StemCell Therapy

91607Demonstrate understanding of human manipulations of genetic transfer and its biological implicationsIntroduction to the standard and key words listA super amazing (it really is) place to start.This assessment could be run as a research task by your teachers so the content will only be provided to understand the concepts around the standard. The main idea is that you will be looking at two biological manipulations (that's something that us humans have done directly to a genome of an animal or plant) and linking this to multiple implications for THAT organism. Remember this standard is not about the human implications and only how it affects the organism or populations. Make sure you build a good understanding as whatever you do will have to be from your own perspective/ words. The big idea for 91607 is on how humans are potentially impacting on and changing the rate and direction of the evolution of populations so make sure you focus on this during your research/ classroom learning.You will need to know about the following topics before doing your assessment. Down the bottom of the page many of these are covered.

As biological knowledge and techniques have developed the actual processes used change. When you are researching you have to try to sort out what techniques have been used in the past and what are being used now. Usually the longer a process has been used the more automated it becomes. Another change, for example, is that when the sequence of a gene becomes known the gene can be produced rather than isolated from the genes in an organism.

When researching on the internet it is important to look at the age of the info you are reading.....one way is to use the dates of any material being referenced and a second is to look at the last date the info was updated. eg look at this site which contains good basic info about how the processes used to be carried out Transgenic cropsLook at the dates of referenced material - 1997, 1998, 1999, and last updated says "March 11, 2004"(from studyit.org ST5)

term

Link to information covering this

annealing

How PCR Works

An animation of the process.

blunt ends

cloning

Animation

Early experiments

Animation

DNA profiling

DNA Applications Choose "Recovering the Romanovs" from the bottom of this page

Fish http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/336/fish-fingerprints-dna-screening-tracks-and-monitors-offenders

DNA sequencing

gel electrophoresis

Link to interactive gel - awesome, unplug your headphones!

gene cloning

Animation

genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also calledgenetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology

GMO

A good online interactive quiz

ligase enzyme

microsatellite

Interesting powerpoint

plasmid

PCR

Another one

The purpose of PCR is to amplify a small amount of DNA into a huge amount of DNA so it can be used in techniques such as gel electrophoresis.

primer

Work through this

recognition site

recombinant DNA

restriction enzyme

extracting DNA

Workshop

Marker assisted selection

A good website.There is a growing arsenal of molecular markers (polymorphisms) that aid in identifying QTL and selecting them for crop and animal enhancement. The process of using such markers is called marker-assisted selection (MAS), which differs from genetic modification because the genes being selected for crop or animal improvement are not altered in any way.

Once you have worked out the manipulation your animals go through for your 2 topics you will have to research the effect of these changed on the gene pools and evolution of the organisms. Remember that with natural selection it happens on POPULATIONS and not individuals. Individuals need to reproduce and then survive in theirhabitatto reproduce or else their alleles will be removed from the population. What implications with this in mind has the genetic manipulation caused? The term 'biological implications' means the biological consequences or changes that are caused or could be caused by the manipulation you are studying. The list of implications you are given is written in broad terms that are often linked together but the terms give you a good starting point for your research. Each different manipulation and species studied has different implications. Remember to look for both positive and negative implications.(From Studyit.org.nz)

All the examples below may not be isolated case but be linked. Forexample (in brief), Bt cotton has been genetically engineered to include a genethat is toxic to bollworm, a parasite that kills the cotton plant. This removes the need for chemical sprays onBt cotton crops. This modificationincreases the survival of individualsand the population in relation to bollworm, so crop size increases but,because it is a monoculture, Bt cotton has reduced genetic biodiversity and a limited gene pool. This means that if the organism issusceptible to another disease or parasite, the whole population is susceptibleso affects the survival of thepopulation as a whole where other risks are concerned. The absence of chemical sprays increases theoccurrence of other non-target pests, which in turn not only damage cotton butalso other crops, affecting the ecosystem.

eg plant species with low genetic diversity (eg wheat) are more likely to all suffer from the same disease. eg populations a transgenic plant species such as Bt-corn have increased survival due to resistance to certain pest insects. (From Studyit.org.nz)

PowerPoint looking at how populations survive.

Plant species with low genetic diversity (eg wheat) are less likely to under go evolution because the population has more fixed alleles so when the environment changes the population has less opportunity to change allele frequency.

