StemCell Therapy

By Partnered Content Mar 2, 2020

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Most of you reading this would have probably never heard of such a disease. My hope is, after taking time to read this, that you will know what myeloma is and have a better understanding of bone marrow cancer in general.

So, lets get started!

Your bone marrow is the factory where all your blood cells are made. This includes red blood cells (they carry the oxygen in your blood), white blood cells (your bodys defence against infections) and platelets (small fragments that prevent and stop bleeding).

The production of these cells by the bone marrow is very well controlled by your body, both in terms of the amount and the type of cells produced. If you have an infection, for instance, your body tells the stem cells in your bone marrow to make more white blood cells to help fight the infection. In such instances, an immature, baby cell gets produced in your bone marrow which then needs to go through various stages of growth and development to become a mature white blood cell. It is then released from the bone marrow into your bloodstream to go and do the job it was destined for, to fight the infection.

This process usually runs quite smoothly, but things can, unfortunately go horribly wrong. Sometimes your body makes a mistake in the production of a white blood cell, almost like a programming error which occurs in the DNA (blueprint) of the cell. It often recognizes its mistake and corrects it, but occasionally this abnormal cell has the ability to hide from your bodys defences, doesnt listen to your bodys commands anymore and can start to increase in number without anything controlling it. This causes a variety of problems and is then called cancer.

Depending on the type of white blood cell and where in its development the programming error occurs, a person can either develop a type of bone marrow cancer (usually leukaemia or myeloma) or lymphoma (glandular cancer), which is also a type of cancer that develops from an abnormal white blood cell.

That brings us to myeloma (also called multiple myeloma or plasma cell myeloma). Myeloma is a type of bone marrow cancer that develops when a programming error occurs in the development of a specific type of white blood cell, called a plasma cell. To understand myeloma better, it is important to understand what role a plasma cell plays under normal circumstances.

They are indeed an integral part of your bodys immune system. Any infection that you may develop gets recognized by your plasma cells. They respond by rapidly producing small proteins called antibodies, which are almost like homing missiles, programmed to go and destroy only that specific virus or bacteria that is making you ill.

After an infection, some of the antibodies remain in your bloodstream and if you are exposed to that exact virus or bacteria again, they are ready to attack immediately, thereby limiting the infection. This is the rationale behind childhood vaccination; to stimulate the production of antibodies which patrol your bloodstream and protect you when you get exposed to infections like measles, polio and many others.

If these plasma cells become cancerous however, they rapidly increase in number, taking over the bone marrow and producing a massive amount of an abnormal antibody which can cause a whole array of problems. This increase in antibody levels in the bloodstream can be measured with a blood test and is also used to monitor the response to treatment.. What are thesymptoms of myeloma?

The abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow overwhelms the normal bone marrow which most commonly leads to an inability to produce enough red blood cells. This is called anaemia. Symptoms of anaemia are related to the bodys inability to carry sufficient oxygen to your organs and include worsening fatigue, shortness of breath and dizziness.

The abnormal plasma cells also have the ability to weaken your bones. This can either be a generalized loss of bone strength (called osteoporosis), or it can lead to numerous holes being eaten in your bones. This can be seen on an X-Ray or other types of scans. It often results in significant bone pain or even worse, severe fractures with minimal- or even no trauma at all.

Bones are rich in calcium, and if they are being eaten away, their calcium content is released into the bloodstream causing an elevated blood calcium level. This can lead to dehydration, kidney failure and numerous other symptoms.

As mentioned before, the plasma cells in the bone marrow releases a massive amount of abnormal antibodies into the bloodstream. They can clog up your kidneys and cause significant- and often irreversible kidney failure. This can seriously complicate the management of the disease.

These are by far the most common features of myeloma:

Anaemia, bone lesions or fractures, hypercalcaemia and kidney failure.There are numerous other symptoms which can occur, albeit less common.

Is myeloma treatable?

Myeloma is indeed a treatable condition, but there are a couple of important treatment principles to understand.

For most people, myeloma is not a curable disease. It can, however, be carefully managed and the aim of treatment is to provide a good quality of life for as many years as possible. No patients disease is the same and where we sometimes have patients with myeloma living in excess of ten years after being diagnosed, other patients are unfortunately less fortunate and have a form of the disease that is resistant to treatment which can take its toll after only a couple of months.

We perform DNA-tests on the cancer cells and look at various other blood results in an attempt to identify those patients with high-risk disease, who potentially need more intense treatment than others.

The goal of treatment is to destroy as many abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow as possible. This leads to recovery of the normal bone marrow and minimises the risk of any further complications, giving the body a chance to recover from any complications caused prior to treatment.

For many decades, the backbone of the treatment for myeloma was a combination of two different type of drugs: Chemotherapy and high dosages of cortisone. This is usually quite well tolerated.

The last couple of years, however, have seen an explosion of newer therapies for the treatment of myeloma. This started years ago with the discovery that Thalidomide, was extremely effective for the treatment of myeloma. Soon, more of these so-called novel therapies were developed, leading to a significant increase in the survival of patients who have access to these drugs.

The latest and most impressive of these treatments are certainly the development of monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cells, both of which are extremely effective even in high risk or resistant myeloma. There is so much excitement about all the newer therapies, but access remains a challenge in theSouth African market.

A strong collaborative effort is required amongst pharmaceutical companies, government and medical schemes, to improve the current access of newer drugs. Nevertheless, some of these drugs have been around for many years and the costs have come down considerably, making it accessible to more people.

The initial treatment of myeloma generally consists of varying combinations of these drugs depending on the patients age, physical condition and of course, the available funding.

We usually use 3 different drugs in combination (a so-called triplet regimen) which has been proven to be very effective. Once the treatment is started, we take blood regularly to monitor the abnormal antibody levels in the blood which, as mentioned earlier, is a surrogate indicator of the number of cancer cells remaining in the bone marrow.

If we dont see a significant downward trend, the disease is likely resistant to that specific treatment combination and treatment should be adjusted accordingly. However, if the antibody levels come down significantly, we are on the right track and can continue with the same treatment until an optimal response is obtained or the development of side-effects forces us to make an adjustment.

After 4-6 months of treatment, the hope is to see no sign of any abnormal antibodies or cancer cells anymore (we call this a remission), or at least a dramatic reduction. We do however know that although we sometimes dont pick up any sign of residual disease, it is merely because the available tests are not sensitive enough. There will always be some cancer cells that remain.

As a general principle, however, the less residual disease, the longer it usually takes before it causes problems again. Because of this, we usually treat younger patients more aggressively in an attempt to obtain a deeper remission. The biggest difference in younger patients is the use of an autologous stem cell transplant as a 2nd phase of treatment to try and obtain or deepen a remission.

We harvest the patients bone marrow stem cells and keep them frozen until needed. We then administer a single high dose chemotherapy which destroys many of the remaining cancer cells, but in the process, it also destroys the normal bone marrow, without which you cannot survive. The patients stem cells are then thawed and given back to them like a blood transfusion.

After about two weeks of close monitoring in the hospital, the stem cells start to function and the patient subsequently has his/her own bone marrow back, hopefully with significantly less myeloma. The age cut-off for such a procedure is arbitrary because it largely depends on the physical condition of the patient. Most people in South Africa, however, use the age of 70 as a cut off, sometimes a bit older if the patient is in exceptional condition for his/her age.

The median age of people diagnosed with myeloma worldwide is about 70 years. The available data, however, suggests that the median age in South Africa is considerably younger, somewhere around the age of 60 years. Due to this, as well as the problems with drug availability in South Africa, we often rely quite heavily on stem cell transplantation as an important part of treatment. If enough stem cells are harvested and cryopreserved, such a transplant can be repeated on numerous occasions to improve disease control.

After a transplant, as well as for those patients who are not candidates for a transplant, a form of low-intensity maintenance therapy is often started as the next phase of treatment in an attempt to keep the disease under control for as long as possible. This duration varies considerably. We hope for a couple of years, but it is unfortunately sometimes just a couple of months before the disease worsens, after which more intense treatment needs to be restarted again and the above cycle repeats itself. The remission duration gives us a good indication regarding the nature and prognosis of the disease.

There is so much more detail about myeloma to share, but the bottom line is this: Although myeloma is not a curable cancer and can lead to devastating complications, there is good treatment available which can help many patients enjoy a good quality of life for many years.

It is important to diagnose myeloma early, so if you have some of the symptoms mentioned earlier, please contact your General Practitioner for further investigation. If any abnormalities are detected, your GP can refer you to aClinical Haematologist, who specialises in bone marrow cancers and are best equipped to treat your myeloma.

We are all very excited about the future of myeloma treatment and hope that the treating physicians, pharmaceutical companies and government can take hands to ensure proper treatment for all the people in South Africa who suffer from this disease.

This article was compiled by Dr. Hannes Koornhof (Chairman of SACHAS)MBChB, FCP (SA), Dip HIV Man (SA), Cert Clin Haematology (SA) PhysSponsored by JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA(PTY) LTD/(EDMS) BPK. (Reg. No./Regnr. 1980/011122/07); No 2, Medical Road, Halfway House, Midrand, 1685.www.janssen.com.

Medical Info Line: 0860 11 11 17. EM-27036

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Everything you need to know about Myeloma - IOL

Aaron Lipschitz (5) from Sea Point, Cape Town

Of the few known cases worldwide, Aaron is the only child who is unable to tolerate any food without becoming very ill. The only nutrition he has been able to cope with is a hypoallergenic formula called Similac Alimentum. He is currently fed via a MIC-KEY feeding port in his stomach.

