StemCell Therapy

With products and solutions for cancer treatment, radiation therapy, and HIV/AIDS treatment, we help healthcare professionals fight the most threatening diseases. Breast cancer treatment in South Africa

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor of the mammary gland. Not only is it one of the most common types of cancer in the Western world, its becoming an increasing threat also for women in developing nations. More women die from breast cancer than from any other form of this life-threatening disease. According to the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA), breast cancer is detected in one in 29 women in South Africa. Early diagnosis and advanced technologies, like radiation therapy, can help reduce mortality rate from breast cancer.

Mobile medical treatment to fight breast cancer in South Africa.

Detecting breast cancer as early as possible is essential for successful cancer treatment. Siemens helps improve cancer care for women by offering innovative technologies, such as breast screening and radiation therapy. In May 2012, Siemens donated a new mobile mammography unit outfitted with state-of-the-art medical equipment to the Netcare Foundation. The Mammo Trailer provides breast cancer screening services to underprivileged women in rural and semirural areas of South Africa free of charge.

HIV/AIDS treatment is very important in Africa

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects the cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their ability to function. With 33 million people currently living with HIV/AIDS and 2.7 million new infections each year, HIV/AIDS is a global epidemic. On the African continent, HIV/AIDS is a major healthcare challenge, with the Sub-Saharan region being hit the hardest.

We offer a broad portfolio of testing capabilities across diagnostic disciplines from screening and diagnosis to medical treatment selection and monitoring. To expand access of cost-effective healthcare in Africa, Siemens is working with funding agencies and local partners. Through the REACH program (Resources Embracing Africa with Care and Hope), for example, we are able to deliver HIV/AIDS treatment in settings where it would have otherwise been impossible.

Here is the original post:
Medical treatment Healthcare Siemens Southern Africa

This refreshing body wash provides the perfect energy boost thanks to four sparkling essential oils.

A key ingredient is May Chang essential oil, extracted from the small, pepper-like fruits of an evergreen tree native to the Far East. It has a spicy, lemony, citrus aroma and is recognised for its stimulating, uplifting action that relieves fatigue and lethargy. It's blended with refreshing Lemon, reviving Bergamot and regenerating Neroli oils to provide a cleansing, fragrant pick-me-up.

Size: 200ml Price: R199 each

Read the Radiant Review:

Yesterday afternoon I came home feeling very hot, sticky and tired after a badminton match. As I had some work I needed to do last night, I decided to try my new Revive Cleansing Wash instead of my usual relaxing shower gel. Wow! The fragrance really is a fabulous pick-me-up and I felt refreshed, revived and ready to go! This will definitely become my everyday morning wash so I can kick-start my day. - Lynn

Read more here:
Sh'Zen for beautiful face, body, hands, hair, nails and feet.

An ideal ratio of essential fatty acids, proven by research to benefit cardiovascular health, enhance stamina and energy, and improve general health and well-being. Certified Organic. "Low-fat diets are risky and may increase your chances of infections, allergies, behavioural problems and exhaustion, says world-renowned nutrition expert Udo Erasmus, Ph.D. Short-term weight-loss programs like starvation diets, fat blockers and diet pills over-stimulate the body and do more harm than good. Additionally, diets that promise fat loss by avoiding fats fail 90% of the time. read more >>

From the beginning of March, we relocated our offices. As a consequence, our telephone numbers have also changed. Details Below:

Telephone: 0114635877 Fax: 011866727765

Physical Address 1st Floor (same office as Batswadi Pharmaceuticals) Building D La Rocca office Park 321 Main Road (corner Petunia Street) Bryanston 2021 South Africa

Every bottle of Beyond O2 Minerals contains calcium, magnesium, and over 70 trace minerals. These essential minerals (electrolytes) become ionic in water allowing them to be absorbed quickly and easily by your body. Beyond O2 Minerals is delivered in a pure ionic form, which means it is immediately bio-available to the body.

Some of the symptoms associated with acidic conditions in the body include weight loss problems, fatigue & tiredness, forgetfulness, insomnia, water retention, joint & muscle pain, arthritis, migraine headaches, constipation, colds, flu, stomach ulcers, acid reflux and even cancer. An overly acidic body greatly diminishes the effectiveness of your immune system and usually leads to disease.

Acidic conditions in the body are caused by MANY of lifes daily norms like; junk food, processed food, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, carbonated beverages, coffee, sports drinks, alcohol, environmental toxins, and most of all STRESS. Considering this long list of items that can lead to acidic challenges in our body, it becomes very clear why it is so important to drink an alkaline beverage like Beyond O2 Minerals every day.

GRASSROOTS SOLUTION

Udo Erasmus, Father of "Organic, Unrefined Flax Oil" & Udo's Choice Oil Blend: Udo Erasmus, Ph.D., introduced the importance of essential fats (EFA's) derived from organic flax seeds to the world. He pioneered methods for producing unrefined oils made with health in mind. He believes in the GRASSROOTS SOLUTION for Modern Health concerns. The three basic causes of degenerative disease are malnutrition, toxicity and poor digestion and the grassroots Solutions to these modern health concerns lie within our diet.

Essential fats, enzymes, Probiotics and fibre are healthy foods supplied by nature that can create health and longevity by providing nutrition, detoxification and proper digestion. Udos Choice products are a family of food blends offering individuals an ideal program for increasing energy levels, improving digestion, stimulating the immune system, and managing weight. An internationally recognised and award winning brand based in Canada producing high quality health products since 1965. Flora Health has won 40 consumer awards in Canada since 1994 and in 2004 earned the Best Product Award in UKs leading health magazine Heres Health.

Here is the original post:
Sanaka Health | Invest in your Wellness ::. - Home

Who should get tested?

If you are sexually active or thinking of becoming sexually active you should get tested.

Stellenbosch University Campus Health Service Weekdays: 08:00 - 12:00 021 808 3496

HIV/AIDS Helpline 0800 012 322

If you would like to give us feedback on your experience of these services or recommend services in other areas contact Monica du Toit.

VCT is about getting to know your HIV status by taking an HIV test, and does not test for Aids. This confidential test will tell you whether you are HIV positive or negative. Voluntary means that the decision to go for the test is entirely your own choice. Confidential means that you have the right to absolute privacy.

VCT is a three-step process that involves pre-test counselling, the test and post-test counselling.

The pre-test counselling will prepare you for the test and will help you to anticipate the result whether it turns out to be HIV positive or negative.

A trained counsellor will explore your reason for attending and explain shared confidentiality. The counsellor will explain to you what HIV is, explore your level of risk of having the virus, correct any misconceptions you may have and explain what the HIV test is. The counsellor will also explain the importance and the benefits of knowing your HIV status. In addition, he/she will discuss the different options available to you and give you an opportunity to ask any questions you may have about HIV or the HIV test. You will be encouraged to talk freely about your fears and concerns. You then give informed consent/dissent freely.

There are three common types of HIV antibody tests: the Elisa test, the Western blot test and the Rapid test. The Elisa and Western blot test will require that you have a sample of blood taken. This blood sample will be sent to a laboratory for testing and the results will be received a week later. The Rapid test requires that the health worker take a drop of your blood by pricking your finger. A drop of this blood will be placed on the test kit where a chemical agent will be added. Your results will be available within 15 minutes. If the test is positive, a second Rapid test will be done to confirm the result.

Current HIV antibody tests can only detect the antibodies when sufficient quantities have been produced. With new technology the time it takes before antibodies can be detected is decreasing, but there is still a period during which the antibodies cannot be detected in the blood. This is called the window period and can last up to 42 days. During the window period, you may receive a negative HIV test result, but still have the virus in your body. It is recommended that if you have had unsafe sex in the past six weeks, you should have a second HIV test done six weeks later to confirm the result of a negative first test.

All these tests are highly reliable and accurate.

During the post-test counselling phase you will be given the results of your test simply and clearly. The counsellor will allow time for the results to sink in and to check your understanding. There are a number of basic issues that the counsellor can help you with, which includes dealing with your immediate emotional reactions, checking if you have immediate support available and identifying your options and/or resources.

A positive test result means that you have been infected with HIV. The counsellor will help you work through some of your feelings of shock, fear and anger. You will have the opportunity to talk about whether or not you are going to tell your family and your sexual partner. The counsellor will also discuss healthy and positive living with you.

Being HIV positive does not mean that you have no future. Many people live happy, healthy and productive lives with HIV. But it does mean that you will have to learn about keeping your immune system healthy, lowering stress levels and building up a good support system. It is also important that you protect yourself and your partner from further infection. You will also be given information about your rights as someone living with HIV. Your counsellor will refer you to further supportive counselling and medical help whenever you need it.

The counsellor will explore with you the various ways of keeping yourself and your sexual partner(s) safe from contracting HIV. He/she will help you understand the window period and the possibility of needing to be retested. Even if you tested negative, your counsellor will share with you the importance of taking responsibility for avoiding future risky behaviour and of using condoms. If you and your partner have come together for the test and one of you is HIV positive, you may need support as to how this affects your relationship.

