you are planning a research project, ethics must always be considered. If you cannot defend a study ethically, you should not and will not be allowed to conduct it. You cannot defend a study ethically unless the presumed cost is lower than expected benefits. The analysis needs to include human/animal discomfort/risks, environmental issues, material costs/benefits, economy etc.

Why was the debate regarding the stem cell research so intense?

First, it was a matter of life - something impossible to measure. And in this case, researchers had to do exactly that: measure life against life.

Both an abortion and someone dying, suffering from a possible curable disease, is a tragedy. Which have the highest value? Does a big breakthrough in the research justify the use of the method in the present?

Would the benefits of studying abortions outweigh the costs? The choice was subjective: Nobody knows all the risks or all the possible outcomes, so we had to value it with our perception of the outcome. Perception is influenced by our individual feelings, morals and knowledge about the issue.

Second, at the time we did not know whether the research was necessary and sufficient to give us the mentioned health benefits.

Third, other consequences of the research are uncertain. Could the research be misused in the future or not? We simply do not know. All knowledge acquired, within research or other arenas, may be used for evil causes in the future - it is impossible to know.

The Stem cell research-debate is an example on how people value various aspects differently. It is also an example of how critics and debate can lead to significant improvements for both sides.

More here:
Stem Cell Research - Pros and Cons - Explorable.com

You will have a low white blood cell count after your treatment. This means you are more at risk of getting an infection. You are likely to get an infection from the normally harmless bacteria we all have in our digestive systems and on our skin.

To try to stop this from happening your nurse may give you tablets called gut sterilisers (antibiotics) and mouthwashes. And they will encourage you to have a shower each day.

You are also at risk of infection from food. The nurses on the ward will tell you and your relatives about the food you can and can't eat. The rules vary from hospital to hospital but you may be told that

Your room will be thoroughly cleaned every day. Your visitors will be asked to wash their hands before they come into your room. They may also have to wear disposable gloves and aprons. Visitors with coughs and colds are not allowed. Some hospitals don't allow you to have plants or flowers in your room because bacteria and fungi can grow in the soil or water, and may cause infection.

Even with all these precautions, most people do get an infection at some point and need to have antibiotics. You can help yourself by trying to do your mouth care properly and getting up to shower and have your bed changed even on the days you don't feel too good.

After a transplant you will have lost immunity to diseases you were vaccinated against as a child. The team caring for you will advise you about the immunisations you need and when. You should only have inactivated immunisations and not live ones. To lower the risk of you getting any of these infections it is important that all your family have the flu vaccine and any children have all their immunisations.

Read more:
Side effects of bone marrow and stem cell transplants ...

Every day sick patients are asking how canstem cell therapy help them now. These patients are most likely desperate for any help, as the current medicine or prognosis just isnt cutting it. And while one daythere may be aviableanswer ofa yes, right now unfortunately, the field isjust not there yet. But, others do not share this view and are in fact offering to cure peoples diseases with stem cell treatments, a phenomenon known as stem cell tourism as most cases occur outside this country. Below we discuss a little about this.

What are stem cell treatments?

As was mentioned, stem cell treatments have been developed as a way to intervene in the development of and potentially treat a whole host of illnesses and physical maladies. These include baldness, missing teeth, and blindness, as well as degenerative illnesses like Parkinsons disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and even cancer.

The majority of the advertised stem cell treatments utilize adult stem cells, normally harvested from the patient, and these stem cells are introduced into the damaged part of the body. The stem cells then self-renew within the damaged part, promoting growth of new tissues and subsequently replacing the diseased tissues.

Since the stem cells have been harvested from the body of the patient, theoretically, the odds of rejection or fatal side effects are very minimal. Because this is the case, stem cell treatments essentially provide a less invasive, more viable, and more sustainable therapeutic or treatment approach than similar intervention methods like organ transplantation.

Most stem cell treatments are still in the research phase.

Stem cell treatment clinics have been mushrooming everywhere. They are manifold in medical tourism centers in India, China, Ukraine, and Mexico. Even in the United States, where the oversight of the Food and Drug Administration or FDA is strict, stem cell treatment centers operate.

But while this is the case, it is crucial to keep in mind that most stem cell treatments, with the exception of bone marrow transplantation, are still in the preliminary research stages. In fact, studies of these treatments remain so new that finding published results is next to impossible.

Countries like China that study stem cell treatments on a clinical level do not have adequate and up-to-medical-standard documentation processes either, further putting the public in the dark when it comes to stem cell treatments efficacy and dangers.

There are several potential risks of stem cell treatments.

Even aside from the preliminary research phases and lack of published results, stem cell treatments have many risks. And the worst part is studies on these risks, as on the treatments efficacy, are yet to be explored by the medical community.

For instance, in the case of cancer, there is the danger of further aggravating the progress of the disease. Bear in mind that these treatments involve the introduction of stem cells into the diseased part of the body. Sure, the stem cells will most likely be harvested from the same patient and thus not foreign to the recipients body. However, factors such as uncontrolled growth may still occur and therefore further worsen the disease instead of treat it.

