StemCell Therapy

In the midst of a ferocious debate over the future of biotechnology in Latin America, the Peruvian Congress recently extended the nations decade-old moratorium on GMOs for another 15 years, alleging that biotech crops would have a negative impact on the countrys megadiversity. The news was not particularly surprising to scientists, who have watched no fewer than six bills introduced over four months that would have extended the current moratorium, way before its December 2021 expiration date.

Once the moratorium was extended, the presidents signature would have made it official. But weeks of political turmoil, during which three presidential contenders vied for executive power, have thrown the bans future into uncertainty. Congress kicked the former president out of office and installed his successor, who was forced to resign just a few days later. Peru appears to have selected a new chief executive to serve for at least the next several months, and the countrys choice has anti-GMO activists concerned.

The new head of State, Francisco Sagasti, is a dedicated academic, science advocate and former congressman who voted against the moratorium, arguing that such a measure should not be approved unless and until the Science, Innovation, and Technology Commission signs off on the proposal:

I regret that the moratorium on entry, production, and research on GMOs has been approved for such a long term 15 yearswithout input from experts who staff the Commission on Science, Innovation, and Technology. We will soon start a round of consultations to calmly and thoroughly analyze this complex issue.

Following this statement, the new environment minister announced that the Executive Branch is awaiting presidential approval to initiate a technical debate that will benefit from the input of government regulators and scientists, giving crop biotechnology advocates a brief opportunity to make their case and highlighting Perus complicated history with genetic engineering.

The coalition of highly organized anti-GMO activists and organic food lobbyists behind the moratorium legislation did all they could to monopolize the debate, while simultaneously accusing the biotech industry of employing the same strategy. They claimed that seed companies were trying to force their way into the country, which of course wasnt possible with a ban already in place. The activists also took to social media to attack GMOs and organize webinars to explain why the moratorium extension was necessary. Biotech experts were never invited to take part in the discussions, and events that presented both sides of the debate were few and far between.

As the moratorium legislation underwent exhaustive revision, many old myths about GM crops were utilizedyet againto justify the ban. For example, the scandalous study conducted by Gilles-ric Sralini was trotted out to associate GMOs with cancer, though experts have conclusively shown that the French geneticists findings are dubious. The activists also revived a classic argument, widely used around the world though new to Peru: Marca Per, which means, the country as a brand.

Inspired by this rhetoric, politicians feared that the countrys brand could be harmed by the adoption of GM crops, since Peru has sold itself as an ancestral homeland to organic food produced from native seeds. While this argument generated enough support to extend the moratorium, it is little more than a marketing myth used to sell the image of Peru as a GM-free territory.

As it turns out, GM crops are anything but foreign to Peru. Many farmers in the country, perhaps unwittingly, have been cultivating insect-resistant biotech corn for years. The illegal practice has been universally condemned, but the experience of these growers nonetheless undermines the case made by ban proponents who claim biotechnology poses a threat to Peru.

During the previous 10-year moratorium, commercializing and planting transgenic seeds was completely banned in Peru. That said, Peru was (and still is) an avid importer of commodities grown from genetically modified seeds, such as corn and soy. In 2019 alone, Peru spent $142.6 million on imported soy, 81% of which came from the United States, one of the top GM soy producers in the world. One of Perus most precious staple foods, maize, is likewise often grown from GM seeds in other countries. Last year, Peru imported almost four million tons of yellow corn, mainly from Argentina, one of the top GM crop producers in Latin America.

And this is where the story gets interesting. According to a report released this year by the Ministry of Environment (MINAM), some Peruvian farmers have for years repurposed this imported genetically modified grain as seed and planted it in their own fields.

The report noted that regulators in 2019 detected transgenes (GMOs) in 88.3% of the fields inspected and in 100% of collected grains, all samples coming from three maize varieties: Pato (duck) maizewhich is a hybrid of yellow corn and alazan (a native race that has an intense red color)and two other local races of white and purple corn. These findings arent unprecedented, either. Back in 2016 and 2018, authorities also found transgenes in the same region of the country (Piura), and inspections of other farming regions could reveal more illegal GM seed once the pandemic travel restrictions are lifted.