As a student at a higher education institution, you are in the high-risk age group of HIV. It is very important that you know your HIV status. Deciding whether or not to go for an HIV test is a difficult decision. While some people think that it is better not to know their status, there are many advantages to knowing your status. With this knowledge you can take control of your life and your future.

You will be very relieved that you do not have HIV. You can begin to make sure that you practice safer sex and use a condom every time you have sex.

If you have had unprotected sex (sex without a condom) recently, the virus might not yet show up in the test. This is called the window period. The counsellor will ask you to come back after six weeks for another test.

This means that you have been infected with HIV. Knowing that you are HIV positive will help you to make informed lifestyle decisions. You can start to take care of your stress levels, eat a more balanced and healthy diet and live a healthier life. Knowing your HIV status will prolong your life. The earlier you are diagnosed the better!

HIV doesnt kill; opportunistic infections do. HIV attacks your bodys immune system so that you are at risk of getting a variety of infections. If you are HIV positive and know your status, you can become aware of the symptoms of the various infections and make sure that you get treatment as early as possible.

You can make sure that you do not get re-infected with a different strain of HIV, by using a condom every time you have sex. You can also make sure that you protect your sexual partner(s) from becoming HIV positive.

Knowing that you are HIV positive will allow you to plan for the future for your own health and well-being, as well as that of your family and partner.

Although there are many benefits to knowing your HIV status, there could also be negative consequences. In many families and communities it is difficult to disclose your status because of stigma and discrimination. Before you have a VCT, you need to talk to a counsellor and discuss all the possible outcomes of being tested. This will allow you to make an informed decision. Nobody can force you to have a test. It is also entirely up to you whether or not you disclose your status to anyone else. The advantages of knowing your status greatly outweigh the disadvantages. Deciding not to go for a test does not mean that you do not have the HI-virus.

More here:
About Voluntary HIV Counselling & Testing | Office for ...

Pretoria- Basic Education Minister Angie Motshekga has highly praised the 2015 National Senior Certificate (NSC) examinations overall top achiever, Andrew Tucker, for his "never-say-die" attitude.

Speaking onWednesday at the launch of the Matric Second Chance Support Programme held in Johannesburg, the Minister described tucker as one learner whose story is a blueprint of achieving greater heights Against All Odds.

Tucker is an epitome of the "never-say-die" attitude, she said.

Tucker, a learner at South African College High School in Cape Town, was diagnosed with the Guillain-Bare Syndrome (GBS) disease in February 2015.

The GBS is a disorder in which the bodys immune system attacks parts of the peripheral nervous system. It is a particularly debilitating disease, which can be fatal. There is no known cure for the disease nor does anyone know the actual cause of the disorder.

Andrew's School Principal informed me that the poor Andrew was hospitalised and bedridden for almost five months in 2015. He only returned to school, full time, only in the 3rd term (July), said the Minister, narrating Tuckers sad story with a happy ending.

However, upon his return to school, Andrew refused to be treated differently. Instead, he showed courage and determination, thus inspiring the entire school community to push the boundaries of expectation and strive for excellence.

I am glad to repeat it here that Andrew is our Top Achiever for the Class of 2015. What an inspiring story! What a beautiful mind! What an achievement! Thank you Andrew for what you have done for the basic education sector.

We wish you strength and best for your bright future. We are proud of you achievement. We glow in your light. Youre indeed a beacon of hope, said the Minister.

Tucker also came first place in category top achiever in quintile 5 schools on Tuesday when the nations top achievers received awards.

He said he wants to dedicate his life to making a difference in the lives of others by studying Medicine at University of Cape Town.

He said he was grateful for the support he received from his school, the headmaster, staff who rallied behind him with invaluable support and encouragement throughout the year.-SAnews.gov.za

View original post here:
Andrew Tucker elevated to top despite disease | SA News

Moringa an Amazing Tree of Life

The Moringa tree is one of the most incredible plants ever encountered. This may sound sensationalist, but Moringa's nutritional and medicinal properties have the potential to end malnutrition, starvation, as well as prevent and heal many diseases and maladies worldwide. Moringa is truly a miracle plant, and a divine gift for the nourishing and healing of man. This plant has so many uses and special features. This is the result of our research on Moringa. From many books, research papers, videos and many websites. Moringacare has distilled the best and most useful information from all of these sources in order to save you the reader from having to wade through all of the information out there about Moringa.

Moringa is the sole genus in the owering plant family Moringaceae. The genus Moringa in turn is made up of 13 species. The species most common, and which is the main subject of this website. The species called "Moringa Oleifera." Moringa Oleifera is found in many tropical and sub-tropical regions. Moringa can be grown in the even the harshest and driest of soils, where barely anything else will grow. In fact, one of the nicknames of Moringa is "never die" due to its incredible ability to survive harsh weather and even drought.

View our range of Organic Moringa Oleifera products, Moringacare supply to health stores countrywide and direct to you, we stock the highest quality Organic Moringa products like Dry Leaf Powder, Nutritional Shakes, Probiotic booster, Honey and even Aloe Moringaline for skin care.

As seen in the chart above, not only does Moringa contain vitamin A, vitamin C, Calcium, Potassium, Iron, and Protein, it contains it in high amounts that are easily digested and assimilated by the human body. The chart above highlights some of the commonly known nutrients needed by the human body. Moringa also contains, not one, not two, not three, but over 40 antioxidants. Moringa is said to contain 539 known compounds which according to traditional African and Indian medicine (Ayurvedic) is said to prevent of 300 diseases and maladies.

Miracle Moringa taken in conjunction with CDS, MMS and MMS can increase your well-being tenfold.

See the rest here:
Welcome to MoringaCare - Organic Moringa Oleifera the Miracle ...

HIV and Aids care short learning programme (32 credits)

Programme framework:

Assessment:

Two scheduled tests and one practical examination in counselling. In order to pass the short course, a final mark of 50% is needed. The mark will be constituted in the following manner: Test 1 + Test 2 + Practical exam 3 = mark (50%)

Format of presentation:

On registration students will receive a CD containing:

Please note that students have to come prepared to classes, since discussions on content will be initiated by students and no lectures will be given on any content. Students will be given the opportunity to clarify any content problems they may experience with the lecturer during classes.

Who will benefit from completing the short course?

All health and non-health personnel who are interested in making a change in the lives of HIV/AIDS infected and affected persons.

For more information about this programme, and other short learning programmes please contact:

Mrs Diane Keegan Assistant Director: Short Learning Programmes School of Nursing University of the Free State Tel: +27(0)51 401 3629 / 2914 Fax: +27(0)51 401 3282 E-mail: KeeganD@ufs.ac.za

Last updated: 12 October 2014 20:04

See the original post here:
HIV and Aids Care (Short Learning Programme)

What are drug delivery systems? Lectroject is an iontophoretic drug delivery (Particle Transport) system that takes existing medication into the cell where it does its work by interfering with the DNA of the virus to prevent it from replicating and spreading. (In theory it quarantines the viruses). Drugs have long been used to improve health and extend lives. The practice of drug delivery has changed dramatically in the last few decades, with focus to increase drug safety and efficacy. Particle Transport Technology Lectroject drug delivery technology is far more effective than oral or injected medication as it is not subject to gastric or hepatic degradation. Iontophoresis (Iontophoretic drug delivery) has been used in the USA for many years and is an accepted form of therapy. If you look up "iontophoresis" and "transdermal drug delivery devices" on the internet you'll find that not only Lectroject but all such machines are effective. See what out satisfied patient say Mode Of Action When Acyclovir is induced with Lectrojects drug delivery system, it gets taken up by herpes-infected cells and metabolized in the presence of guanylate and thymedine kinase; it gets changed a bit and becomes a powerful drug. Once metabolized, it blocks the infecting Herpes virus from replicating its DNA, keeping it from producing more of the virus. Acyclovir is a drug primarily used to treat people infected with Herpes Simplex virus (HSV). It has also been used for the treatment of chickenpox, patients infected with Epstein-Barr virus and to prevent cytomegalovirus infections. Its been available to use for quite some time and often works well to treat people with HSV infections like genital herpes, herpes labialis (cold sores) or shingles (caused by another herpesvirus, Herpes zoster) and some other viral diseases.

See more here:
Lectroject Transdermal Drug Delivery | Herpes Treatment

Then you need to continue reading this...

You see, you dont need to pop unnecessary pills to live a healthy life and prevent life-threatening diseases.

Its all thanks to Mother Nature and the precious health-powering foods she provides...

They contain all the essential vitamins, minerals and antioxidants that your body needs to be healthy, prevent diseases, look and feel younger and maintain your ideal weight.

What you can do to refuel and take care of your hardworking body every day...

These foods have been scientifically proven to protect your body from all the health-threatening complications that are out there.

Superfoods will help you:

Just look at what experts are saying about Superfoods:

Superfoods are the greatest foods identified by the greatest civilizations in the history of the world. They are foods that have a whole array of tricks under their sleeve. They are extremely easy to use and agree with a lot of different body types and metabolisms. Dr David Wolfe

In a new study out of Europe, researchers found that women who ate higher amounts of foods with flavonoids Superfoods, were half as likely to develop stomach cancer as were women who ate the smallest amounts. Dr Jonathan V Wright

Eating Superfoods goes beyond the idea of dieting. It's really a way of life. 'It's the non-diet diet.' It's food you can eat for a lifetime." Dr Steven Pratt

But what are these Superfoods and what benefits do they provide?