As there is currently no cure for Aarons condition, the only way for him to overcome his recurrent infections and survive this condition, was to have a bone marrow transplant.

To help cover the costs of finding an international bone marrow donor, as well as assist his family with his ongoing medical expenses, acampaignwas created on donations based crowdfunding platform, BackaBuddy.

Over the course of two years, the BackaBuddy campaign has raised over R1 629 017.18 to support Aaron with contributions from over 978 donors both locally and abroad.

Finally in August 2018, Aarons family got the call they had been waiting for.

With the support ofThe South African Bone Marrow Registry, a 100% bone marrow match was found for Aaron overseas. At only 3 years old, Aaron underwent chemotherapy to destroy his current defective immune system before it was replaced with the donors bone marrow.

The risky procedure was met with complications when Aaron developed a very rare reaction to the new bone marrow, called a Cytokine Storm, which landed him in Red Cross ICU for a month. The fact that he was able to survive the transplant is a miracle, says Aarons mom, Taryn.

Aaron is a fighter in the true sense of the word. His doctors were trying to prepare us for the worst and I told them to wait and seeAaron survived against all odds. He has the most incredible zest for life and thirst for knowledge. says Taryn.

WATCH: Short documentary video on Aaron when he was 4 years old:

Since the bone marrow transplant, Aaron seems to be getting fewer infections but unfortunately, his immune system has not reconstituted as well or as quickly as doctors would have liked. To boost his immune system, he needs to have weekly immunoglobulin treatment.

When the transplant had no significant change on Aarons inability to tolerate food, his medical team decided to do a whole-genome sequencing to determine the root of the problem. They soon discovered a second rare genetic variant known as Fox P3, the gene responsible for the overall regulation of a persons immune system, which may be contributing to the food allergy component of Aarons condition.

Doctors also believe this second diagnosis may also explain why Aarons immune system responded so slowly to his bone marrow transplant.

Despite surviving such a tough procedure, Aaron still has a very long and challenging journey ahead. Whenever we feel that we are getting close to the summit of this mountain, the mountain seems to become higher. All we can do is keep our heads down and keep putting one foot in front of the other. says Taryn.

On the 8th of March, nine Capetonians lead by Rebettzin Sara Wineberg, will take on the Cape Town Cycle Tour, cycling a distance of 109 km to raise fundsfor Aarons ongoing medical expenses.

Aaron currently survives on a hypoallergenic formula administered 3-4 times a day via a MIC-KEY feeding tube in his stomach.

He still requires weekly immunoglobulin infusions where a tiny needle is inserted under the skin in his stomach to administer the infusion.

Aaron is in occupational therapy, physiotherapy and play therapy to help support him and allow him to lead the most normal life possible.

Rebbetzin Sara Wineberg from Sea Point, Cape Town, is excited to take on the Cape Town Cycle Tour for the second time, this year

I met Aaron when he was in the ICU just after his bone marrow transplant, things were not looking good and I came together with a group of women to pray for him. I have witnessed the miracle that is Aaron, he is our miracle and I want to help see more miracles come through for him and his family! says Sara.

Taking on the Cycle Tour for the first time, high schoolers from Cape Town Torah High School, Yehuda Hecht (16), Nissim Brett (15) and Joseph Meltzer (15) are enthusiastic to support Aarons treatment and make a positive difference. They will also be joined by Rabbi Pinni Hecht, Elenor Miller, Ronit Netter, Terry Deats and Aliyah Kaimowitz.

We are so fortunate that along this very challenging trail we have many angels helping us carry this load. Its been a relief to restart Aarons BackaBuddy campaign. Aaron still has a very long and challenging journey ahead. The years of high medical costs have really taken a financial toll on our family. says Taryn

Ahead of the Cycle Tour this Sunday, the Riding for Aaron campaign has already raised a total of R94 699.18 towards the fundraising target of R120 000 with contributions from 128 donors.

The Lipschitz family would like to encourage all South Africans, to register as bone marrow donors to give children like Aaron a second chance at life.

To date, theSABMRhas helped save the lives of nearly 500 patients with life-threatening blood disorders by matching them with healthy, unrelated bone marrow donors from South Africa and the rest of the world.

According to SABMR, Sustainability Portfolio Manager, Kamiel Singh, there are currently only 74 000 donors registered on the site to cater to over 57 million South Africans.

We are urging people to go onto theSABMR websiteto register as a bone marrow/stem cell donor. The process is as simple as making a phone call, filling out a form and having a mouth swab taken. You could save Aaron or another person waiting for their miracle. says Taryn

Register to become a bone marrow donor with the SABMR[click here]

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Cape Town Cycle Heroes Raising Funds for 5-Year-Old with Rare Genetic Condition - SAPeople News

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common bone disease. It is characterized by reduced bone mass and microscopic changes in the architecture resulting in impaired strength of bones, with consequent increased susceptibility to fracture, which results in high medical expenditures and substantial morbidity with a decrease in quality of life [1, 2]. The bone mineral density (BMD) reduces with age in the entire population, and women are particularly at higher risk since they rapidly lose bone in the peri- and post- menopausal periods [2]. Age, sex, family history, low baseline weight, weight loss, and alcohol use in women, and smoking in men are generally associated with low BMD [2]. Owing to an increasing life expectancy, the number of patients has been progressively increasing worldwide [3]. One of the most debilitating complications of osteoporosis is hip fracture, which has an estimated probability of 3.5% in men and 14.6% in women around the age of 50years old. Approximately 2050% patients with hip fracture suffer from a decreased quality of life, depression, loss of self-esteem, and social isolation, which leads to the drastic elevation of one-year mortality rate, up to 1460% [4,5,6,7]. Vertebral fractures are extremely common complications of osteoporosis and often asymptomatic. However, multiple vertebral thoracic fractures may induce restrictive lung disease and secondary heart problems. Lumbar fractures may cause gastrointestinal complaints, back pain (both, acute and chronic), depression, and positional restriction, resulting in increased mortality [7, 8]. In view of these numerous complications, the main objective of treating postmenopausal osteoporosis is the prevention of future fractures.

The two types of treatment options for osteoporosis include anti-resorptive and anabolic agents. Anti-resorptive drugs include bisphosphonates (e.g. alendronate, minodronate (MIN), etidronate, risedronate, pamidronate, and zoledronate), selective estrogen-receptor modulators (raloxifene and bazedoxifene), active vitamin D3 derivatives (alfacalcidol and eldecalcitol), a fully human monoclonal antibody to receptor activator of nuclear factor -B ligand (RANKL; denosumab), and thyroid hormone (calcitonin). Anabolic agents include parathyroid hormone (teriparatide), parathyroid-related peptide synthetic analogs (abaloparatide), and a sclerostin inhibitor (romosozumab) [9]. Among these treatment options, bisphosphonates are the most widely used all over the world. MIN is a third-generation bisphosphonate and the strongest inhibitor of bone resorption among the currently available oral bisphosphonates. In terms of bone resorption inhibition, MIN is 1000-fold more effective than etidronate and 10100-fold more effective than alendronate [10]. Large randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials revealed a significant increase in bone mineral density (BMD) of both, the lumbar spine and femoral neck over 3years of MIN therapy and a risk reduction in vertebral fractures in Japanese women with postmenopausal osteoporosis [11]. Therefore, MIN continues to be one of the most widely used bisphosphonates in Japan.

Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal anti-RANKL IgG2 antibody that inhibits the binding of RANKL to its receptor on osteoclasts, thereby decreasing the bone-resorption activity of mature osteoclasts [12]. In the phase 3 Fracture Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis Every 6Months (FREEDOM) trial, denosumab treatment significantly reduces the incidence of new vertebral, nonvertebral, and hip fractures compared with placebo treatment [13]. Furthermore, in the FREEDOM Extension trial, 10-year treatment with denosumab increases the BMD of patients progressively with a significantly lower incidence of fracture [14]. In Japan, denosumab is currently one of the first treatment options, as evidenced by the report that sales of denosumab exceed that of each bisphosphonate [15]. Lyu et al. performed a meta-analysis of 10 eligible trials including 5361 participants comparing denosumab and bisphosphonates [16]. Denosumab increases BMD more than bisphosphonates at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck. Furthermore, one study showed that denosumab has a lower osteoporotic fracture incidence than alendronate at 24months (risk ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.97) [17]. Based on this clinical evidence, both denosumab and bisphosphonates are widely prescribed for osteoporosis in Japan. However, since denosumab is more easily administered by two annual injections with less complication, which may possibly increase the compliance rate, it appears to be the better choice between the two drugs. Therefore, we assumed that it can be considered as a reasonable treatment option to switch from bisphosphonates to denosumab in the clinical setting. However, only a few studies have reported the efficacy of switching from bisphosphonates to denosumab; therefore, the evidence level remains low.

In view of these findings, we advised patients treated with MIN for more than 2years to switch to denosumab if they agreed after the detailed explanation of each drug from treating physicians. In this study, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the treatment effects of patients who switched to denosumab and compared with those of patients who continued MIN treatment.

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Clinical effects of switching from minodronate to denosumab treatment in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a retrospective study - BMC Blogs...

VANCOUVER, Washington, March 02, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- CytoDyn Inc. (CYDY), (CytoDyn or the Company"), a late-stage biotechnology company developing leronlimab (PRO 140), a CCR5 antagonist with the potential for multiple therapeutic indications, announced today continued positive data for its mTNBC and MBC patients.

Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC), an aggressive histological subtype, has a poor prognosis. In addition, metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is breast cancer that has spread beyond the breast and lymph nodes to other organs in the body (typically the bones, liver, lungs, or brain). Both types of cancer pose significant challenges for patients due to their aggressiveness and limited treatment options. An integral part of CytoDyns mission and purpose is to provide effective therapeutic solutions to these patients. Results of the first five patients are as follows:

Patient #1: Enrolled in mTNBC Phase 1b/2 - Injected on 9/27/2019. CTC (circulating tumor cells) dropped to zero in two weeks on 10/11/2019. Total CTC and EMT (Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Metastasis) dropped to zero after about one month of treatment with leronlimab (once-a-week 350 mg dose). Results from the patients earlier CT scan indicated a more than 25% tumor shrinkage within the first few weeks of treatment with leronlimab. Most importantly, after more than five months of treatment with leronlimab and Carboplatin, the patient not only has zero CTC and zero EMT, but also zero detectible CAML (cancer-associated microphages like cells).

Patient #2: Enrolled in single IND. Patient is MBC with HER2+ stage 4 metastasis to lung, liver, and brain. Patients radiologist cancelled 2nd round of treatment due to leronlimabs effect on shrinking the largest tumor in the brain by 56% and other lesions being stable. Leronlimab has and continues to be the only treatment in place for brain metastasis after radiation was administered to this patient in July 2019. Four and one-half months after successful radiation treatment, the patient received her first dose of leronlimab (700 mg) and no other drugs to treat the brain metastasis. The 56% shrinkage in the brain lesions occurred after only two once-weekly injections of leronlimab. After 10 weeks of treatment with leronlimab, this patients CTC and EMT results were all zeros (results reported on 2/12/2020). The patients CT scan in mid-February was reported as stable.

Patient #3: Enrolled on 1/3/2020. This patients CAML counts decreased from 45 to 30. CTC+EMT are stable and there has been no change in the total number. Despite positive results, this patient stopped treatment due to complications with her implanted port, which was unrelated to leronlimab.

Patient #4: Enrolled on 1/7/2020. This patients total CTC dropped by 75% in the first two weeks of treatment with leronlimab. After almost five weeks of treatment, the CTC remained at zero.

Patient #5: Enrolled on 2/4/2020. This patient has traveled from England to receive leronlimab. Initial response from treatment indicated tumor shrinkage and, importantly, CTC dropped to zero after three weeks of leronlimab treatment.

Patients #6 and #7: Enrolled and waiting for the first results post-baseline results.

Patients #8 through #10: Will be injected in early March.

Bruce Patterson, M.D., chief executive officer and founder of IncellDx, a diagnostic partner and advisor to CytoDyn, commented, Patients continue to be actively enrolled in this trial based on the expression of CCR5 on lymphocytes and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. The proposed mechanism of action (MOA) consisting of inhibition of Tregs and repolarization of macrophages has demonstrated a predictable, sustained response that has reduced the size of primary and metastatic tumors and reduced circulating tumor cells in all patients tested so far.

Nader Pourhassan, Ph.D., president and chief executive officer of CytoDyn, added, These findings are solidifying our belief of the four mechanism of actions (MOA) for leronlimab in the treatment of cancer, as previously verified through preclinical animal studies and in published papers. These MOAs indicate that leronlimab may potentially stop metastasis in many types of solid tumor cancers, trigger the bodys immune response system to destroy the cancer tumor and perhaps more. This could represent the beginning of the transformation of CytoDyn from a potential leader in HIV therapy to providing potentially a new innovative treatment opportunity to patients with various forms of cancer and potentially NASH, GvHD, MS, and perhaps many more indications. With the possibility of our first approval in HIV late this year, we could have over 30 label expansion opportunities post-HIV approval.

Story continues

About Triple-Negative Breast CancerTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer characterized by the absence of the three most common types of receptors in the cancer tumor known to fuel most breast cancer growthestrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR) and the hormone epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) gene. TNBC cancer occurs in about 10 to 20 percent of diagnosed breast cancers and can be more aggressive and more likely to spread and recur. Since the triple-negative tumor cells lack these receptors, common treatments for breast cancer such as hormone therapy and drugs that target estrogen, progesterone, and HER-2 are ineffective.

About Leronlimab (PRO 140)The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have granted a Fast Track designation to CytoDyn for two potential indications of leronlimab for deadly diseases. The first as a combination therapy with HAART for HIV-infected patients and the second is for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Leronlimab is an investigational humanized IgG4 mAb that blocks CCR5, a cellular receptor that is important in HIV infection, tumor metastases, and other diseases including NASH. Leronlimab has successfully completed nine clinical trials in over 800 people, including meeting its primary endpoints in a pivotal Phase 3 trial (leronlimab in combination with standard antiretroviral therapies in HIV-infected treatment-experienced patients).

In the setting of HIV/AIDS, leronlimab is a viral-entry inhibitor; it masks CCR5, thus protecting healthy T cells from viral infection by blocking the predominant HIV (R5) subtype from entering those cells. Leronlimab has been the subject of nine clinical trials, each of which demonstrated that leronlimab can significantly reduce or control HIV viral load in humans. The leronlimab antibody appears to be a powerful antiviral agent leading to potentially fewer side effects and less frequent dosing requirements compared with daily drug therapies currently in use.

In the setting of cancer, research has shown that CCR5 plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Increased CCR5 expression is an indicator of disease status in several cancers. Published studies have shown that blocking CCR5 can reduce tumor metastases in laboratory and animal models of aggressive breast and prostate cancer. Leronlimab reduced human breast cancer metastasis by more than 98% in a murine xenograft model. CytoDyn is therefore conducting aPhase 1b/2 human clinical trial in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and was granted Fast Track designation in May 2019. Additional research is being conducted with leronlimab in the setting of cancer and NASH with plans to conduct additionalclinical studies when appropriate.

The CCR5 receptor appears to play a central role in modulating immune cell trafficking to sites of inflammation and may be important in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and other inflammatory conditions. Clinical studies by others further support the concept that blocking CCR5 using a chemical inhibitor can reduce the clinical impact of acute GvHD without significantly affecting the engraftment of transplanted bone marrow stem cells. CytoDyn is currently conducting a Phase 2 clinical study with leronlimab to further support the concept that the CCR5 receptor on engrafted cells is critical for the development of acute GvHD and that blocking this receptor from recognizing certain immune signaling molecules is a viable approach to mitigating acute GvHD. The FDA has granted orphan drug designation to leronlimab for the prevention of GvHD.

About CytoDynCytoDyn is a biotechnology company developing innovative treatments for multiple therapeutic indications based on leronlimab, a novel humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the CCR5 receptor. CCR5 appears to play a key role in the ability of HIV to enter and infect healthy T-cells. The CCR5 receptor also appears to be implicated in tumor metastasis and in immune-mediated illnesses, such as GvHD and NASH. CytoDyn has successfully completed a Phase 3 pivotal trial with leronlimab in combination with standard anti-retroviral therapies in HIV-infected treatment-experienced patients. CytoDyn plans to seek FDA approval for leronlimab in combination therapy and plans to complete the filing of a Biologics License Application (BLA) in the first quarter of 2020 for that indication. CytoDyn is also conducting a Phase 3 investigative trial with leronlimab as a once-weekly monotherapy for HIV-infected patients and plans to initiate a registration-directed study of leronlimab monotherapy indication, which if successful, could support a label extension. Clinical results to date from multiple trials have shown that leronlimab can significantly reduce viral burden in people infected with HIV with no reported drug-related serious adverse events (SAEs). Moreover, results from a Phase 2b clinical trial demonstrated that leronlimab monotherapy can prevent viral escape in HIV-infected patients, with some patients on leronlimab monotherapy remaining virally suppressed for more than five years. CytoDyn is also conducting a Phase 2 trial to evaluate leronlimab for the prevention of GvHD and a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial with leronlimab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. More information is atwww.cytodyn.com.

Forward-Looking StatementsThis press releasecontains certain forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Words and expressions reflecting optimism, satisfaction or disappointment with current prospects, as well as words such as believes, hopes, intends, estimates, expects, projects, plans, anticipates and variations thereof, or the use of future tense, identify forward-looking statements, but their absence does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. The Companys forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance, and actual results could vary materially from those contained in or expressed by such statements due to risks and uncertainties including: (i)the sufficiency of the Companys cash position, (ii)the Companys ability to raise additional capital to fund its operations, (iii) the Companys ability to meet its debt obligations, if any, (iv)the Companys ability to enter into partnership or licensing arrangements with third parties, (v)the Companys ability to identify patients to enroll in its clinical trials in a timely fashion, (vi)the Companys ability to achieve approval of a marketable product, (vii)the design, implementation and conduct of the Companys clinical trials, (viii)the results of the Companys clinical trials, including the possibility of unfavorable clinical trial results, (ix)the market for, and marketability of, any product that is approved, (x)the existence or development of vaccines, drugs, or other treatments that are viewed by medical professionals or patients as superior to the Companys products, (xi)regulatory initiatives, compliance with governmental regulations and the regulatory approval process, (xii)general economic and business conditions, (xiii)changes in foreign, political, and social conditions, and (xiv)various other matters, many of which are beyond the Companys control. The Company urges investors to consider specifically the various risk factors identified in its most recent Form10-K, and any risk factors or cautionary statements included in any subsequent Form10-Q or Form8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as required by law, the Company does not undertake any responsibility to update any forward-looking statements to take into account events or circumstances that occur after the date of this press release.

CYTODYN CONTACTS

Investors: Dave Gentry, CEORedChip CompaniesOffice: 1.800.RED.CHIP (733.2447)Cell: 407.491.4498dave@redchip.com

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CytoDyn Reports Remarkable Outcomes for Additional Cancer Patients in mTNBC Trial; Following an Overwhelming Community Response, CytoDyn Expects to...