Seed companies have never sold biotech products in Peru, even before the moratorium was enacted, mainly because the law has to be respected, but also because operating in a country with no GM crop regulations can invite problems no firm wants to deal with. However, the dearth of commercialized GM seed wasnt much of a barrier for farmers.

Historically, Piura farmers have planted their own hybrid yellow maize, a common practice in the region because its far cheaper than buying certified hybrid seed. They recently began crossing their hybrid seed with alazan to obtain Pato (duck), a variety with a mix of both phenotypes. Its used as animal feed (hence the name) and to make chicha de jora, a traditional beverage in the area.

At some point, farmers starting crossing this cultivated maize with imported GM yellow corn that was easily found in local markets, thus obtaining a pato maize with insect resistance. Farmers noticed the benefits of this new corn and decided to stick with it.

MINAM was able to better assess the situation after interviewing farmers in the region. Most notable were their reasons for choosing not to plant certified hybrid seed:

Whether or not farmers knew they were planting and breeding genetically modified grain remains a mystery. It is also difficult to know precisely when their off-the-books breeding efforts began. But in a 2009 study, researchers from the National Agrarian University La Molina detected transgenes in grains from three different regions of Peru. As for the data coming from the most recent study in Piura, 89.9% of samples were positive for the Cry1A protein that most likely came from MON810, an old Monsanto insect-resistance event released back in the late 1990s that is no longer commercially available (new and improved varieties have since been released in other countries).

Even though this insect-resistance trait is many years old, farmers benefited from the technology. MINAM reported: Although [Cry1As] effectiveness in controlling the pest is not the most optimal (due to the segregation of genes or the appearance of resistance), it is enough to reduce the use of pesticides by half or a third. It is important to clarify that pest tolerance to the insecticidal protein was bound to evolve; Peruvian farmers have no knowledge of good farming practices designed to preserve the effectiveness of insect-resistant crops.

This evidence points to the possibility that growers have been illegally planting imported GM grain for over a decade, even before the official ban went into effect. But the eradication process is proving to be a real challenge. Farmers are not excited about giving up their pato maize for expensive hybrid seed that requires more water and twice the amount of pesticide. As a result, officials are looking forward to replacing the certified hybrid corn with different crops:

The reconversion of agriculture for another more profitable crop requires . long-term work, taking into account the supply and demand of these products. Precisely, rice (produced in the big season) was the crop that displaced the hundreds of hectares of Pima cotton that were planted in the area, because the latter was no longer profitable. The farmer will always choose the crop that gives him the best income, especially if it is immediate since his agriculture is mainly subsistence.

Regulators, biotech advocates, and anti-GMO groups know there are GM crops grown in Peruvian soil, but none of them wants to address the issue. Regulators do not want to reveal their actual position on such a politicized topic; the risk of a heavy media backlash is too great. Biotech advocates also avoid talking about this since they do not want the public to think they endorse illegal activity. On the other hand, anti-GMO groups simply wont talk about farmers growing biotech crops to cut pesticide and water use because it challenges their narrative.

At this point, biotech advocates are struggling to keep their cause alive, wondering if GM crops will ever be approved by a country whose farmers clearly see the benefits of genetic engineering. Although the new administrations comments have strengthened their resolve, the science community knows whats at stake: rising crop losses they wont be allowed to stop.

Perus biodiversity, which anti-biotech activist groups have sworn to protect, will also suffer. According to MINAMs National Forest and Wildlife Service, smallholder farmers who cut down trees to cultivate agricultural areas smaller than five hectares are responsible for 78% of the countrys deforestation. The adoption of GM crops could curb land expansion by increasing crop yield and farmers incomes.

In a country where agricultural biotechnology research has been held back for a decade, scientists can only encourage the new administration to change course. If it wont, consumers, farmers and the environment will suffer unnecessarily.