Another danger is the unchecked use of the types of stem cells to be administered. In countries without supervision and regulation of these types of intervention strategies, the use of stem cells harvested from sheep and sharks has been reported for treating human patients; an obviously bad situation.

Think twice before choosing stem cell treatments.

While stem cell treatment clinics are popping up all over most of these are scammers who prey on the desperately ill. Another sector has been cropping up offering stem cell treatments for cosmetic purposes as well. With promises of efficient and unfailing treatments, may they be for cosmetics, mild physical maladies, or serious terminal cases, there is no doubt that these treatments can sometimes be tempting to take.

But bear in mind that stem cell treatmentsthe legitimate ones, that isare mostly in the preliminary research stages. Because of this, you wont really be sure whether the treatment you obtain will work or not. And remember, if sounds to good to be true, it probably is. If there was a miracle treatment out there that really does cure horrible diseases, dont you think every sick patient would be getting it done and being healed? For more information, please visit this website put together by the international society for stem cell research: http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/

If you enjoyed this post, please consider subscribing below to our monthly newsletter through which we provide stem cell scientists information on the most current research topics and tools to help them constantly improve their stem cell culture experience.

To Successful Research, StemCultures

Information for scientists by scientists on all things related to stem cell growth including stem cell culture, culture medium, tissue culture, fibroblast growth factor (fgf2) and more.

Note: StemCultures facilitates posting on this blog, but the views and accounts expressed herein are those of the author(s) or interviewee(s) and not the views or accounts ofStemCultures its officers or directors whose views and accounts may or may not be similar or identical. StemCultures, its officers and directors do not express any opinion regarding any product or service by virtue of reference to such product or service in this blog.

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Risks of Stem Cell Treatments - StemCultures

The neuro lectures are longer than the rest of the videos here at OphthoBook. Thats because there is a lot of conceptual theories involved, and I wanted to slow down and walk through this material at a managable rate. To ease the pain of learning neurology, Ive broken the lecture into two seperate parts. Enjoy!

Neuro-Ophathalmology Video Part 1

Hi Dr Tim,

Youre amazing, these videos are tops. Youll be happy to know you have quite a following among med students in sunny Queensland Australia.

Just noticed ? small typo at 24.30 neuro video 2 (Adies syndrome). PSNS constricts so with Adies pupil should dilate not quite clear on the slide but youre talking about dilated pupils so Im sure anyone whos listening would get your drift (probably just a good way to check were still thinking, eh?)

Thank you so much for your hard work. Youve put together a great resource.

Cheers, Helen

Hey these videos are great! you are an amazing techer

picked up a little error in the 2nd neuro video

the slide on Adies pupil says that the pupil would be constricted when it should say it would be dilated. It is however correctly described in the audio.

Thanks for these videos

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Neuro-Ophthalmology Lecture 1 - ophthobook.com

New section started specially for students (Sep 2007) All useful study materials will be found there

As we have learnt that many students are using our website, we are just starting a students section. There you will find this and other documents of special value for writing your reports and theses.

What is Genetic Engineering?A simple introduction

This text is written so that even you who have forgotten much of what you may have learned about genetics will understand it. Therefore, the description is as simple as possible (some details of minor importance have been omitted or simplified).

If you want a very brief overview, go to "A first introduction to genetic engineering".

If you only want to rapidly get an idea of the great difference between mating and genetic engineering, see the "at a glance" illustration (elementary level)

Contents

1. The hereditary substance

The hereditary substance, DNA is what is manipulated by Genetic Engineering, below called GE.

DNA contains a complete set of information determining the structure and function of a living organism, be it a bacterium, a plant or a human being. DNA constitutes the genes, which in turn are found in the chromosomes in the cell nucleus.

For schematic picture of the spiral-formed DNA-moleculse click here: DNA

DNA is a very long string of "code words", arranged in an orderly sequence. It contains the instructions for creating all the proteins in the body.

Proteins are truly remarkable molecules. They can have many different properties. All the various tissues in the body are mainly made of proteins. Likewise all kinds of regulatory substances like enzymes, hormones and signal substances. There are many other proteins like for example different substances protecting from infection like antibodies.

The properties of a protein are entirely decided by its form, which is decided by the sequence of its building blocks, the amino acids. The set of code words required to describe one protein is called a "gene"

The DNA-protein system is an ingeniously simple and extremely powerful solution for creating all kinds of biological properties and structures. Just by varying the sequence of code words in the DNA, innumerable variations of proteins with very disparate properties can be obtained, sufficient to generate the enormous variety of biological life. For more about it, see "The cell - a miracle of cooperation"[EL]

If you want to know more about DNA, you could look up:

2. Mating - natural recombination of hereditary information

Through mating, the DNA of two parents is combined.

This can be described in a simplified way like this:

In plants and animals, the DNA is not just one long string of "codewords". It is divided into a set of strings called chromosomes. Commonly, each cell has a double set of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father.