Yet another biotech has joined the fray against the novel coronavirus: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ:ALNY) andVir Biotechnology (NASDAQ:VIR) on Wednesday announced they were expanding their ongoing collaboration to include an attempt to develop RNA interference (RNAi) treatments for SARS-CoV-2.

According to the American Society for Microbiology, coronaviruses are everywhere. They are the second-leading cause of the common cold, after rhinoviruses. In an article on the society's website, Dr. Rodney Rhode wrote, "Coronaviruses ... mutate and change at a high rate, which can create havoc for both diagnostic detection as well as therapy (and vaccine) regimens."

Image source: Getty Images

The two companies have been collaborating since the 2017 founding of Vir, which specializes in using immunology to fight and prevent infectious diseases. Vir CEO George Scangos was the CEO ofBiogenbefore he took control of the start-up.

"Given the scope and speed of the COVID-19 outbreak," Scangos said, "Vir is seeking multiple approaches that combine our expertise in infectious disease with that of current and new partners to respond rapidly. Alnylam has been an excellent partner, and our complementary capabilities made this a compelling opportunity..."

As Alnylam CEO John Maraganore said, "We believe RNAi therapeutics represent a promising approach for targeting coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV-2. As the leader in RNAi therapeutics, we at Alnylam are committed to doing our part in joining other biopharmaceutical companies, like Vir, to address this emerging outbreak."

Vir will lead all development and commercialization of any selected drug molecules. Alnylam retains the option to share in the profits and losses associated with the effort. Shares of Vir were up 14% in early trading Wednesday, while Alnylam was up 3%.

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Vir Biotechnology and Alnylam Join the Fight Against COVID-19 - Motley Fool

Dublin, March 05, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Worldwide Wound Care Market Summary" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

Wound care is very much a challenge for both patients and healthcare providers.

Worldwide Wound Care Market Summary identifies a market opportunity for major sectors of this important market. A particular focus is given to biotechnology used in wound care, including advanced biodressings and negative pressure wound systems.

Advancements in biotechnology, biomaterials, and tissue engineering are expected to drive growth in the market during the report's forecast period. Growth is also being driven by the introduction of portable, single-use products in negative pressure wound therapy.

The report focuses on wound care advancements, providing a table of newly approved wound care products for 2019. The aging of the population and continued advances in biotechnology drive the wound care industry. It is the goal of new and existing product manufacturers to offer products designed to improve healing rates and prevent wound formation.

Market data in the report include:

World Market

Total Market by Segment

Market Segments by Application

Market by Application

The report also contains current market size for the total wound care products market for the following countries and regions:

Worldwide Wound Care Market Summary provides an outline of the competitive market, including the following data points:

Industry participants have attempted to diversify their offerings by acquiring smaller companies with new and innovative technology. This move has created more competition among large wound care companies.

Key Topics Covered

Chapter 1: Executive Summary

Chapter 2: Total Worldwide Wound Care Market Size, Forecast, and Competitive Analysis

Chapter 3: Wound Care Advancements

Chapter 4: Top Five Company Profiles(Company Overview, Performance Review)

A-Z List of Companies Mentioned

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/eyoxce

Research and Markets also offers Custom Research services providing focused, comprehensive and tailored research.

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Worldwide Wound Care Market Summary 2017-2024 - Focus on Biotechnology: Advanced Biodressings, Negative Pressure Wound Systems, and More -...

The decision to buy or sell a stock is dependent not only on the company fundamentals but also on its trading price. Many strong businesses enter the avoid or sell zone, simply because of exaggerated prices and seemingly little to no upside potential. One such stock that a value investor needs to shy from is Vir Biotechnology (VIR).

Today, we will see why fundamentals fail to justify Vir Biotechnology's valuation levels.

Vir Biotechnology is a clinical-stage immunology company focused on developing novel treatments targeting infectious diseases. The company's four therapeutic platforms, antibody platform, T Cell platform, Innate immunity platform, and siRNA platform, are working on enhancing the immune response to pathogens. The company's lead asset, VIR-2218, is currently being evaluated in Phase 2 in HBV (hepatitis B) indication. Besides, the company also has multiple early-stage investigational drug candidates being evaluated in tuberculosis, influenza, and HIV indications.

Recently, though, the stock has jumped over 100% on news of its involvement in researching antibodies that can work against the novel coronavirus or COVID-19 virus strain.

On February 12, Vir Biotechnology announced that it has identified two monoclonal antibodies that bind to the SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes the COVID-19 disease. These antibodies are targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the region that the virus uses to enter cells through the cellular receptor ACE2. On February 25, the company announced a manufacturing collaboration with WuXi Biologics to advance and produce human monoclonal antibodies for the potential treatment of COVID-19.

Although these are promising developments especially in a world fighting a pandemic, the fact remains that the company is not even close to commencing first-in-human trials for the investigational COVID-19 therapeutic. The company has isolated antibodies from patients who survived SARS and is studying it for COVID-19 in the preclinical stage. The company may require around 10 months, provided everything goes without a glitch, to get the first human dosed with this therapy.

Gilead Sciences (GILD) seems to be much ahead in the quest of COVID-19 therapy. On February 26, the company announced the initiation of two Phase 3 clinical studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of remdesivir in adults diagnosed with COVID-19. In these randomized, open-label, multicenter studies, the company plans to enroll 1,000 patients at medical centers primarily across Asian countries, as well as other countries globally with high numbers of diagnosed cases, beginning in March to evaluate two dosing durations of remdesivir, administered intravenously. FDA has already reviewed and accepted the company's IND (investigational new drug) filing for remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19. This follows the article published in The NEJM (New England Journal of Medicine) which highlighted clinical benefit witnessed by a COVID-19 patient in the U.S. on the administration of remdesivir.

Remdesivir is already being studied in two clinical trials, in China's Hubei province led by the China-Japan Friendship Hospital as well as the recently initiated clinical trial in the United States led by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Then, there is Regeneron (REGN), also working on an antibody approach to finding a cure for COVID-19. The company's technology platform demonstrated robust outcomes in the Ebola outbreak of 2015.

There is also much activity in the vaccine space for COVID-19. We also have Moderna Therapeutics (MRNA) working with the NIH (National Institutes of Health) to evaluate mRNA-1273 as a vaccine candidate for COVID-19 in the Phase 1 trial. The company will be studying the vaccine candidate in the healthy-volunteer study expected to begin in April. If proven safe, Moderna and NIH plan to enroll hundreds of more patients to determine whether the vaccine protects against infection. We also see other companies such as Sanofi (SNY), Inovio Pharmaceuticals (INO), CureVac, and GlaxoSmithKline (NYSE:GSK), analyzing various vaccine candidates in the preclinical stage.

Vir Biotechnology is definitely not a forerunner in this race for COVID-19 treatment. Hence, the investor exuberance and the more than 100% jump in share prices since February 24 does not seem justified by company fundamentals.

Vir Biotechnology and Alnylam Pharmaceuticals (ALNY) are working on investigational subcutaneously administered HBV-targeting siRNA (Small interfering RNA), VIR-2218, in Phase 1/2 clinical trial. This drug is designed to inhibit the production of all HBV proteins including HBsAg (HBV surface antigen). HBsAg is developed by the HBV virus to inhibit T-cell activity against the infection.

In January 2020, Vir Biotechnology announced new pipeline data from the ongoing Phase 2 trial of VIR-2218. The data demonstrated substantial reductions in HBsAg and also high tolerability of the therapy. All HBeAg negative and positive patients who received two doses of 200 mg of VIR-2218 reported at least a 1.0 log10 decline in HBsAg as well as a mean decline of 1.5 log10 in HBsAg at day 85.

Further, none of the patients demonstrated ALT (alanine amino transaminase) greater than or equal to three times the upper limit of normal, validating the manageable tolerability profile of the therapy.

Vir Biotechnology expects 16-week data across all cohorts in the first half of 2020. The company also plans to commence two new trials with VIR-2218 by late 2020. These include a Phase 2 trial in China in collaboration with Brii Biosciences, and another Phase 2 combination trial of VIR-2218 and pegylated interferon-alpha (PEG-IFN-). The company is also working on advancing CTA (clinical trial application) for the investigational HBV vaccine, VIR-3434, in the first half of 2020.

Although there are impending milestones and catalysts for Vir Biotechnology in 2020, none of them justify the company's current valuation multiples. Currently, Vir Biotechnology is trading at a price-to-sales multiple of 626.43x and price-to-cash flow multiple of 19.95x.

Other hepatitis B players such as Ionis Pharmaceuticals (IONS), GlaxoSmithKline, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals (ARWR), and Arbutus Biopharma are trading at much lower price-to-sales multiples of 6.88x, 2.55x, 22.46x, and 30.80x, respectively.

Besides the valuations, there are many other risks associated with this company. Vir Biotechnology is a clinical-stage company and can continue to report losses for many more years. Infectious disease players have historically got the short end of the stick in terms of biopharmaceutical funding. Unlike chronic lifestyle conditions, there may come a stage when a majority of infectious disease patients are cured. We have seen this for the Gilead Sciences Hepatitis C franchise. There remains a high possibility that after the initial bolus of patients, hepatitis B players may also face a rapid decline in the addressable market and extraordinary profits.

The company is also in the early stage of clinical development and faces significant R&D failure risk. It does not have a history of advancing molecules in the late-stage of clinical development or of securing regulatory approvals. The company also does not have experience of successfully commercializing products. This exposes the company to a significant degree of market uncertainty.

One upside for the company, however, is its stable cash balance of around $320 million at the end of September 2019. Assuming that the company's cash burn rate is similar to the cash spent on operational activities of around $120 million in 12 months ending September 2019, the company may not need dilutive financing at least till the end of 2021. However, the company may still choose to go for equity dilution to take advantage of its stratospheric valuations.