Wonder no more...

Protect yourself against high cholesterol, heart disease, cancer and more...

Superfoods fuel your body with all the essentials you need to live a longer, healthier and disease-free life...

But as healthy as Superfoods are, its important you get the right amount of each Superfood you choose to eat, to make sure youre reaping their optimum health benefits.

And thats why you need to get your hands onSuperfoods for The Healthy New You...

Itll show exactly what the different Superfoods are, what health benefits they provide and how to eat them so you can reap all their benefits.

Start living a healthier life today...

I want to share all the information about Superfoods with you so you can take charge of your life and start living a healthier life today...

And thats why I am willing to give you Superfoods for the Healthy New Younow for just R199.95 instead of the full official price of R249. You save R50.

But thats not all...

Get a 30-day money-back guarantee

With Superfoods for the Healthy New Youyoull get the reassurance of my 30-day money-back guarantee...

If at any time during that period you feel Superfoods for The Healthy New You isnt right for you, then you can simply return the book and Ill give you a full refund.

But thats not all youll get. If you order today, youll receive yourSuperfoods Cheat Sheet to Looking Younger and Feeling Stronger - FREE!So you'll know at a quick glance which superfoods are super-good for you.

Here's to a healthier you...

View original post here:
Say hello to Mother Nature and her health-powering foods

By Gary Heiting, OD

Protecting your eyesight is one of the most important things you can do to help maintain your quality of life. Some type of sight-threatening eye problem affects one in six adults age 45 and older. And the risk for vision loss only increases with age.

In fact, a recent American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) report estimates that more than 43 million Americans will develop age-related eye diseases by 2020. Since the leading causes of blindness and low vision in the United States are primarily age-related diseases such as macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, protecting your eyesight as you age is an essential part of your health care.

To protect your eyesight and keep your eyes healthy as you age, consider these simple guidelines:

Studies also have shown that eating fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids may reduce your risk of developing macular degeneration. Also, consider supplementing your diet with eye vitamins to make sure you are getting adequate amounts of the nutrients you need to keep your eyes healthy.

In addition to following these guidelines, be sure to wear safety glasses when working with tools or participating in active sports to help prevent eye injuries that potentially could cause permanent vision loss.

It's true that following these steps is no guarantee of perfect vision throughout your lifetime. But maintaining a healthy lifestyle and having regular eye exams will certainly decrease your risk of developing a sight-stealing eye problem that otherwise might have been prevented.

Back to top

About the Author: Gary Heiting, OD, is senior editor of AllAboutVision.com. Dr. Heiting has more than 25 years of experience as an eye care provider, health educator and consultant to the eyewear industry. His special interests include contact lenses, nutrition and preventive vision care. Connect with Dr. Heiting via Google+.

[Page updated February 2016]

Read more:
Eight Ways to Protect Your Eyesight - AllAboutVision.com

Track-1: Industrial Biotechnology

Industrial biotechnology is one of the best encouraging new techniques to contamination evasion, asset protection, and cost lessening. It is much of the time said to as the third wave in biotechnology. On the off chance that created to its full forthcoming, mechanical biotechnology might have a higher impact on the World than human services and agrarian biotechnology. Mechanical biotechnology has molded proteins for use in our everyday lives and for the assembling division. Modern biotechnology organizations use numerous particular strategies to find and enhance nature's chemicals. Data from genomic concentrates on microorganisms is supporting specialists misuse on the abundance of hereditary differing qualities in microbial group.

Modern Biotechnology is a Multidisciplinary plan proposed to experience plant based biomass for the assembling of vitality and mass and claim to fame chemicals. "Open Innovation Cluster" for bioeconomy with consideration on mechanical biotechnology. It is anticipated that mechanical biotechnology will be continuously actualized by compound, pharmaceutical, sustenance, and farming commercial ventures.

The Global biotechnology market size was esteemed at USD 270.5 billion in 2013 and is required to develop at a CAGR of 12.3% inferable from the expanding interest for diagnostics and therapeutics arrangements. Rising government activities attributable to high importance towards development of the economy are relied upon to help the biotechnology market development over the gauge period.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-2: Bioprocess engineering

Bioprocess building is the adjustment or utilization of renewable constituents to create esteem included yields. It incorporates revelation, exploration, advance and the assembling and improvement of items. Bioprocess/biochemical/biotechnology/biotechnical building is a bureau of synthetic building, It decreases by the outline and development of types of gear and methods for the assembling of items, for example, agribusiness, nourishment, bolster, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, chemicals, polymers then paper from living materials and examination of waste water.

Bioprocess Engineering, research accentuations on expansion of new biotechnological rehearses for creation of pharmaceuticals, solid nourishment components, mass chemicals and biofuels. Our experience is to create high esteem bio-based items in a legitimate and modest mode to stop decrease of regular assets and to expansion advancement of a bio-experimental industry.

Worldwide business sector for bioprocessing is reflecting the sensational development of the biotechnology business around the globe. Europe speaks to around 25% of Global business sector with 1,880 organizations with incomes roughly $13.5 billion.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-3: Industrial Fermentation

Fermentation process devours microorganisms to change strong or fluid substrates into different items. Aging determined items show gigantic quality. Mechanical aging is the planned utilization of maturation by organisms, for example, microbes other than growths to style items valuable to people. Matured items require order as sustenance and additionally in far reaching industry.

Some important chemicals, identical as acidic corrosive, citrus extract, in addition to ethanol are readied by aging. The proportion of aging relies on upon the compacting of organisms, cells, cell sections, and proteins furthermore temperature, pH and now vigorous aging Oxygen. Item recovery as often as possible embroils the assimilation of the weaken arrangement. Around all industrially fabricated catalysts, for example, lipase, invertase then rennet, are readied by maturation through hereditarily adjusted MI Fermentation process devours microorganisms to change strong or fluid substrates into different items. Aging inferred items show colossal quality. Mechanical aging is the purposeful utilization of aging by organisms, for example, microorganisms other than parasites to style items valuable to people. Aged items require demand as sustenance and in addition in far reaching industry.

Some significant chemicals, comparable as acidic corrosive, citrus extract, in addition to ethanol are readied by aging. The proportion of aging relies on upon the compacting of microorganisms, cells, cell sections, and compounds furthermore temperature, pH and now high-impact maturation Oxygen. Item recovery much of the time involves the ingestion of the weaken arrangement. Roughly all economically produced compounds, for example, lipase, invertase then rennet, are readied by aging through hereditarily altered microorganisms. In by and large, maturations can be separated into three sorts: Production of biomass, Production of extracellular metabolites, and Transformation of substrate.

Worldwide maturation chemicals market interest was 51.83 million tons in 2013. Expanding worldwide ethanol and methanol creation levels because of developing interest from liquor industry is likewise anticipated that would drive aging chemicals market. High assembling expense is likewise anticipated that would ruin the business sector development throughout the following six years.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Track-4: Microbial Biotechnology

Microorganisms have stayed persecuted for their unmistakable natural and physical properties from the beginning periods for heating, preparing, nourishment safeguarding and more as of late to manufacture anti-microbials, solvents, amino acids, bolster supplements, and engineered feedstuffs. Current advancements in Molecular Biology and hereditary building may offer novel elucidation to long-standing confusions. Over the wiped out decade, analysts have added to the practices to exchange a quality starting with one creature then onto the next, taking into account advancements of how microorganisms store, copy, and exchange inherited material.

As of late, aging procedures relied on upon uncommon sorts of crude materials and on accessible strains of microorganisms. Presently microorganisms can be hereditarily adjusted to capacity all the more advantageously and to hone a comprehensive assortment of substrates. As these microorganisms are re-built and their aging capacities completely persecuted, we expediently close to the day when substances can be delivered actually and financially.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-5: Fermentation Technology

Fermentation technology consolidate a wide field, yet inside this profile we focus on the utilization of organisms and proteins for development of intensifies that discover application in the vitality, substance, material, restorative and the sustenance portion. In spite of the fact that maturation hones have been utilized for eras, the need for biological generation of vitality and materials is testing creation and change of inventive aging hypotheses. Our efforts are coordinated both to the improvement of cell organizations and chemicals and also of configuration of novel practice ideas and advances for maturation routines.

Mechanical aging systems are progressively predominant, and are measured an essential innovative advantage for dropping our reliance on chemicals and items made from fossil energizes. Be that as it may, despite the fact that their expanding acknowledgment, maturation movements have not yet broadened the comparative advancement as conventional substance methodology, mostly when it emerges to utilizing building devices, for example, numerical representation and streamlining techniques.