In the germinal cells (the cells involved in mating), however, there is just one set. In mating, the set of the mother and father join together to create an embryonic cell with a double set of chromosomes. This embryonic cell divides into two identical copies. These divide in turn. In this way the whole organism will come to contain identical sets of chromosomes (the reason that the tissues have different properties in different parts of the grown up body is that different genes are active in them).

Mating summarized in a simple illustration

(The DNA of plants and animals contains hundreds of millions of "code syllables". To represent the complete set of information, each circle below would correspond to about 30 million code syllables. In the illustration below, each circle represents 300 code syllables. One code word, corresponding to one amino acid, contains three code syllables. One gene contains at an average about 1000 code words. The genes are about 3% of all DNA)

(The names of the colors have been written to simplify for those with color blindness)

A DNA string (part of a chromosome) in the germ cell of the mother (green):

The corresponding DNA string in the germ cell of the father (blue) :

(The syllables A and Z are just symbolical to mark the beginning and end of the two corresponding DNA strings).

Through mating, the strings are combined to create the DNA of the body cells:

The combined DNA in the offspring (one green and one blue string):

So in mating, there occurs no manipulation of the natural and orderly sequence of code words and sets of code words, the genes.

3. Genetic engineering, an artificial manipulation of genes

In genetic engineering, one gene or most commonly, a set of a few genes is taken out of the DNA of one organism and inserted into the DNA of another organism. This we call the "insertion package" illustrated in red:

Insertion package (red):

o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o

This insertion package is inserted into the DNA of the recipient organism.

DNA of the recipient before insertion:

There is no way to make a gene insert in a predetermined location. So the insertion is completely haphazard. Below the insertion package (red) has happened to become inserted in the chromosome string stemming from the mother (green):

DNA of the recipient after insertion:

This means that the sequential order of the genetic code of the mother string has been disrupted by a sequence of codes that are completely out of place. This may have several serious consequences as you find more about in "Is Genetic Engineering a variety of breeding?"[ML].

4. The difference between mating and genetic engineering at a glance

In mating a chromosome from the mother, o-o-o-o (green ) is combined with a chromosome of the father, o-o-o-o (blue). The sequence of DNA "code words" in each chromosome remains unchanged. And the chromosomes remain stable. The mating mechanism has been developed over billions of years and yields stable and reliable results.

Mating:

Genetic engineering:

In genetic engineering, a set of foreign genes, o-o-o-o (red) is inserted haphazardly in the midst of the sequence of DNA "code words" (in this case in the DNA inherited from the mother [green])). The insertion disrupts the ordinary command code sequence in the DNA. This disruption may disturb the functioning of the cell in unpredictable and potentially hazardous ways. The insertion may make the chromosome unstable in an unpredictable way.

A second fundamental difference is that, in genetic engineering, special constructs of genetic material derived from viruses and bacteria are added to the "desired gene". These constructs don't exist in natural food. They are needed for three major purposes:

These constructs may cause trouble of various kinds. See e.g.:

For more about how these constructs work, see: "How are genes engineered" [ML] Explains the technique of Genetic Engineering.

The key assumption of genetic engineering is that you can "tailor" organisms by adding genes with desirable properties. But science has found that genes don't work as isolated carriers of properties. Instead the effects of every gene is the outcome of interaction with its environment. The situation is succinctly summarized by Dr Craig Venter:

"In everyday language the talk is about a gene for this and a gene for that. We are now finding that that is rarely so. The number of genes that work in that way can almost be counted on your fingers, because we are just not hard-wired in that way."

"You cannot define the function of genes without defining the influence of the environment. The notion that one gene equals one disease, or that one gene produces one key protein, is flying out of the window."

Dr. J. Craig Venter, Time's Scientist of the year (2000). President of the Celera Corporation. Dr. Venter is recognized as one of the two most important scientists in the worldwide effort to map the human genome.

Source: Times, Monday February 12, 2001 "Why you can't judge a man by his genes" http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/0,,2-82213,00.html

This is further explained in "The new understanding of genes" [ML].

Conclusion

So technically, genetic engineering is an unnatural insertion of a foreign sequence of genetic codes in the midst of the orderly sequence of genetic codes of the recipient, developed through millions of years. In addition, powerful artificial genetic constructs are added with potentially problematic effects. This is a profound intervention with unpredictable consequences:

"Up to now, living organisms have evolved very slowly, and new forms have had plenty of time to settle in. Now whole proteins will be transposed overnight into wholly new associations, with consequences no one can foretell, either for the host organism, or their neighbors.... going ahead in this direction may be not only unwise, but dangerous. Potentially, it could breed new animal and plant diseases, new sources of cancer, novel epidemics."

Dr. George Wald. Nobel Laureate in Medicine 1967. Higgins Professor of Biology, Harvard University. (From: 'The Case against Genetic Engineering' by George Wald, in The Recombinant DNA Debate, Jackson and Stich, Eds. P. 127-128. ; Reprinted from The Sciences, Sept./Oct. 1976 issue)

To Students Section

See more here:
What is Genetic Engineering? - An elementary introduction ...

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