According to finviz, the 12-month consensus target price for the stock is $26.33. On February 27, Baird analyst Madhu Kumar downgraded Vir Biotechnology to Underperform from Neutral and reiterated the target price of $17. On February 4, JPMorgan analyst Anupam Rama downgraded Vir Biotechnology to Neutral from Overweight but raised the price target from $25 to $26.

In November 2019, Goldman Sachs analyst Paul Choi initiated coverage with a Buy rating and $37 price target. Barclays analyst Gena Wang initiated coverage with an Overweight rating and $25 price target.

Here again, we see that the modest fiscal 2020 revenue and EPS estimates do not support Vir's high valuations.

In this backdrop, I believe that a target price range of $25 to $28 is a fair estimate of the true growth potential of Vir Biotechnology in 2020. This is definitely a promising biotechnology company, but investors should not pick this company at unsustainable valuations. Instead, it is advisable even for aggressive investors to wait for a better entry point to pick this stock in 2020.

Disclosure: I/we have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

Read more:
Vir Biotechnology: Avoid This Overvalued Stock In March 2020 - Seeking Alpha

The global life sciences tools market has been growing with advancements in the field of biological research and testing. It is evident that the global life sciences sector has been transforming into a pool for investment and lucrative growth. The changing financial trends pertaining to this sector have given a boost to the growth of the global life sciences tools market. The presence of multiple biological research institutes has given a thrust to the growth of the global life sciences tools market. Moreover, the focus given on improved biotechnologies by medical professionals has also generated stellar demand within the global market.

This blog by Transparency Market Research (TMR) on the global life sciences tools market is a deft explanation of the forces that have aided market growth.

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The growing incidence of genetic disorders has played a major role in the growth of the global life sciences tools market. The domain of molecular biology has emerged as a haven of opportunities due to the advent of improved research facilities. The use of life sciences tools such as instruments, reagents, and consumables in the field of biomedicine has given a strong impetus to the growth of the global market.

On the basis of geography, the global life sciences tools market can be segmented into North America, the Middle East and Africa, Europe, Latin America, and Europe. The life sciences tools market in North America is expanding with advancements in the domain of biochemical research.

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Geographically, the global life sciences tools market is segmented into Europe, North America, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World. Of these, North America has led a leading position and is projected to maintain its stance in the coming years. The North America life sciences tools markets position will be attributable to the increasing investments in research and development activities. The strong presence of pharmaceutical companies in the region are also expected to make a significant contribution to the markets rising revenue.

The Asia Pacific life sciences tools market is also show steady progress over the next few years. The emergence of the healthcare sector in the region and the increasing expenditure on treatment of various conditions are expected to propel the market in this region. The improving economic conditions of the developing countries in Asia Pacific are also expected to bode well with the regional market.

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Key Players Mentioned in the Report are:

The leading players operating in the global life sciences tools market are F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Agilent Technologies, Inc., EMD Millipore (Merck KGaA), Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, and Life Technologies (Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation).

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Our reports are single-point solutions for businesses to grow, evolve, and mature. Our real-time data collection methods along with ability to track more than one million high growth niche products are aligned with your aims. The detailed and proprietary statistical models used by our analysts offer insights for making right decision in the shortest span of time. For organizations that require specific but comprehensive information we offer customized solutions through adhoc reports. These requests are delivered with the perfect combination of right sense of fact-oriented problem solving methodologies and leveraging existing data repositories.

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Global Life Science Tools Market to Expand with Advancements in the Field of Biotechnology - BioSpace

The House of Representatives passed a bill for allotment of funds in an emergency pool earlier this week, which is to be used to counter the damaging effects of the coronavirus outbreak is expected to have on the domestic economy.

Let us analyze which stocks are expected to benefit from this emergency stash.

House Allocates $8 Billion to Emergency Funds

On Mar 4, the House passeda legislation that allocates more than $8 billion to emergency funds to battle against the spread of coronavirus. The bill won by a voting ratio of 415-2. Republican lawmakers Ken Buck of Colorado and Andy Biggs of Arizona were the only members who voted unfavorably.

The emergency funds aim to provide more than $3 billion for vaccine research and $2.2 billion for efforts in prevention and preparedness. Medical tests and vaccine research to combat the pandemic are urgent tasks right now, which many biotechnology firms in the country are working on actively.

Companies, such as Moderna, Inc. MRNA, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. INO and Vir Biotechnology, Inc. VIR are currently in the process of developing the much-needed vaccines.

The congressional spending proposal is considerably higher than the $2.5 billion that the White House had proposed in late February. The bill also authorizes about $500 million to allow Medicare providers to offer telehealth services, which would benefit elderly patients to receive care in the comforts of their homes.

The bill is now headed to the Senate for approval. Should it be passed effectively, it will then make its way to President Donald Trumps desk, who is expected to give a green signal. Trump had earlier indicated at a news conference that he would spend whatever is appropriate to fight the COVID-19 outbreak.

After all, death toll in the United States climbed to 11 and minimum 138 are infected. Of the 11, 10 deaths were confirmed from Washington while one was registered in California. Globally, the pandemic claimed more than 3,100 lives.

Story continues

3 Stocks in Focus

We have, therefore, handpicked three vital stocks that are actively developing vaccines to address the novel coronavirus. One may take a closer look at these.

Modernais a clinical stage biotechnology company. Last week, the company saidthat its first batch of vaccine against the COVID-19 disease, called mRNA-1273, was ready for the government to test on humans.

The Zacks Consensus Estimate for Modernas current-year earnings has moved 5% north in the past 60 days. Shares of this company, which belongs to the Zacks Medical - Biomedical and Geneticsindustry, have risen 40.5% against the industrys decline of 2.6% on a year-to-date basis. (Read more)

Moderna carries a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy). You can seethe complete list of todays Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here.

Inovio Pharmaceuticalson Mar 4 announcedan accelerated timeline to develop its DNA vaccine INO-4800 to battle COVID-19. Inovio's President & CEO Dr. J. Joseph Kim mentioned this accelerated timeline at the U.S. Coronavirus Task Force meeting at the White House on Mar 2.

Inovio Pharmaceuticals carries a Zacks Rank #3. Shares of this company, which belongs to the Zacks Medical - Biomedical and Geneticsindustry, have risen 143.2% against the industrys decline of 2.6% on a year-to-date basis.

Vir Biotechnologyis a clinical-stage immunology company. The firm, along with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ALNY, announcedon Mar 4 that the two companies would expand their continuing collaboration to make an attempt to develop RNA interference treatments for SARS-CoV-2.

Vir Biotechnology carries a Zacks Rank #3. Shares of this company, which belongs to the Zacks Medical - Biomedical and Geneticsindustry, have risen 257% against the industrys decline of 2.7% on a year-to-date basis.

Free: Zacks Single Best Stock Set to Double

Today you are invited to download our latest Special Report that reveals 5 stocks with the most potential to gain +100% or more in 2020. From those 5, Zacks Director of Research, Sheraz Mian hand-picks one to have the most explosive upside of all.

This pioneering tech ticker had soared to all-time highs and then subsided to a price that is irresistible. Now a pending acquisition could super-charge the companys drive past competitors in the development of true Artificial Intelligence. The earlier you get in to this stock, the greater your potential gain.

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Want the latest recommendations from Zacks Investment Research? Today, you can download 7 Best Stocks for the Next 30 Days. Click to get this free reportModerna, Inc. (MRNA) : Free Stock Analysis ReportAlnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ALNY) : Free Stock Analysis ReportInovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (INO) : Free Stock Analysis ReportVir Biotechnology, Inc. (VIR) : Free Stock Analysis ReportTo read this article on Zacks.com click here.

Read this article:
House Okays $8 Billion Funds to Combat COVID-19: 3 Winners - Yahoo Finance

Provention Bio Inc (PRVB) is near the top in its industry group according to InvestorsObserver. PRVB gets an overall rating of 82. That means it scores higher than 82 percent of stocks. Provention Bio Inc gets a 96 rank in the Biotechnology industry. Biotechnology is number 21 out of 148 industries.

Finding the best stocks can be tricky. It isnt easy to compare companies across industries. Even companies that have relatively similar businesses can be tricky to compare sometimes. InvestorsObservers tools allow a top-down approach that lets you pick a metric, find the top sector and industry and then find the top stocks in that sector.

These scores are not only easy to understand, but it is easy to compare stocks to each other. You can find the best stock in an industry, or look for the sector that has the highest average score. The overall score is a combination of technical and fundamental factors that serves as a good starting point when analyzing a stock. Traders and investors with different goals may have different goals and will want to consider other factors than just the headline number before making any investment decisions.

Provention Bio Inc (PRVB) stock is trading at $11.46 as of 2:34 PM on Tuesday, Mar 3, a drop of -$0.78, or -6.37% from the previous closing price of $12.24. The stock has traded between $11.31 and $12.71 so far today. Volume today is less active than usual. So far 305,664 shares have traded compared to average volume of 536,536 shares.

To see InvestorsObserver's Sentiment Score for Provention Bio Inc click here.

Originally posted here:
Industry Analysis: Should You Buy Provention Bio Inc (PRVB) in Biotechnology? - InvestorsObserver

Researchers from German Fraunhofer IGBI have used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to diagnosis sepsis from tiny amounts of microbial DNA in the blood.

In theJournal of Molecular Diagnostics, a research team led by Kai Sohn from Fraunhofer IGB (Stuttgart, Germany) describes the new real-time NGS-based technique that allows an accurate diagnosis of sepsis-causing agents within a few hours of drawing blood. Current diagnostic tests are culture- or PCR-based, which are neither fast nor specific enough to provide timely, critically important information.