Maturation innovation goal is to enhance aging systems for solutions e.g. anti-toxins, drug intermediates, chemicals, amino acids and different biotransformations.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-6: Biopharmaceuticals

Biopharmaceuticals may be made from microbial cells (recombinant E. coli or yeast societies), mammalian cell lines and plant cell societies and greenery plants in bioreactors of various designs, comprehensive of photograph bioreactors. Biopharmaceuticals can contain of proteins or extra sorts of items, for example, nucleic acids, viral quality treatment vectors , peptides, lipids and sugars, alone or in mix. The prevalence of biopharmaceuticals available these days are proteins, and in this way this idea concentrates on those activities required essentially for extension of protein-based therapeutics and wont make a difference to alternate classes of biopharmaceuticals.

In the course of recent years, rich new sorts of test biologic treatment have set up business enlistment, however the presence of bio-similarities means the greatest change in the biologic endorsement scene. The Bio pharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is not just a significant device for picking up waivers vivo bioequivalence concentrates additionally for conclusion making in the advancement and early improvement of new medicines. Measurement of solvency and penetrability in the revelation/change foundations is depicted. The experimental premise and information necessities for dossiers at adjusted phases of advancement of biopharmaceuticals will be imparted for the perfection, preclinical and clinical parts of controlling entries.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track -7: Molecular Biotechnology

Molecular biotechnology is the act of research center techniques to ponder and in addition change proteins and nucleic acids for applications in ranges for example creature wellbeing and human wellbeing, the earth and Agriculture. Atomic biotechnology results from the joining of various scopes of exploration, for example, microbiology, sub-atomic science, immunology, natural chemistry, cell science and hereditary qualities. It is an elating field driven by the capacity to exchange hereditary material between life forms with the point of comprehension noteworthy organic movements or making a significant item. The end of the human genome venture has opened an innumerable of prospects to make new medications and medicines, and techniques to enhance current pharmaceuticals. Atomic biotechnology is a quickly changing and dynamic field. As the pace of advancements quickens, its centrality will rise. The unmistakable quality and impact of atomic biotechnology is being detected the country over.

The instruments of atomic biotechnology can be connected to enhance and grow, drugs , demonstrative tests, treatments, and antibodies that will expand creature and human wellbeing. Sub-atomic biotechnology has apparatus in creature and plant farming, Forestry, and nourishment preparing, Aquaculture, concoction and material assembling. Each normal for our lives in the up and coming times will be influenced by this dynamic stadium.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-8: Biofuels and Biorefinery

Biorefining commercial ventures produce heat, fuel, power and diverse chemicals. The items are readied from biomass, for example, backwoods based materials and sustenance waste. A bio refinery is an ability that acclimatizes biomass change forms and hardware to create heat, powers, control and esteem included chemicals from biomass, generation, new methodologies are in exploration and advancements are made each day. The bio-refinery model is like today's petroleum refinery, which yield different items and fills from petroleum. Feasible financial development requires safe assets for modern assembling, as bio refineries consolidates the fundamental advancements stuck between mechanical intermediates, bio-crude materials and last items.

Improvement and Research in ahead of schedule field of biorefinery are most extreme noticeable in United States, Europe (Kamm et al. 1998, 2000) to give no less than 25% natural carbon-based mechanical feedstock chemicals, 10%liquid fills from bio-based item industry. BCC Research assesses that the overall interest for bio items will ascend at a twofold digit compound yearly development extent (CAGR) of 12.6% over the accompanying five years to reach $700.7 billion in 2018 from $387.6 billion in 2013, when it will achieve a business sector scattering rate of 5.5% in 2018, from an anticipated rate of 4.2% in 2013. Blue Marble Energy, set up in 2007, is a U.S. based organization which misuses hybridized microbial relationship to create claim to fame renewable and biochemical biogas. Their organization operation is to dislodge oil with totally renewable, carbon impartial substitutes using nature-based elucidations.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-9: Genetically Modified Organisms

Late advancements in engineered science, the enthusiasm for hereditarily altered life forms (GMOs) is exponentially expanding and their applications for existent life show up adequately unending, going from the production of drugs and immunization to their utilization in the agro-nourishment field.

Many existing sensors, named cell-based bioassays and entire cell biosensors , have been in point of interest created in light of hereditarily adjusted cells, discovering applications in a few fields, running from natural checking to nourishment control, from criminological science to medication screening.

Absolutely this stances genuine administrative concerns and embodies a nonstop test for analysts, particularly concerning the potential spreading of GMOs into the earth. This GMO "duality" speaks to a captivating element and this Research Topic is planned to bear the cost of the analysts a look in this interesting field.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-10: Cell Culture

Cell society alludes to the expulsion of cells from a creature or plant and their consequent development in an ideal fake environment. The cells might be expelled from the tissue straightforwardly and disaggregated by enzymatic or mechanical means before development, or they might be gotten from a cell line or cell strain that has as of now been set up.

Critical development inside of the biopharmaceuticals business is impelling phenomenal advancement and interest for cell society items for the reasons of medication revelation and wellbeing testing. While 2D cell societies have been in research facility use following the 1950s, the business sector for 3D societies, which all the more precisely model human tissue in vivo without using creature test subjects, has seen fantastic development over the previous decade. Without a doubt, this business sector is ready to experience hazardous development inside of the figure period, and additionally make ripe ground for combinations, mergers, and acquisitions for some sorts and sizes of organizations.

Powered by poisonous quality testing and expanded biopharmaceutical creation, the test packs class is the speediest moving fragment of the general business sector, moving at a colossal 42% CAGR. Request here is driven by the way that test units contain all the important reagents and particular conventions bundled for research center use.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-11: Biomaterials

In the cutting edge society, because of advancements in innovation and industry, there are expanding instances of defunctionalisation or harm to tissues or organs from different mishaps, sicknesses, and maturing, and as the human body achieves its breaking points in self-recovery capacity, the requirement for appropriate and viable treatment strategies is expanding quickly. In like manner, studies on biomaterials valuable in tissue recovery are effectively being directed to outline materials that can actuate the recovery of the harmed tissue or organ. Examination is likewise right now being done on undifferentiated cell separation inside of platforms and instruments of the tissue recovery on transplant to the human body and endeavors on the improvement and use of its remedial system. Be that as it may, it is exceptionally hard to shape three-dimensional fake organ like the fundamentally complex tissue inside of the human body because of as far as possible in the biomaterial advancement.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-12: Enzymes from Extreme Environments

Enzymes are nature's biocatalysts engaged with high synergist power and noteworthy substrate specificity. Catalysts perform an extensive variety of capacities all through nature, and guide the organic chemistry of existence with awesome exactness. The lion's share of proteins perform under conditions considered ordinary for mesophilic, neutrophilic, physical microorganisms. Notwithstanding, the Earth's biosphere contains a few districts that are amazing in examination, for example, hypersaline lakes and pools, aqueous vents, chilly seas, dry deserts and regions presented to concentrated radiation. These zones are possessed by a substantial number of extremophilic microorganisms which create compounds equipped for working in bizarre conditions.

There is an expanding biotechnological and modern interest for catalysts steady and working in cruel conditions, and over the previous decade screening for, disconnection and generation of chemicals with one of a kind and amazing properties has gotten to be one of the preeminent ranges of biotechnology examination. The improvement of cutting edge sub-atomic science apparatuses has encouraged the journey for creation of chemicals with streamlined and amazing components. These instruments incorporate expansive scale screening for potential qualities utilizing metagenomics, building of chemicals utilizing computational strategies and site-coordinated mutagenesis and atomic advancement methods.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-13: Agriculture Biotechnology

Late advances in rural biotechnology have empowered the field of plant science to advance in extraordinary a wide margin. plant genomics and crop science have realized an outlook change of thought with respect to the way by which plants can be used both in agribusiness and in drug. Other than the all the more understood upgrades in agronomic attributes of harvests, for example, ailment resistance and dry spell resilience, plants can now be connected with points as different as biofuel generation, phytoremediation, the change of nourishing qualities in consumable plants, the recognizable proof of mixes for restorative purposes in plants and the utilization of plants as remedial protein creation stages. This expansion of plant science has been joined by the colossal plenitude of new licenses issued in these fields and, the same number of these developments approach business acknowledgment, the consequent increment in horticulturally based commercial enterprises. While this survey part is composed principally for plant researchers who have awesome enthusiasm for the new headings being brought regarding applications in farming biotechnology, those in different orders, for example, therapeutic specialists, ecological researchers and designers, might discover critical worth in perusing this article too.