Sherly Montaguth is a biologist, content strategist and editor currently working as Communications Coordinator for the Andean Region of Agro-Bio. Follow her on Twitter @cherrymontaguth

Excerpt from:
Battle over 15-year GMO ban extension rages in Peru as farmers breed and cultivate illegal biotech seed - Genetic Literacy Project

DetailsCategory: AntibodiesPublished on Tuesday, 01 December 2020 10:26Hits: 470

SIOUX FALLS, SD, USA I November 30, 2020 I SAB Biotherapeutics (SAB), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing a novel immunotherapy platform to produce specifically targeted, high-potency, fully human polyclonal antibodies without the need for human serum, today announced that, as part of Operation Warp Speed, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), part of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the Department of Defense Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND) have awarded SAB $57.5 million in expanded scope for its DiversitAb Rapid Response Antibody Program contract for the manufacturing of SAB-185, the companys clinical stage therapeutic candidate for COVID-19.

"We are pleased to be awarded this additional contract scope, which we believe is a reflection of the compelling science that supports SAB-185s potential in COVID-19, as well as the urgent need for treatment options amidst the global pandemic. Previous data has indicated that this human polyclonal antibody therapeutic has potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2, potentially driving more available doses, giving us the confidence to continue to progress our clinical development programs for SAB-185, said Eddie J. Sullivan, PhD, co-founder, president and CEO of SAB Biotherapeutics. This manufacturing agreement with BARDA and the Department of Defense supports our vision of bringing a novel, first-of-its-kind human polyclonal antibody therapeutic candidate for COVID-19 to patients, and I am proud of the work by our team and appreciate the continued support from BARDA and JPEO as we continue to rapidly advance SAB-185.

SAB-185 is currently being tested as a COVID-19 therapeutic in an ongoing Phase 1 trial in healthy volunteers and an ongoing Phase Ib trial in patients with mild or moderate COVID-19. SAB has leveraged its expertise to develop scalable manufacturing capabilities to support clinical activities, and continues to increase capacities in working with contract manufacturing organizations.

About SAB-185

SAB-185 is a fully-human, specifically-targeted and broadly neutralizing polyclonal antibody therapeutic candidate for COVID-19. The therapeutic was developed from SABs novel proprietary DiversitAb Rapid Response Antibody Program. SAB filed the Investigational New Drug (IND) application and produced the initial clinical doses in just 98 days from program initiation. The novel therapeutic has shown neutralization of both the Munich and Washington strains of mutated virus in preclinical studies. Preclinical data has also demonstrated SAB-185 to be significantly more potent than human-derived convalescent plasma.

About SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc.

SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. (SAB) is a clinical-stage, biopharmaceutical company advancing a new class of immunotherapies leveraging fully human polyclonal antibodies. Utilizing some of the most complex genetic engineering and antibody science in the world, SAB has developed the only platform that can rapidly produce natural, specifically-targeted, high-potency, human polyclonal immunotherapies at commercial scale. SAB-185, a fully-human polyclonal antibody therapeutic candidate for COVID-19, is being developed with initial funding supported by the Biomedical Advanced Research Development Authority (BARDA), part of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Defense (DoD) Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND) Joint Project Lead for Enabling Biotechnologies (JPL-EB). In addition to COVID-19, the companys pipeline also includes programs in Type 1 diabetes, organ transplant and influenza. For more information visit: http://www.sabbiotherapeutics.com or follow @SABBantibody on Twitter.

SOURCE: SAB Biotherapeutics

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SAB Biotherapeutics Awarded $57.5M from BARDA and US Department of Defense for Manufacturing of SAB-185 for the Treatment of COVID-19 | Antibodies |...

Pune, New York, USA, November 27 2020 (Wiredrelease) Research Dive :The global genome editing/genome engineering market is estimated to surpass $15,306.3 million by 2027, exhibiting a CAGR of 17.0% from 2020 to 2027.