"With up to 50 million incident sepsis cases and 11 million sepsis-related deaths per year, sepsis represents a major cause of dealth," explained co-lead-investigator Thorsten Brenner, MD, vice head of the Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. "Reliable and early identification of the pathogen enables rapid and the most appropriate antibiotic intervention, thereby increasing the chance of better outcomes and patient survival. Currently, standard-of-care diagnostics still rely on microbiological culturing of the respective pathogens, which rarely provide timely positive results."

The investigators described a system that utilized NGS of microbial cell-free DNA to detect blood pathogens within 28 hours. However, their ultimate goal was to develop an even faster test to expedite treatment. To overcome this limitation the investigators established a diagnostic workflow based on 3rd generation nanopore sequencing of microbial DNA. Normally, nanopore sequencing is used to analyze long fragments in sufficient amounts. However, microbial cell-free DNA occurs in small fragments and low quantities in plasma. Nanopore sequencing offers the possibility of real-time analyses during sequencing, which dramatically reduces the time needed to obtain results. "We also had to create validated, specifically adapted bioinformatic procedures to reliably identify pathogens," noted Sohn.

This new technique relies on the use of the handheld nanopore sequencer MinION developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies. According to the company, the handheld sequencer can read out ultra-long reads, and immediately processes reads in real time.

In their pilot study, the investigators analysed plasma from four septic patients and three healthy controls who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU). Each sample's DNA underwent sequencing using both technologies: the standard NGS (from world market NGS leader Illumina, which finished a MinION partnership) and the nanopore NGS technology. With nanopore sequencing, all septic patient samples were found to be positive for relevant pathogens, whether bacterial, viral, or fungal.

After additional refinements, the new technique was able to achieve a 3.5-fold increase in sequencing throughput, allowing pathogen identification within minutes after sequencing began. In fact, the highest quality results were generated within 2 or 3 hours of the beginning of sequencing. In contrast, with Illumina the final results are available only after the sequencing is finished. "This new system might facilitate same-shift adaption of antibiotic intervention at the ICU, which might, in turn, improve patient outcomes significantly,"suggested Sohn. In an additional retrospective analysis of 239 samples taken from sepsis patients, however, the accuracy of nanopore sequencing was lower than with Illumina (85% vs. 99%).

"Time consuming, error- and contamination-prone blood cultures are still considered as the standard of care for sepsis diagnostics, frequently leading to an inappropriate and delayed targeted therapy," said Prof. Dr. Brenner. "The nanopore sequencing platform sequences in real time and has the potential to reduce time to diagnosis to only a few hours."

As with every DNA-based method, however, researchers are only able to get information about antibiotic resistance genes, that is which antibiotics won't be effective. To know which antibiotics actually are effective they'd need confirmatory culture-based methods.

Read this article:
German and UK researchers cut time to sepsis diagnosis - European Biotechnology

At the end of the latest market close, Vir Biotechnology, Inc. (VIR) was valued at $40.97. In that particular session, Stock kicked-off at the price of $42 while reaching the peak value of $47.47 and lowest value recorded on the day was $41.71. The stock current value is $44.90.

Price records that include history of low and high prices in the period of 52 weeks can tell a lot about the stocks existing status and the future performance. Presently, Vir Biotechnology, Inc. shares are logging -40.13% during the 52-week period from high price, and 285.39% higher than the lowest price point for the same timeframe. The stocks price range for the 52-week period managed to maintain the performance between $11.65 and $75.00.

The companys shares, operating in the sector of healthcare managed to top a trading volume set approximately around 1.07 million for the day, which was evidently lower, when compared to the average daily volumes of the shares.

When it comes to the year-to-date metrics, the Vir Biotechnology, Inc. (VIR) recorded performance in the market was 257.06%, having the revenues showcasing 240.15% on a quarterly basis in comparison with the same period year before. At the time of this writing, the total market value of the company is set at 6.38B, as it employees total of 217 workers.

Raw Stochastic average of Vir Biotechnology, Inc. in the period of last 50 days is set at 52.22%. The result represents improvement in oppose to Raw Stochastic average for the period of the last 20 days, recording 48.91%. In the last 20 days, the companys Stochastic %K was 46.74% and its Stochastic %D was recorded 50.97%.

If we look into the earlier routines of Vir Biotechnology, Inc., multiple moving trends are noted. Year-to-date Price performance of the companys stock appears to be pessimistic, given the fact the metric is recording 257.06%. The shares increased approximately by 1.54% in the 7-day charts and went down by 28.38% in the period of the last 30 days. Common stock shares were driven by 240.15% during last recorded quarter.

Read more from the original source:
Vir Biotechnology, Inc. (VIR) distance from 20-day Simple moving Average is 76.19% : What to Expect? - The InvestChronicle

The Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market by Product Type (Plastic, Silicone and Other) and by End-Users/Application (Life Science RD and Academic Research Institutes, Biopharmaceutical Manufacturers, Contract Research Organization and Other) Global Market Share, Forecast Data, In-Depth Analysis, and Detailed Overview, and Forecast, 2015 2027 report has been added to ProficientMarket.coms offering.

In the recent years single-use technologies have evolved to become a mainstream approach for achieving productivity. Generally, Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market consists of disposable products that assist in manufacturing biopharmaceutical products. Moreover, these products have also proved to be beneficial for the small scale pharmaceutical manufacturers. Therefore, most of the biopharmaceutical companies utilize single-use bioprocessing technology for manufacturing vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and other pharmaceutical components on a commercial scale.

In terms of revenue, Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market in 2018 stood at USD XX million and is expected to reach USD XX million by 2026 growing at a CAGR of 17.95% from 2019 to 2026.

Read the full Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market Report: https://proficientmarket.com/report/1083/global-single-use-bioprocessing-material-market

Some of the global major players operating in the Single-use Bioprocessing Material market include: Applikon Biotechnology B.V., Cesco Bioengineering Co. Ltd., GE Healthcare (General Electric Company), Sartorius Stedim Biotech S.A, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 3M Company, Eppendorf AG, Finesse Solutions, Inc., Others.

Drivers for the Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market: Growth of this market is propelled by rise in adoption of single use technologies across pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, low risk of product cross contamination, cost-effectiveness, less floor space requirement, high energy efficiency, low water usage, container or closure systems, mixing systems, fermentation systems, and cell culture systems and faster to implement are the key drivers for the growth of the global single use bioprocessing market.

Opportunities for the Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market: This market has great opportunities in construction of media bags along with the films used in the bioprocess containers. Additionally, emerging markets such as Brazil, China, and India provide new growth opportunities to players in the single-use bioprocessing market.

Restrains for the Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market: On the other hand, extractability and leachability issues regarding disposable components like plastic bags, and environmental and economic concerns are the major factors that are restraining the growth of the single use bioprocessing market.

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Region Wise, Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market Analysis: Can be segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa. Among all, Asia Pacific leads the Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market share due to improving R&D infrastructure, rising focus of market players, and increasing government initiatives as well as significant growth of pharmaceutical and the biotechnology industries across the countries of Asia-Pacific region which is followed by the North America and Europe.

Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market: Product analysisPlasticSiliconeOther

On the basis of type, Plastic accounted for largest share of total revenue generated. Because of their large use in manufacturing of polyethylene.

Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market: Application analysisLife Science RD and Academic Research InstitutesBiopharmaceutical ManufacturersContract Research OrganizationOther

The demand of Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market is highest from Biopharmaceutical Manufacturers, due to high energy efficiency, low water usage, less floor space requirement and very low risk of product cross contamination.

Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market: Region analysisNorth America: U.S., Canada, MexicoEurope: U.K., France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Rest of EuropeAsia Pacific: China, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN, IndiaRest of Asia Pacific: Latin America, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Rest of L.A.Middle East and Africa: Turkey, GCC, UAE, South Africa, Rest of Middle East

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Global Single-use Bioprocessing Material Market Key Players Profiled Applikon Biotechnology BV, Cesco Bioengineering Co. Ltd., GE Healthcare ,...

The research study presented in this report offers complete and intelligent analysis of the competition, segmentation, dynamics, and geographical advancement of the Global Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market. The research study has been prepared with the use of in-depth qualitative and quantitative analyses of the global Canine Stem Cell Therapy market. We have also provided absolute dollar opportunity and other types of market analysis on the global Canine Stem Cell Therapy market.

It takes into account the CAGR, value, volume, revenue, production, consumption, sales, manufacturing cost, prices, and other key factors related to the global Canine Stem Cell Therapy market. All findings and data on the global Canine Stem Cell Therapy market provided in the report are calculated, gathered, and verified using advanced and reliable primary and secondary research sources. The regional analysis offered in the report will help you to identify key opportunities of the global Canine Stem Cell Therapy market available in different regions and countries.

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The authors of the report have segmented the global Canine Stem Cell Therapy market as per product, application, and region. Segments of the global Canine Stem Cell Therapy market are analyzed on the basis of market share, production, consumption, revenue, CAGR, market size, and more factors. The analysts have profiled leading players of the global Canine Stem Cell Therapy market, keeping in view their recent developments, market share, sales, revenue, areas covered, product portfolios, and other aspects.

Market Taxonomy

The global canine stem cell therapy market has been segmented into:

Product Type:

Application:

End User:

Region:

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Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market Size and Forecast

In terms of region, this research report covers almost all the major regions across the globe such as North America, Europe, South America, the Middle East, and Africa and the Asia Pacific. Europe and North America regions are anticipated to show an upward growth in the years to come. While Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market in Asia Pacific regions is likely to show remarkable growth during the forecasted period. Cutting edge technology and innovations are the most important traits of the North America region and thats the reason most of the time the US dominates the global markets. Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market in South, America region is also expected to grow in near future.

The Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market report highlights is as follows:

This Canine Stem Cell Therapy market report provides complete market overview which offers the competitive market scenario among major players of the industry, proper understanding of the growth opportunities, and advanced business strategies used by the market in the current and forecast period.

This Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market report will help a business or an individual to take appropriate business decision and sound actions to be taken after understanding the growth restraining factors, market risks, market situation, market estimation of the competitors.

The expected Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market growth and development status can be understood in a better way through this five-year forecast information presented in this report

This Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market research report aids as a broad guideline which provides in-depth insights and detailed analysis of several trade verticals.

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Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market: Future Scenarios and Business Opportunity Analysis 2027 - Jewish Life News

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As news of the novel coronavirus dubbed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization makes headlines as it spreads through China and the rest of the world, most attention has been directed towards prevention and quarantine. While properly washing your hands and avoiding crowds is a good idea if you live near an area that has reported cases, its important to also take steps to boost your immune system in case you actually come in contact with the virus so the body can effectively fight back.

The immune system is designed to fight off infection and disease. It has a number of ways to detect and destroy anything it recognizes as foreign to your body, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites or unhealthy cells such as cancer cells.

Viruses need the cell machinery in order to produce their own proteins. They are intracellular parasites that can only replicate inside cells, which is one of the reasons theyre not considered to be alive. The most effective mechanisms of the innate response against viral infections are mediated by interferon and by the activation of natural killer (NK) cells.

The strength of the immune system varies from person to person and, whats more, from day to day because its ability to fight off infection fluctuates depending on many factors. Here are a couple of things you can do to keep your immune system in check during the COVID-19 outbreak.

With all the daily headlines sowing doom and gloom about the novel coronavirus, its easy to stress over it. Some are so panicked that theyve begun stockpiling basic goods and food. Its a good idea to be prepared for any major emergency and this includes a viral outbreak however bear in mind that stress hormones tax the immune system, making its response to viral infections less effective.

In short supply, the stress hormone cortisol can boost immunity by limiting inflammation. But, once it crosses a certain threshold, too much cortisol in the blood opens the door for more inflammation. Stress also negatively impacts the production of lymphocytes the white blood cells that are the bodys first line of defense against infection putting you at risk of viral disease.

During this particularly stressful period, try not to panic because youll only make matters worse. Remember, the effects of stress are cumulative, meaning even ordinary, day-to-day activities can eventually lead to more serious health issues.

We already know that, for the vast majority of people that are already healthy, this is really more of an inconvenience to a lot of them than something that can be fatal or life-threatening, said Dr. Caroline Sokol, an immunology researcher at Massachusetts General Hospital.

To relieve stress, take breaks when you feel burned out and try to practice some relaxation techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, or positive thinking.

Regular exercise promotes cardiovascular health, lowers blood pressure, helps control body weight, and offers protection against diseases. Exercise also improves blood circulation, allowing immune system cells to move through the body more freely and do their job more effectively.

Although scientists have yet to establish a direct link between exercise and immune system health, its reasonable to presume that moderate regular exercise can help prevent disease by promoting overall health.

However, intense exercise can cause inflammation in the body that may send the immune system into overdrive. So, try not to take things overboard especially during times of seasonal viral outbreaks.

The immune system is the bodys natural defense system, and like any army, its warriors need sustenance. Its rather well established that people who live in poverty and are malnourished are more vulnerable to infectious diseases.

Although there are have been few studies that tie the effects of nutrition directly to the development of infectious diseases, there is evidence pointing to the fact that various micronutrient deficiencies such as those of zinc, selenium, iron, copper, folic acid, and vitamins A, B6, C, and E can alter the immune response in animals.

Make sure you eat a balanced diet with fruits and vegetables in order to receive the right proportion of micronutrients.

Smoking tobacco has several effects on immune system health, such as:

Studies show that people who dont get quality sleep or enough sleep are more likely to get sick after being exposed to a virus.

When we sleep, the body releases proteins called cytokines while sleep deprivation decreases their production. Cytokines are paramount during times of infection or inflammation. Whats more, the production of antibodies and immune cells is reduced when you dont get enough sleep.

The optimal amount of sleep for most adults is between 7 and 8 hours. However, school-aged children and teenagers might need up to 10 hours of sleep.

A note on supplements. Although youll find bottles of pills and herbal supplements claiming to promote immunity or otherwise boost the immune system, there is no evidence that they actually bolster immunity.

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How to the boost immune system against coronavirus - ZME Science

Dr Nicolas Poirier reveals how immunotherapies can be designed to recalibrate the immune system for long-term maintenance of autoimmune remission.

Autoimmune conditions affect more than 23.5 million Americans and as many as one in four in the UK. According to recent statistics these conditions are on the rise and some, including Type I diabetes, are three times more common that a few decades ago. While treatments have been developed, there is no cure for autoimmune conditions most therapeutics focus on relieving inflammation and the pain associated with it.

Drug Target Reviews Hannah Balfour spoke with Dr Nicolas Poirier, the Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) of OSE Immunotherapeutics, to understand their novel approach to targeting and treating autoimmune diseases; using immunology to rebalance the immune system.

because their therapeutics target the immune system, rather than a localised specific tissue, the products are transferable between different autoimmune conditions

A lot of companies focus on inhibiting or killing immune cells, but what we have learned in the last five to 10 years is that not all immune cells are pathogenic. There are bad guys of course, but there are also good guys in the immune system, which help to fight or control autoimmune attacks, explained Dr Poirier. He clarified that for each immune cell, there is a corresponding regulatory subtype, such as the well-known T regulatory (Treg) cells. B cells also have a regulatory subtype and so do macrophages.

Dr Poiriers team target their products to specifically inhibit the pathogenic cells and activate the regulatory cells, manipulating the balance of the immune system to reduce autoimmunity. While this may have various short-term effects on disease symptoms, the overarching goal is to maintain remission and prevent flare-ups in the long term.

At present, the company has two therapeutics in trials, which, according to their CSO, have similar effects but utilise different biologic mechanisms of action.

Both are therapies using monoclonal antibody (mAb) fragments as their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Dr Poirier revealed the use of fragments was particularly important in establishing a safe level of toxicity.

OSE-104 is a mAb fragment therapy which selectively binds to the CD28 T-cell receptor to block activation of T cells that have the potential to be pathogenic. They also discovered that their fragment can promote Treg cell expansion.According to Dr Poirier, other companies have attempted to develop similar therapies using full mAbs and despite working well in a murine model, they turned out to be traumatically toxic in humans, because they activate the receptors and as a result the whole immune system. Instead, his team developed antibody fragments large enough to specifically bind target receptors, but that are unable to activate the receptors they bind to, blocking them instead.

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a haematopoietic growth factor secreted by stromal cells in the bone marrow and thymus. It is produced by keratinocytes, neurons and epithelial cells, but is not by normal T lymphocytes.

It is also thought that CD127 may be involved in transforming T cells into memory T lymphocytes.A second drug, OSE-127, with a similar mode of action, is expected to enter Phase II trials in 2020. These immunomodulatory mAb fragments target the CD127 receptors on the surface of T cells. CD127 receptors are alpha chains of IL-7 receptors (IL-1Rs) that bind IL-7 and are expressed on the surface of effector T cells. IL-7 regulates the migration of effector T lymphocytes, particularly in the gut. Therefore, the blockade of IL-7R prevents pathogenic T cells from entering gut tissue to cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Memory T cells circulate for years after an initial infection and prompt faster future responses to their specific antigens. According to Dr Poirier, the production of memory T cells against autoantigens is responsible for the chronicity of autoimmune conditions such as IBD, because each time we have an expansion of memory T cells which recognise autoantigens, we have a relapse of the disease.

Dr Poirier also added that OSE-127 has a further action; IL-7 signalling effects transcription, promoting the proliferation and survival of T cells. By blocking this action, OSE-127 prevents the long-term survival of immune cells such as memory T cells.

Dr Poirier explained that the main challenges in the field of autoimmune therapy research are obtaining and using models that accurately reflect the human condition and immune system.

He revealed: one of most challenging aspects of targeting the immune system is the translation from technical research which is based on in vitro assays on human cells and in vivo in mice to then a therapeutic in a human patient.

According to Dr Poirier, they are now involved in a human translational immunology programme to overcome the inaccuracies of animal models. Within this programme they are moving away from the use of animal models and instead are developing ex vivo tissue sample assays from patients. As part of the project, they have access to samples, such as skin from psoriasis patients or colon tissue from IBD patients, on which they can directly test drug candidates on the pathogenic tissue that contains both the pathogenic and regulatory immune cells. Using this we can directly demonstrate or identify if the drugs work exactly as we want.

Dr Poirier also revealed that these therapies are still proof-of-concept, from which they intend to learn and optimise their system. Due to their therapeutics targeting the immune system, rather than a localised specific tissue, the products are transferable between different autoimmune conditions. As a result, he suggested that the time spent modifying and developing these pharmaceuticals to be as efficacious and targeted as possible, will make future developments less costly because they can continue to modify and extend the indications. A further area of discovery Dr Poirier believes will be important in the future is working on actively resolving inflammation in autoimmune conditions.

Dr Poirier presents a novel approach for the treatment of autoimmune conditions, moving away from past techniques of broad immunosuppression and towards selectively activating and repressing different subtypes of immune cells. Moving forward, Dr Poirier suggests there will be further modification and development of their mAb fragments in order to target other immune cells related to different conditions.