The survey endeavors to give a review of the latest licenses issued for plant biotechnology concerning both farming and drug. The section finishes up with the suggestion that the consolidated main impetuses of environmental change, and additionally the regularly expanding requirements for clean vitality and nourishment security will assume a urgent part in driving the course for connected plant biotechnology research later on.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-14: Biotechnology Market

The development of Biotechnology industry according to Transparency Market Research is evaluated to watch significant development amid 2010 and 2017 as ventures from around the globe are expected to rise, particularly from rising temperate districts of the world. The report expresses that the worldwide business sector for biotechnology, concentrated on as per its application ranges, might develop at a normal yearly development rate of CAGR 11.6% from 2012 to 2017 and achieves a quality worth USD 414.5 billion before the end of 2017. This business sector was esteemed roughly USD 216.5 billion in 2011. The business sector of bio agriculture, consolidated with that of bio seeds, is anticipated to achieve a quality worth USD 27.46 billion by 2018. The field of biopharmaceuticals ruled the worldwide biotechnology advertise and represented 60% shares of it in the year 2011. Numerous biotechnological commercial ventures prospered by the innovative progressions prompting new revelations and rising requests from the pharmaceutical and farming parts.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-15: Global Bioeconomy

The Bioeconomy envelops the generation of renewable natural assets and their change into nourishment, bolster, bio-based items and bioenergy through creative and productive advancements gave by Industrial Biotechnology. It is now a reality and one that offers extraordinary open doors and answers for a developing number of major societal, natural and monetary difficulties, including environmental change moderation, vitality and sustenance security and asset effectiveness. The objective is a more creative and low-outflows economy, accommodating requests for maintainable farming and fisheries, nourishment security, and the reasonable utilization of renewable organic assets for modern purposes, while guaranteeing biodiversity and ecological insurance.

A definitive point of the bioeconomy is to keep Europe focused, imaginative and prosperous by giving practical, keen and comprehensive monetary development and employments, and by addressing the necessities of a developing populace whilst securing our surroundings and resources.Europe is a pioneer in the improvement of the bioeconomy, yet rivalry and enthusiasm for this field keeps on developing the world over.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Related Conferences

6thWorld Congress onBiotechnology, October 05-07, 2016, New Delhi India; 10thAsia PacificBiotechCongress July 25-27, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; 11thEuro BiotechnologyCongress, November 07-09,2016, Alicante Spain; 12thBiotechnologyCongress, Nov 14-15, 2016, San Francisco, USA; BIO IPCC Conference, Cary, North Carolina, USA; World Congress onIndustrial Biotechnology, April 17-20, 2016, San Diego, CA; 6thBiobased Chemicals:Commercialization&Partnering, November 16-17, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA; The European Forum forIndustrial Biotechnologyand theBioeconomy, 27-29 October 2015, Brussels, Belgium; 4thBiotechnologyWorld Congress, February 15th-18th, 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; International Conference on Advances inBioprocess EngineeringandTechnology, 20th to 22nd January 2016,Kolkata, India; Global BiotechnologyCongress 2016, May 11th - 14th 2016, Boston, MA, USA

Track-16: New Biomedical device

The part of restorative gadgets in social insurance is fundamental. A restorative gadget is an instrument, contraption, insert, in vitro reagent, or comparative that is utilized to analyze, avoid, or treat sickness or different conditions. This classification incorporates news on item reviews, item wellbeing, inserts and prosthetics, new innovative improvements, automated surgery, restorative gadgets for use by therapeutic experts or patients.

Biomechanical designing is the consolidated utilization of mechanical building principals and natural information to better see how these territories cross and how they can be utilized together to possibly enhance people groups' personal satisfaction. Biomechanics research in the office centers upon mechanics at the cell, tissue, and joint level with applications in orthopedics and musculoskeletal and cardiovascular frameworks. Bioengineering offers a multi-disciplinary, cross-collaborative program that is focused on a new view of human health and disease. Biomedical Engineering (BME) is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes (e.g. diagnostic or therapeutic). This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine. Biomedical engineering has only recently emerged as its own study, compared to many other engineering fields. Such an evolution is common as a new field transitions from being an interdisciplinary specialization among already-established fields, to being considered a field in itself.

Related Biotechnology Conferences | Industrial Biotechnology Events | Bioeconomy Congress

Read the original:
Biotechnology Conferences| Industrial Biotechnology Events ...

Often as people age, their quality of life declines with it. At HealthGAINS, were in the business of keeping you happy and healthier, despite what age you are.

If youre having difficulty concentrating like you used to, or youre not able to build your muscles mass and maintain it like before, you may be experiencing some symptoms of male menopause (known as andropause). If so, Sermorelin therapy could be the right course of action for you.

Sermorelin, a hormone releasing factor helps encourage the production of HGH,testosteroneand other hormones. In turn, youll start to see some of the following:

Sermorelin is only available via a doctors prescription. At HealthGAINS our doctors do not prescribe sermorelin unless a hormone deficiency is present. If you have optimal hormones already, then you will most likely not qualify forhormone replacement therapy.

To determine if sermorelin therapy is for you, youd need to undergo our lab panel to see if sermorelin therapy will be effective for you.

Upon analyzing your blood work, HealthGAINS will schedule an appointment with a doctor if necessary. From there, youll be started on a customizable sermorelin plan to make you feel young again. Its a fairly straightforward process, and be there to walk you through each step of the process.

The first step to feeling like you again, is contacting HealthGAINS, our specialists can see if sermorelin hormone replacement can improve your health. Or you can give us a call at 1-866-812-7641. You never know unless you ask, so make sure you speak to one of our health specialists today!

Read more from the original source:
Sermorelin Therapy for Men | Physician Prescribed Sermorelin Acetate

Welcome to The Sports Medicine Specialists, Canada's premier resource for Sport's Medicine services. Please feel free to browse through our website at your leisure. You will find that we have an extensive archive or Sport's Medicine articles and information that can be very helpful.

Sign up for our quarterly newsletter

Primary care sport & exercise Medicine fellowship journal club Director at UofT Speaking engagement: Lawrence Park CI on concussion: just the facts

Team physician for Team Canada Basketball, U-17

Dr. Michael Clarfield was the Head Team Physician Toronto Maple Leafs 1989-2004

Dr. Michael Clarfield is the Team Physician NHL (On ice Officials)

Dr. Michael Clarfield is the Head Sports Medicine Physician National Ballet of Canada

Dr. Michael Clarfield is the Head Team Physician Tennis Canada

Dr. Michael Clarfield Is the Head Team Physician Steve Bauer's Spidertech UCI Pro Cycling Team

SMS now offering Fletcher Pilates with Shelagh Baker

SMS Now Offering a NEW service......Physiotherapy HOME VISITS. Effective rehab in the comfort and convenience of your own home. See Services section for more info

At The Sports Medicine Specialists you will receive the highest quality care by physicians and therapists who care.

Learn more

Our therapy services include athletic therapy, physiotherapy, massage therapy, isokinetics, ERP and much more.

Learn more

Increased blood circulation, reduces swelling, heal faster by better delivery of nutrition to cells and removal of cellular debris.

Learn more

Chiropractic at the Sports Medicine Specialists includes the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system.

Learn more

The Sports Medicine Specialists provide custom knee braces made to measure to your exact leg size.

Learn more

Imbalances of the supporting structures of your feet can result in excessive foot motion and cause a rotation of the legs.

Learn more

Read the original here:
Sports Medicine Specialists, Toronto :: Leading Experts in ...

The Centre For Sport & Recreation Medicine has provided exceptional service from a state of the art sports medicine clinic, operating since 2001 in College Park, Toronto, ON.

We take pride in providing sports medicine services for both professional and recreational athletes. Our motto at The Centre is:

You Don't Have to Be A Pro to Be Treated Like A Pro

Our treatment area has a large work space and high quality equipment.

We are conveniently located in the downtown core with an indoor connection to College subway station.

Our clinic features:

Neighboring restaurants, services, and underground parking make our location practical and desirable.

Our staff members are dedicated to providing sensible and responsible care for your needs. They possess a wealth of experience and knowledge for your benefit.

Visit our staff page and meet the team at The Centre.

We are proud to announce that The Centre for Sport and Recreation Medicine was awarded the 2014 Physiotherapy Toronto Patient's Choice Award presented by Opencare.

Read the original here:
The Centre For Sport & Recreation Medicine - Toronto Sports ...

But that means about 2.5 million Americans live with heart failure that blocks blood vessels and reduces blood supply to the body.

A new study provides an early indication that cell therapy using cells from bone marrow could one day help treat heart failure.

Researchers gave 60 patients with heart failure an injection of the therapy in the heart and compared their rates of death and heart problems to those of 66 similar patients who received a placebo injection of saltwater in the heart.

The researchers found that, during the year following the treatment, the patients who received the cell therapy had a 37% lower rate of death and hospitalization for heart failure-related problems, such as fluid buildup in the body or shortness of breath, compared with the placebo group. In the cell therapy group, 3.4% of the patients died and 51.7% were hospitalized for heart problems, whereas 13.7% of the placebo group died and 82.4% were hospitalized.

In the year after the injection, 20.3% of the patients in the cell therapy group experienced an adverse event such as infection or stroke, compared with 41.8% of the placebo group. "It was surprising that the (placebo) patients did significantly worse," Patel said. This could have been because they underwent the same invasive procedures as the treatment group, but did not receive the same potentially beneficial cell therapy, which could have anti-inflammatory effects that decreased adverse events, he said.

Nevertheless, this therapy will need to be tested on more patients, Povsic said. "Although the study in The Lancet is very encouraging, it's still a relatively small study by cardiovascular standards. In heart disease we typically study hundreds to thousands of patients," he said.