Some excellent places to start your research

http://www.biotechlearn.org.nz/ The Biotechnology Learning Hub provides teaching resources for primary and secondary schools.

https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/ouassa/category/resources/biology-resources/ Another great website run by the University of Otago.

The three principal methods used for the creation of transgenic animals are DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.a) DNA microinjection.

This method involves the direct microinjection of a chosen gene construct (a single gene or a combination of genes) from another member of the same species or from a different species, into the pronucleus of a fertilized ovum. It is one of the first methods that proved to be effective in mammals (Gordon and Ruddle, 1981). The introduced DNA may lead to the over- or under-expression of certain genes or to the expression of genes entirely new to the animal species. The insertion of DNA is, however, a random process, and there is a high probability that the introduced gene will not insert itself into a site on the host DNA that will permit its expression. The manipulated fertilized ovum is transferred into the oviduct of a recipient female, or foster mother that has been induced to act as a recipient by mating with a vasectomized male.

A major advantage of this method is its applicability to a wide variety of species.b) Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer.

This method involves prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence by homologous recombination into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell (somatic and germ cells) and therefore to give rise to a complete organism. These cells are then incorporated into an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development. The result is a chimeric animal. ES cell-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for gene inactivation, the so-called knock-out method.

This technique is of particular importance for the study of the genetic control of developmental processes. This technique works particularly well in mice. It has the advantage of allowing precise targeting of defined mutations in the gene via homologous recombination.c) Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.

To increase the probability of expression, gene transfer is mediated by means of a carrier or vector, generally a virus or a plasmid. Retroviruses are commonly used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the cell, taking advantage of their ability to infect host cells in this way. Offspring derived from this method are chimeric, i.e., not all cells carry the retrovirus. Transmission of the transgene is possible only if the retrovirus integrates into some of the germ cells.

For any of these techniques the success rate in terms of live birth of animals containing the transgene is extremely low. Providing that the genetic manipulation does not lead to abortion, the result is a first generation (F1) of animals that need to be tested for the expression of the transgene. Depending on the technique used, the F1 generation may result in chimeras. When the transgene has integrated into the germ cells, the so-called germ line chimeras are then inbred for 10 to 20 generations until homozygous transgenic animals are obtained and the transgene is present in every cell. At this stage embryos carrying the transgene can be frozen and stored for subsequent implantation.

Biological implications may involve the impact on: For this part look at Animal and Plant/ Evolution sections

ecosystems

genetic biodiversity

health or survival of individuals

survival of populations

evolution of populations.

And finally the PCR SONG!! Should be a number 1 download on itunes... or not.

Some examples that may be used - there are many more and some have much more usable information than others.

Selective Breeding

Transgenesis

Horses

Golden rice

Corn

Whiffy wheat

Dogs

Daisys modified milk

Apples

GLO fish

Sheep

"Fish tomato"

Achievement

Merit

Excellence

Demonstrate understanding by using biological ideas to describe:

two human manipulations of genetic transfer

two biological implications for each human manipulation of genetic transfer.

As for Achieved and,

Demonstrate in-depth understanding by using biological ideas to explain how or why:

genetic transfer is manipulated for each human manipulation context

and

explain two biological implications within or between the two human manipulation contexts of genetic transfer.

As for Merit and,

Demonstrate comprehensive understanding by:

linking biological ideas within or between human manipulations of genetic transfer

and

two biological implications

The linking of ideas may involve justifying, relating, evaluating, comparing and contrasting, and analysing.

it could be linking 'one implication with another'. Forming links means putting ideas together to explain something eg how whole organism cloning, of an animal used for food, could result in a specific problem (eg reduced genetic diversity) for humans in the future and what the implication of this problem could be (eg reduced survival leading to reduced food supply).

For your Biotech project a possible format could be (please note this may or may not berelevantto the way your teacher has runyour internal) - please talk to them first..

Intro - Introduction to what genetic manipulation is including a brief description of focus manipulations of manupulation 1 and 2.

P1 - Introduce case study for 1.

P2 - Biological processes of 1 in relation to your case study (e.g. selection, inbreeding and marker assisted selection for selective breeding though your topic may be different)

P3 - Biological implications of selective breeding of your case study (e.g. at least 2 of; ecosystems, genetic biodiversity, health or survival of individuals, survival of populations or evolution of populations)

P4 - Introduce case study for 2.

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Biotechnology - NCEA Biology

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