He also highlighted that progression in R&D models, such as ex vivo patient tissue samples, should also contribute to future success and drug discovery.

Related topicsAntibodies, Biologics, Biopharmaceuticals, Disease research, Drug Development, Drug Discovery Processes, Drug Targets, Monoclonal Antibody, Research & Development, t-cells, Therapeutics

Originally posted here:
Rebalancing the immune system to treat autoimmune disease - Drug Target Review

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Its getting pretty real out there folks. The world has decided to put our immune systems to the test with the coronavirus. If we dont take the proper precautions, we can get sick and no one wants that. You can wash your hands all day long and keep away from people. But if your immune system isnt up to snuff, it can be all for naught. So head on over to Amazon to pick up the Genius Mushroom Lions Mane Immunity Booster to make sure it is.

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Not all mushrooms are the same. There are plenty of varieties out there. And the three that comprise the Genius Mushroom Lions Mane Immunity Booster work really well at improving your body. It is made with cordyceps, lions mane, and reishi mushrooms. Each one bringing a specific benefit to your life that will make your days a lot easier to get through.

The reishi mushroom is the mushroom that makes the Genius Mushroom Lions Mane Immunity Booster great for this current corona situation. Ingesting it gives your immune system a boost. But you wont just get those benefits from reishi. You will also help clean out your liver to help aid in the immune process. And it has been found to improve your mood.

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If you have any worries about the coronavirus, you should pick up the Genius Mushroom Lions Mane Immunity Booster. It will help you fight back against this annoying disease. Youll also get a boost during the day to make work so much easier to deal with. And for those of you that like to work out, all of this adds up to make it easier to lose weight and get into shape. So pick up a bottle now. No need to wait.

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Get Your Immune System In Top Shape With This Immunity Booster - Men's Journal

These cells play a key protective role in immunity to infection however, if unregulated, they can also cause tissue damage in autoimmune disorders.

The research, published in theJournal of Experimental Medicine, should help us design more effective vaccines to prevent infections such as MRSA and may also assist help us develop of new therapies for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis.

The immune system functions to control infection, utilising various immune cells, such as T cells to respond to and control invading microbes. However, if these immune cells are not highly regulated, they can attack and damage body tissues, leading to the development of autoimmune diseases.

Molecules called T cell receptors (TCRs) allow T cells to recognise components of infectious agents with exquisite specificity. The TCRs enable T cells to respond to and eventually eliminate the infectious agent.

Professor Kingston Mills, Professor of Experimental Immunology, School of Biochemistry and Immunology in the Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin explained that: Until now scientists thought that there were two discrete populations of T cells, expressing either or TCRs. The s are the most common T cells in the body.

They play a key role in remembering prior infection or immunisation and thereby help protect us against re-infection and mediate vaccine-induced protective immunity. The s are more prevalent at mucosal surfaces, such as the lung or gut, and provide an immediate first line of defence against pathogens that invade through these routes.

We have discovered a new cell type that expresses both and TCRs. This rare population of chimeric or hybrid - T cells has properties of both and T cells. Importantly, they are normally highly activated and poised to act as first responders to control bacterial infection.

However, given this high level of activation, they are effectively Jekyll and Hyde cells because in certain contexts they can also precipitate autoimmune responses.

Using a model of Staphylococcus aureus infection, Mills and his team found that these cells are rapidly mobilised during infection and play a key role in quickly eliminating the microbes from the body.

By introducing these hybrid - T cells, it may represent a novel approach in the design of more effective vaccines against Staph aureus and other infectious diseases, while advancing our ability to control their response may yield additional therapeutic options.

Mills added: In a model of autoimmune disease, we found that the hybrid T cells can also trigger the inflammatory cascade that mediates tissue damage in autoimmunity. Therefore, approaches for inhibiting these highly activated immune cells in susceptible individuals may open up new approaches for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis and multiple sclerosis.

Originally posted here:
The 'Jekyll and Hyde' of immune cells - Health Europa

Its the time of year when we start reaching for the Berocca tablets in an attempt to keep those cold and flu viruses at bay.

But with the recent spread of coronavirus to the UK, its never been more important to keep your inner security guard in tip-top condition.

Its no surprise that eating well, getting a good nights sleep and washing your hands regularly can help support your bodys ability to fight off infections, but are there other ways to boost your bodys defence mechanism?

Heres how the immune system works, and how to keep it in balance...

So what is it?

The immune system is a network of cells, organs, proteins and antibodies that work to protect you against bacteria, viruses and parasites. It doesnt only work when we feel ill.

Every day we inhale one hundred million viruses, according to the Medical Research Council, and the immune systems job is to keep us safe. There are two main parts: the innate response and the acquired response.

The innate response works out what is friend and foe, then tries to flush out the invader its this that can make us feel feverish or snotty. The acquired response remembers specific invaders and sends the right cells to kill them off.

How do you stop germs spreading?

The NHS says the best defence against germs is to follow basic hygiene washing hands with hot soapy water, or using hand sanitiser.

Use a tissue or your sleeve to catch a cough or sneeze, and avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth if your hands are not clean.

Does wearing a face mask help?

Since the outbreak of coronavirus, sales of face masks have risen 800%, and its likely youve seen people wearing them in busy locations, like at train stations or in airports.

But there is no conclusive evidence to suggest they can stop virus particles from entering the mouth and throat. They may stop you self-contaminating by putting your hands in your mouth or nose.

What about supplements?

Many over-the-counter products claim to boost your immune system, but there is little evidence to show that they do. If you have a poor diet, it may help to take a daily multi-vitamin, but if you are healthy and eat well getting lots of fibre, fruit, veg and healthy fats your immune system should have everything it needs to run optimally.

Age matters

Unfortunately, the immune system declines by about 2-3% a year from our 20s, which is why older people are more susceptible to infections, says Janet Lord, professor of immune cell biology at the University of Birmingham. Death rates from diseases like pneumonia and bronchitis are three times higher among elderly people.

1. Spice things up Season your food with garlic, onions, ginger, turmeric and cayenne pepper. These have antioxidant, detoxification and antimicrobial properties.

2. Drink green tea Its rich in antioxidants called Polyphenols, which are efficient infection fighters.

3. Get enough sleep A good nights sleep (were talking 7-9 hours) can bolster the T cells, which fight infection in the body. One study also showed that just one night of 4 hours sleep depleted the bodys natural killer cells by 70%.

4. Reduce stress The brain and the immune system are in constant communication when we are stressed, the brain produces more cortisol and prepares the body for emergency situations. But while it is doing that, it depresses our immune system. Try relaxation exercises like yoga or meditation. Positive thinking can also go a long way.

5. Keep warm It turns out its true what your mother said cold viruses are more infectious at temperatures lower than 37C, which is the average core body temperature. So wrap up warm when you go outside.

6. Fluids, fluids, fluids Staying hydrated helps your body naturally eliminate toxins and other bacteria that might cause illness. Aim for at least eight glasses of water a day.

7. Essential oils Lemon has powerful antibacterial properties and has been shown to stimulate the production of white blood cells, which fight off infections. Diffuse six drops of lemon oil in a diffuser (like the Tisserand Aroma Spa Diffuser, 39.95) to help give your immune system a boost.

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7 ways to improve your immune system that are better than coronavirus face masks - Mirror Online

Researchers have studied how the human body responds to viral infection when already infected by fungi, offering insights into the immune system.

New research has found that the bodys immune response to fungal infections changes when a patient is also infected by a virus.The study, carried out by researchers at the University of Birmingham, the Pirbright Institute and University College London, all UK, sheds fresh light on the immune systems ability to deal with co-infection.

Although clinicians understand how the immune system responds to fungal and viral infections, much less is known about what happens when both occur together.

Typically, white blood cells will attack pathogens through phagocytosis where a pathogen is engulfed by the white blood cell. In fungal infections, however, this process sometimes reverses ejecting the fungus back out of the white blood cell via a process called vomocytosis. The researchers were able to show that this process of expulsion is rapidly accelerated when the white blood cells detect a virus.

The team used advanced microscopy techniques to study live white blood cells exposed to two different types of virus, HIV and measles, alongside the fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans. This opportunistic pathogen is particularly deadly among HIV+ patients.

Instead of becoming simply less able to deal with the fungus, the researchers found that the white blood cells began expelling the fungal cells much more rapidly.

Lead author, Professor Robin May, Director of the Institute of Microbiology and Infection at the University of Birmingham, explained: We found the macrophages ejected their prey the fungal cells much more quickly when the virus was present. This was very unexpected, but could be an attempt to free up those white blood cells to deal with the new viral invaders.

The team used advanced microscopy techniques to study live white blood cells

As the vomocytosis occurred with both viruses, the researchers concluded that the effect was likely to be a general response to viral co-infection.

Professor May added: This is the first time that scientists have studied our immune systems response to fungal infection in the much more realistic setting of a secondary (viral) infection. We dont yet know whether this mechanism makes the white blood cells more or less effective in fighting off either infection. Although expelling the fungal cell will free up the macrophage to attack the virus, it also sets free the fungal cell to continue its spread through the body.

Dr Dalan Bailey, head of the Viral Glycoproteins group at Pirbright, commented: This is another interesting example of transkingdom interactions between microbes, this time fungi and viruses. We are only beginning to understand the complexity of microbe interactions within the host and this collaboration sheds new light on this exciting new area of research.

Investigating these processes in animal models will be the next step for the team, with a longer term goal of harnessing the mechanisms used to trigger the expulsion of fungi and use them to help clear these pathogens from the body.

The study was published in PLOS Pathogens.

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Study reveals how immune system handles fungal and viral infections - Drug Target Review