The researchers and Vericel are hoping to start a larger phase 3 clinical trial of Ixmyelocel-T that includes more heart failure patients. The new study was a phase 2 trial, and these trials generally focus on establishing the effectiveness and safety of a new therapy.

Earlier cell therapies used all the cells in the bone marrow instead of selecting for certain types of cells, and thus might have been diluting their beneficial effects, Povsic said. "We are moving more and more away from first generation cell therapy," said Povsic, who is involved in two ongoing trials looking at the effect of selected cells from bone marrow in patients with heart failure or angina, a type of heart disease that reduces blood supply to the heart.

No cell therapies have been approved worldwide for heart failure patients. There are also no approved cell therapies for other types of heart disease in the United States, but several therapies are available in Asia, including a stem cell-based treatment for people who have had a heart attack.

The therapy in the new study would be appropriate for patients who have heart failure and are getting worse, despite taking medicines such as beta blockers and ACE inhibitors, Patel said. Nearly all the patients in the study were on one of these drugs. However, the therapy would not be appropriate for patients whose heart failure is so bad that they are often hospitalized for heart complications, Patel said. These patients would be candidates for a heart transplant or left ventricular assist device.

"There's a growing population of (heart failure) patients that are on medicines and who continue to have significant symptoms," Povsic said.

See the original post here:
Cell therapy could slow decline in heart failure patients ...

Job type: Full-Time

Keiser University is a regionally accredited, private, career university that provides educational programs at the undergraduate and graduate level...

FL - Orlando

Job type: Full-Time

An exciting full time opportunity is available for an Orthopedic Physician Assistant to workin the greater Hartford area. DUTIES INCLUDE, BUT ARE...

CT - Manchester

Job type: Full-Time

This position is responsible forevaluating, planning and administering physical therapy in order to restore andimprove patients functioning. This...

KY - Louisville

Advertisement

Job type: Full-Time

Advanced Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Institute (AOSMI) is looking for full time Physical Therapy Assistant to join our team to work in a dynami...

NJ - Freehold Township

Job type: Full-Time

Entry Level Management Associate LNE Consulting handles all face to face client interaction with new and existing customers. Our dedication and suc...

FL - Hollywood

Job type: Full-Time

Full Time Sales Management - Customer Service - 5 Open Positions VIM is one of the largest business consulting companies in the world! We reach mor...

TX - Dallas

Job type: Full-Time

MMEDIATE HIRE start training in sales ASAP We need 7 goal-oriented team members who are available to start training immediately to support our cl...

TX - Irving

Job type: Full-Time | Pay: $175k - $250k/year

Our client seeks: PHYSIATRIST (Board Certified or Board Eligible) Setting: Hospital Practice (2 positions: 1 inpatient / 1 outpatient) Location: Ne...

CT - New Haven County

Job type: Full-Time

Sales Marketing Executives Wanted in Orange County. This position is Full Time starts Entry Level. GET AHEAD OF THE REST AND DO OUR ONLINE INTERVIE...

Job type: Full-Time | Pay: $90k - $100k/year

Seeking a Clinic Director for a great Outpatient Orthopedic Organization that is growing in theIndianapolis, INarea! This organization is proven t...

IN - Indianapolis

Job type: Full-Time

Reconstructive Orthopedics and Sports Medicine is currently seeking a Full Time Patient Registration / Appointment Scheduler . At Reconstructive Or...

OH - Cincinnati

Job type: Full-Time | Pay: $35k - $40k/year

ENTRY LEVEL - CUSTOMER SERVICE - SALES - MARKETING - TRAINING PROVIDED Do you have advertising experience? Would you like experience in advertising...

OH - Columbus

Job type: Full-Time

Guthrie is seeking a motivated Nurse Practitioner with an interest inPulmonary and Sleep Medicine. The prospective NP would have experience in Pul...

Job type: Part-Time

Palmetto Spine and Sports Medicine has an immediate opening for an part-time, experienced Travel RN for our clinics in Charleston and Columbia. Our...

SC - Charleston, Columbia

Job type: Full-Time

Palmetto Spine and Sports Medicine/PainMD, a multi-site network of pain management clinics, currently has an opening for a Licensed Physician Assis...

Job type: Full-Time

Methodist Sports Medicine (MSM) seeks a full-time, experienced IT Help Desk Technician. This position will be primarily located at our North office...

IN - Indianapolis

Job type: Part-Time

Summit Family and Sports Medicine Clinic is currently seeking an outstanding, enthusiastic Phlebotomist to join our busy practice. Applicants must...

MO - Lee's Summit

Job type: Part-Time

Assists with therapy treatment under the supervision of a therapist. This is a combined position as a HUC and a Physical Medicine Aide. Work Hours...

WI - Mayville

See the original post:
Sports Medicine Jobs on CareerBuilder.com

Population genetics is the study of the distribution and change in frequency of alleles within populations, and as such it sits firmly within the field of evolutionary biology. The main processes of evolution are natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and genetic recombination and they form an integral part of the theory that underpins population genetics. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, population subdivision, and population structure.

Population genetics was a vital ingredient in the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis. Its primary founders were Sewall Wright, J. B. S. Haldane and Ronald Fisher, who also laid the foundations for the related discipline of quantitative genetics.

Traditionally a highly mathematical discipline, modern population genetics encompasses theoretical, lab and field work. Computational approaches, often utilising coalescent theory, have played a central role since the 1980s.

Population genetics began as a reconciliation of Mendelian inheritance and biostatistics models. A key step was the work of the British biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher. In a series of papers starting in 1918 and culminating in his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, Fisher showed that the continuous variation measured by the biometricians could be produced by the combined action of many discrete genes, and that natural selection could change allele frequencies in a population, resulting in evolution. In a series of papers beginning in 1924, another British geneticist, J.B.S. Haldane worked out the mathematics of allele frequency change at a single gene locus under a broad range of conditions. Haldane also applied statistical analysis to real-world examples of natural selection, such as the Peppered moth evolution and industrial melanism, and showed that selection coefficients could be larger than Fisher assumed, leading to more rapid adaptive evolution.[1][2]

The American biologist Sewall Wright, who had a background in animal breeding experiments, focused on combinations of interacting genes, and the effects of inbreeding on small, relatively isolated populations that exhibited genetic drift. In 1932, Wright introduced the concept of an adaptive landscape and argued that genetic drift and inbreeding could drive a small, isolated sub-population away from an adaptive peak, allowing natural selection to drive it towards different adaptive peaks.

The work of Fisher, Haldane and Wright founded the discipline of population genetics. This integrated natural selection with Mendelian genetics, which was the critical first step in developing a unified theory of how evolution worked.[1][2]John Maynard Smith was Haldane's pupil, whilst W.D. Hamilton was heavily influenced by the writings of Fisher. The American George R. Price worked with both Hamilton and Maynard Smith. American Richard Lewontin and Japanese Motoo Kimura were heavily influenced by Wright.

The mathematics of population genetics were originally developed as the beginning of the modern evolutionary synthesis. According to Beatty (1986), population genetics defines the core of the modern synthesis. In the first few decades of the 20th century, most field naturalists continued to believe that Lamarckian and orthogenic mechanisms of evolution provided the best explanation for the complexity they observed in the living world. However, as the field of genetics continued to develop, those views became less tenable.[3] During the modern evolutionary synthesis, these ideas were purged, and only evolutionary causes that could be expressed in the mathematical framework of population genetics were retained.[4] Consensus was reached as to which evolutionary factors might influence evolution, but not as to the relative importance of the various factors.[4]

Theodosius Dobzhansky, a postdoctoral worker in T. H. Morgan's lab, had been influenced by the work on genetic diversity by Russian geneticists such as Sergei Chetverikov. He helped to bridge the divide between the foundations of microevolution developed by the population geneticists and the patterns of macroevolution observed by field biologists, with his 1937 book Genetics and the Origin of Species. Dobzhansky examined the genetic diversity of wild populations and showed that, contrary to the assumptions of the population geneticists, these populations had large amounts of genetic diversity, with marked differences between sub-populations. The book also took the highly mathematical work of the population geneticists and put it into a more accessible form. Many more biologists were influenced by population genetics via Dobzhansky than were able to read the highly mathematical works in the original.[5]

Fisher and Wright had some fundamental disagreements about the relative roles of selection and drift.[6]

In Great Britain E.B. Ford, the pioneer of ecological genetics, continued throughout the 1930s and 1940s to demonstrate the power of selection due to ecological factors including the ability to maintain genetic diversity through genetic polymorphisms such as human blood types. Ford's work, in collaboration with Fisher, contributed to a shift in emphasis during the course of the modern synthesis towards natural selection over genetic drift.[1][2][7][8]

Recent studies of eukaryotic transposable elements, and of their impact on speciation, point again to a major role of nonadaptive processes such as mutation and genetic drift.[9] Mutation and genetic drift are also viewed as major factors in the evolution of genome complexity.[10]

Biston betularia f. carbonaria is the black-bodied form of the peppered moth.

Population genetics is the study of the frequency and interaction of alleles and genes in populations.[11] A sexual population is a set of organisms in which any pair of members can breed freely together. This implies that all members belong to the same species and are located near each other.[12]

For example, all of the moths of the same species living in an isolated forest are a population. A gene in this population may have several alternate forms, which account for variations between the phenotypes of the organisms. An example might be a gene for coloration in moths that has two alleles: black and white. A gene pool is the complete set of alleles for a gene in a single population; the allele frequency for an allele is the fraction of the genes in the pool that is composed of that allele (for example, what fraction of moth coloration genes are the black allele). Evolution occurs when there are changes in the frequencies of alleles within a population; for example, the allele for black color in a population of moths becoming more common.

Natural selection, which includes sexual selection, is the fact that some traits make it more likely for an organism to survive and reproduce. Population genetics describes natural selection by defining fitness as a propensity or probability of survival and reproduction in a particular environment. The fitness is normally given by the symbol w=1-s where s is the selection coefficient. Natural selection acts on phenotypes, or the observable characteristics of organisms, but the genetically heritable basis of any phenotype which gives a reproductive advantage will become more common in a population (see allele frequency). In this way, natural selection converts differences in fitness into changes in allele frequency in a population over successive generations.

Before the advent of population genetics, many biologists doubted that small differences in fitness were sufficient to make a large difference to evolution.[5] Population geneticists addressed this concern in part by comparing selection to genetic drift. Selection can overcome genetic drift when s is greater than 1 divided by the effective population size. When this criterion is met, the probability that a new advantageous mutant becomes fixed is approximately equal to 2s.[13][14] The time until fixation of such an allele depends little on genetic drift, and is approximately proportional to log(sN)/s.[15]

Natural selection will only cause evolution if there is enough genetic variation in a population. Before the discovery of Mendelian genetics, one common hypothesis was blending inheritance. But with blending inheritance, genetic variance would be rapidly lost, making evolution by natural or sexual selection implausible. The HardyWeinberg principle provides the solution to how variation is maintained in a population with Mendelian inheritance. According to this principle, the frequencies of alleles (variations in a gene) will remain constant in the absence of selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift.[16] The HardyWeinberg "equilibrium" refers to this stability of allele frequencies over time.

A second component of the HardyWeinberg principle concerns the effects of a single generation of random mating. In this case, the genotype frequencies can be predicted from the allele frequencies. For example, in the simplest case of a single locus with two alleles: the dominant allele is denoted A and the recessive a and their frequencies are denoted by p and q; freq(A)=p; freq(a)=q; p+q=1. If the genotype frequencies are in HardyWeinberg proportions resulting from random mating, then we will have freq(AA)=p2 for the AA homozygotes in the population, freq(aa)=q2 for the aa homozygotes, and freq(Aa)=2pq for the heterozygotes.

Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies caused by random sampling.[17] That is, the alleles in the offspring are a random sample of those in the parents.[18] Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely, and thereby reduce genetic variability. In contrast to natural selection, which makes gene variants more common or less common depending on their reproductive success,[19] the changes due to genetic drift are not driven by environmental or adaptive pressures, and may be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental to reproductive success.

The effect of genetic drift is larger for alleles present in few copies than when an allele is present in many copies. Scientists wage vigorous debates over the relative importance of genetic drift compared with natural selection. Ronald Fisher held the view that genetic drift plays at the most a minor role in evolution, and this remained the dominant view for several decades. In 1968 Motoo Kimura rekindled the debate with his neutral theory of molecular evolution which claims that most of the changes in the genetic material are caused by neutral mutations and genetic drift.[20] The role of genetic drift by means of sampling error in evolution has been criticized by John H Gillespie[21] and Will Provine,[22] who argue that selection on linked sites is a more important stochastic force.

The population genetics of genetic drift are described using either branching processes or a diffusion equation describing changes in allele frequency.[23] These approaches are usually applied to the Wright-Fisher and John Moran models of population genetics. Assuming genetic drift is the only evolutionary force acting on an allele, after t generations in many replicated populations, starting with allele frequencies of p and q, the variance in allele frequency across those populations is

Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation in the form of new alleles. Mutation can result in several different types of change in DNA sequences; these can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning. Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.[25]

Mutations can involve large sections of DNA becoming duplicated, usually through genetic recombination.[26] These duplications are a major source of raw material for evolving new genes, with tens to hundreds of genes duplicated in animal genomes every million years.[27] Most genes belong to larger families of homologous shared ancestry.[28] Novel genes are produced by several methods, commonly through the duplication and mutation of an ancestral gene, or by recombining parts of different genes to form new combinations with new functions.[29][30] Here, protein domains act as modules, each with a particular and independent function, that can be mixed together to produce genes encoding new proteins with novel properties.[31] For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for the cone cell which produce color vision and one for the rod cell which produces night vision; all four arose from a single ancestral gene.[32] Another advantage of duplicating a gene (or even an entire genome) is that this increases redundancy; this allows one gene in the pair to acquire a new function while the other copy performs the original function.[33][34] Other types of mutation occasionally create new genes from previously noncoding DNA.[35][36]

In addition to being a major source of variation, mutation may also function as a mechanism of evolution when there are different probabilities at the molecular level for different mutations to occur, a process known as mutation bias.[37] If two genotypes, for example one with the nucleotide G and another with the nucleotide A in the same position, have the same fitness, but mutation from G to A happens more often than mutation from A to G, then genotypes with A will tend to evolve.[38] Different insertion vs. deletion mutation biases in different taxa can lead to the evolution of different genome sizes.[39][40] Developmental or mutational biases have also been observed in morphological evolution.[41][42] For example, according to the phenotype-first theory of evolution, mutations can eventually cause the genetic assimilation of traits that were previously induced by the environment.[43][44]

Mutation bias effects are superimposed on other processes. If selection would favor either one out of two mutations, but there is no extra advantage to having both, then the mutation that occurs the most frequently is the one that is most likely to become fixed in a population.[45][46] Mutations leading to the loss of function of a gene are much more common than mutations that produce a new, fully functional gene. Most loss of function mutations are selected against. But when selection is weak, mutation bias towards loss of function can affect evolution.[47] For example, pigments are no longer useful when animals live in the darkness of caves, and tend to be lost.[48] This kind of loss of function can occur because of mutation bias, and/or because the function had a cost, and once the benefit of the function disappeared, natural selection leads to the loss. Loss of sporulation ability in a bacterium during laboratory evolution appears to have been caused by mutation bias, rather than natural selection against the cost of maintaining sporulation ability.[49] When there is no selection for loss of function, the speed at which loss evolves depends more on the mutation rate than it does on the effective population size,[50] indicating that it is driven more by mutation bias than by genetic drift.

Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on cells, organisms have evolved mechanisms such as DNA repair to remove mutations.[51] Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species may be trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes.[52] Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates,[53] which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e.g. the human immune system.[54]

Gene flow is the exchange of genes between populations, which are usually of the same species.[55] Examples of gene flow within a species include the migration and then breeding of organisms, or the exchange of pollen. Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer.

Migration into or out of a population can change allele frequencies, as well as introducing genetic variation into a population. Immigration may add new genetic material to the established gene pool of a population. Conversely, emigration may remove genetic material. Population genetic models can be used to reconstruct the history of gene flow between populations.[56]

As barriers to reproduction between two diverging populations are required for the populations to become new species, gene flow may slow this process by spreading genetic differences between the populations. Gene flow is hindered by mountain ranges, oceans and deserts or even man-made structures such as the Great Wall of China, which has hindered the flow of plant genes.[57]

Depending on how far two species have diverged since their most recent common ancestor, it may still be possible for them to produce offspring, as with horses and donkeys mating to produce mules.[58] Such hybrids are generally infertile, due to the two different sets of chromosomes being unable to pair up during meiosis. In this case, closely related species may regularly interbreed, but hybrids will be selected against and the species will remain distinct. However, viable hybrids are occasionally formed and these new species can either have properties intermediate between their parent species, or possess a totally new phenotype.[59] The importance of hybridization in creating new species of animals is unclear, although cases have been seen in many types of animals,[60] with the gray tree frog being a particularly well-studied example.[61]

Hybridization is, however, an important means of speciation in plants, since polyploidy (having more than two copies of each chromosome) is tolerated in plants more readily than in animals.[62][63] Polyploidy is important in hybrids as it allows reproduction, with the two different sets of chromosomes each being able to pair with an identical partner during meiosis.[64] Polyploids also have more genetic diversity, which allows them to avoid inbreeding depression in small populations.[65]

Because of physical barriers to migration, along with limited tendency for individuals to move or spread (vagility), and tendency to remain or come back to natal place (philopatry), natural populations rarely all interbreed as convenient in theoretical random models (panmixy) (Buston et al., 2007). There is usually a geographic range within which individuals are more closely related to one another than those randomly selected from the general population. This is described as the extent to which a population is genetically structured (Repaci et al., 2007). Genetic structuring can be caused by migration due to historical climate change, species range expansion or current availability of habitat.

Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among bacteria.[66] In medicine, this contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance, as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species.[67] Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the adzuki bean beetle Callosobruchus chinensis may also have occurred.[68][69] An example of larger-scale transfers are the eukaryotic bdelloid rotifers, which appear to have received a range of genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants.[70]Viruses can also carry DNA between organisms, allowing transfer of genes even across biological domains.[71] Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotes, during the acquisition of chloroplasts and mitochondria.[72]

Basic models of population genetics consider only one gene locus at a time. In practice, epistatic and linkage relationships between loci may also be important.

Because of epistasis, the phenotypic effect of an allele at one locus may depend on which alleles are present at many other loci. Selection does not act on a single locus, but on a phenotype that arises through development from a complete genotype.

According to Lewontin (1974), the theoretical task for population genetics is a process in two spaces: a "genotypic space" and a "phenotypic space". The challenge of a complete theory of population genetics is to provide a set of laws that predictably map a population of genotypes (G1) to a phenotype space (P1), where selection takes place, and another set of laws that map the resulting population (P2) back to genotype space (G2) where Mendelian genetics can predict the next generation of genotypes, thus completing the cycle. Even leaving aside for the moment the non-Mendelian aspects of molecular genetics, this is clearly a gargantuan task. Visualizing this transformation schematically:

(adapted from Lewontin 1974, p.12). XD

T1 represents the genetic and epigenetic laws, the aspects of functional biology, or development, that transform a genotype into phenotype. We will refer to this as the "genotype-phenotype map". T2 is the transformation due to natural selection, T3 are epigenetic relations that predict genotypes based on the selected phenotypes and finally T4 the rules of Mendelian genetics.

In practice, there are two bodies of evolutionary theory that exist in parallel, traditional population genetics operating in the genotype space and the biometric theory used in plant and animal breeding, operating in phenotype space. The missing part is the mapping between the genotype and phenotype space. This leads to a "sleight of hand" (as Lewontin terms it) whereby variables in the equations of one domain, are considered parameters or constants, where, in a full-treatment they would be transformed themselves by the evolutionary process and are in reality functions of the state variables in the other domain. The "sleight of hand" is assuming that we know this mapping. Proceeding as if we do understand it is enough to analyze many cases of interest. For example, if the phenotype is almost one-to-one with genotype (sickle-cell disease) or the time-scale is sufficiently short, the "constants" can be treated as such; however, there are many situations where it is inaccurate.

If all genes are in linkage equilibrium, the effect of an allele at one locus can be averaged across the gene pool at other loci. In reality, one allele is frequently found in linkage disequilibrium with genes at other loci, especially with genes located nearby on the same chromosome. Recombination breaks up this linkage disequilibrium too slowly to avoid genetic hitchhiking, where an allele at one locus rises to high frequency because it is linked to an allele under selection at a nearby locus. This is a problem for population genetic models that treat one gene locus at a time. It can, however, be exploited as a method for detecting the action of natural selection via selective sweeps.

In the extreme case of primarily asexual populations, linkage is complete, and different population genetic equations can be derived and solved, which behave quite differently from the sexual case.[73] Most microbes, such as bacteria, are asexual. The population genetics of microorganisms lays the foundations for tracking the origin and evolution of antibiotic resistance and deadly infectious pathogens. Population genetics of microorganisms is also an essential factor for devising strategies for the conservation and better utilization of beneficial microbes (Xu, 2010).

Read more:
Population genetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Arthritis can arise in many forms and can affect everyone including children and adolescents. While the most commonly known form, osteoarthritis, is a degenerative disease that progresses as we age, many forms of inflammatory arthritis can affect people at any age.

Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD), happens when cartilage is worn down over time, usually from a lifetime of use or as the result of an injury to the joint. As the normally smooth surface of the cartilage is destroyed, exposing the underlying bone, the joint becomes more painful to move and the range of motion may diminish. This type of arthritis usually involves one or more large weight-bearing joints such as a hip or a knee. With this type of arthritis, pain is usually made worse with activity and is better with rest. It is common for symptoms to be at their worst at the end of the day.

This form of arthritis is usually treated with anti-inflammatory medications taken orally as a pill or as an injected form, and can also be relieved with physical therapy, exercise, and proper nutrition. Joint replacement surgery is considered when conservative, non-surgical methods have failed to provide adequate benefit. Hip replacement surgery and knee replacement surgery have become trusted treatments for restoring mobility and easing pain.

Thomas P. Sculco, MDexplains what arthritis is, what causes it, and how it can be avoided, diagnosed, andtreated. This is Part 1 of a series on total hip replacement surgery. The rest of this video series can be found here.

Less frequent but often more serious are the inflammatory forms of arthritis, which include conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. These forms usually involve many joints throughout the body at the same time andare caused by a problem with the immune system becoming over-active, resulting in joint inflammation. Arthritis caused by inflammation often results in pain and stiffness after periods of rest or inactivity, particularly in the morning. Swelling, redness and warmth may be present in the affected joints. Other areas in the body can be affected by the inflammation as well, including the skin and internal organs such as the lungs and heart.

Inflammatory arthritis is usually treated with a combination of medications to relieve swelling and pain while regulating the immune system. As with osteoarthritis, joint replacement surgery should also be considered when these non-surgical methods have failed to provide lasting benefit.

When detected and treated early, arthritis can be halted in its tracks. The HSS Inflammatory Arthritis Center connects patients quickly and efficiently with a rheumatologist who can evaluate their joint pain and get each patient started on an appropriate course of treatment. Hospital for Special Surgery also offers specialized patient education and support programs for conditions such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

This webinarpresents an overview of the clinical research process, the phases of a clinical trial, and insight into the importance of medical research in patient care. Presenter: Jessica Gordon, MD, MSc Date Recorded: Thursday, March 14, 2013 Watch Now

To learn more about arthritis, access the articles, audio clips, and video programs in the categories listed below.

see also Osteoarthritis see also Rheumatoid Arthritis

see also Arthritis - Elbow see also Arthritis - Foot & Ankle see also Arthritis - Hand & Wrist see also Arthritis - Hip see also Arthritis - Knee see also Arthritis - Shoulder see also Arthritis - Thumb

See the original post:
Arthritis Treatment at New York's Hospital for Special ...

Stem cell therapy is a type of cell therapy wherein cells are introduced into the damaged tissue so as to treat the disorder or the injury. There are a number of medical researchers who believes that the stem cell therapy has the potential to change the treatment of human diseases and reduce the suffering people face when they have a disease. They believe that there are a lot of potential to replace the damaged and diseased tissues in the body without getting the risk of rejections.

The stem cells have the ability to self-renew and also give rise to further generation of cells that can multiply. There are a number of stem cell therapies that do exist but most of them are still in the experimental stages. The treatments are very costly with an exception of bone marrow transplant. However, researchers believe that one day they will be able to develop technologies from embryonic stem cells and also adult stem cells to cure type I diabetes, cancer, Parkinsons disease, cardiac failure, neurological disorders and many more such ailments.

The stem cell therapy however carries its own pros and cons and like any other therapy it cannot be said that the stem cell therapy is an advantageous package. Here are some of the pros and cons of the therapy.

Pros of the stem cell therapy include:

It offers a lot of medical benefits in the therapeutic sectors of regenerative medicine and cloning.

It shows great potential in the treatment of a number of conditions like Parkinsons disease, spinal cord injuries, Alzheimers disease, schizophrenia, cancer, diabetes and many others.

It helps the researchers know more about the growth of human cells and their development.

In future, the stem cell research can allow the scientists to test a number of potential medicines and drugs without carrying out any test on animals and humans. The drug can be tested on a population of cells directly.

The stem cell therapy also allows researchers to study the developmental stages that cannot be known directly through the human embryo and can be used in the treatment of a number of birth defects, infertility problems and also pregnancy loss. A higher understanding will allow the treatment of the abnormal development in the human body.

The stem cell therapy puts into use the cells of the patients own body and hence the risk of rejection can be reduced because the cells belong to the same human body.

The cons of the stem cell therapy include the following:

The use of the stem cells for research involves the destruction of the blastocytes that are formed from the laboratory fertilization of the human egg.

The long term side effects of the therapy are still unknown.

The disadvantage of adult stem cells is that the cells of a particular origin would generate cells only of that type, like brain cells would generate only brain cells and so on.

If the cells used in the therapy are embryonic then the disadvantage is that the cells will not be from the same human body and there are chances of rejection.

The stem cell therapy is still under the process of research and there are a number of things that needs to be established before it used as a treatment line.

More here:
Pros and Cons of Stem Cell Therapy - Health Guidance

The immune system also produces proteins called antibodies that can help neutralise infection or the toxins that some germs produce.

Some infections, like influenza and the common cold, have to be fought many times, because so many different viruses can cause these illnesses. Catching a cold from one virus does not give you immunity against the others.

The immunisations you may need are decided by your health, age, lifestyle and occupation. Together, these factors are referred to as HALO.

HALO is defined as:

This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by: Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

Last updated: March 2015

Content on this website is provided for education and information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not imply endorsement and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. Content has been prepared for Victorian residents and wider Australian audiences, and was accurate at the time of publication. Readers should note that, over time, currency and completeness of the information may change. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions.

Go here to read the rest:
Immune system | Better Health Channel