The report aims to offer a clear picture of the current scenario and future growth of the global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market market. The report provides scrupulous analysis of global market by thoroughly reviewing several factors of the market such as vital segments, regional market condition, market dynamics, investment suitability, and key players operating in the market. Besides, the report delivers sharp insights into present and forthcoming trends & developments in the global market.

The report articulates the key opportunities and factors propelling the global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market market growth. Also, threats and limitations that have the possibility to hamper the market growth are outlined in the report. Further, Porters five forces analysis that explains the bargaining power of suppliers and consumers, competitive landscape, and development of substitutes in the market is also sketched in the report.

For More Detail Insights, Download Sample Copy of the Report at: https://www.researchdive.com/download-sample/1783

The report reveals various statistics such as predicted market size and forecast by analyzing the major factors and by assessing each segment of the global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market market. Regional market analysis of these segments is also provided in the report. The report segments the global market into four main regions including Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, and LAMEA. Moreover, these regions are sub-divided to offer an exhaustive landscape of the Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market market across key countries in respective regions. Furthermore, the report divulges some of the latest advances, trends, and upcoming opportunities in every region.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research report is formed by collating different statistics and information concerning the Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market market. Long hours of deliberations and interviews have been performed with a group of investors and stakeholders, including upstream and downstream members. Primary research is the main part of the research efforts; however, it is reasonably supported by all-encompassing secondary research. Numerous product type literatures, company annual reports, market publications, and other such relevant documents of the leading market players have been studied, for better & broader understanding of market penetration. Furthermore, medical journals, trustworthy industry newsletters, government websites, and trade associations publications have also been evaluated for extracting vital industry insights.

Connect with Our Analyst to Contextualize Our Insights for Your Business:https://www.researchdive.com/connect-to-analyst/1783

KEY MARKET BENEFITS

This report is a compilation of qualitative assessment by industry analysts, detailed information & study, and valid inputs from industry participants & experts across the value chainAn in-depth analysis along with recent trends of the industry are provided in the report to identify & comprehend the prevailing opportunities and the tactical assessment of the global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market market growthThe market size and forecasts are derived by scrutinizing market boomers and restraints, and key developments in the Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market marketThe report studies the market from 2019 to 2027 and maps the qualitative impact of several industry factors on market segments as well as geographiesThe development strategies implemented by the key industry players are conscripted in the report to understand the competitive scenario of the global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market marketThe report also offers insights into foremost market players, Porters Five Analysis, and top winning business strategies

KEY MARKET SEGMENTS

The global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market market is segmented on the basis of the following:

Global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market Market By Product Type:

Reagents & Consumables, Software & Systems, Services

Global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market Market By Applications:

Cell Line Engineering, Genetic Engineering, Diagnostic Applications, Drug Discovery & Development, Other Applications

Global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market Market By Regions:

North America (U.S, Canada, and Mexico.)Europe (Germany, UK, France, Spain, Italy, Rest of Europe.)Asia-Pacific (Japan, China, India, Australia, South Korea, Rest of APAC.)LAMEA (Brazil, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, UAE, Rest of LAMEA)

Top Leading key players stated in Global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market Market report are:

Thermo Fisher Scientific, Merck, Horizon Discovery Limited, Lonza, GenScript, Eurofins Scientific, Sangamo Therapeutics, Editas Medicine, CRISPR Therapeutics, Precision Biosciences

The report also summarizes other important aspects including financial performance, product portfolio, SWOT analysis, and recent strategic moves and developments of the leading players.

Contact Us:

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This content has been published by Research Dive company. The WiredRelease News Department was not involved in the creation of this content. For press release service enquiry, please reach us at contact@wiredrelease.com.

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Output: What is the current situation of Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market - PharmiWeb.com

Based on genome-wide experiments, the human body has 2,064 genes relevant to COVID-19. So why are researchers only studying 611 of them?

A historical bias -- which has long dictated which human genes are studied -- is now affecting how biomedical researchers study COVID-19, according to new Northwestern University research.

Although biomedical researchers know that many overlooked human genes play a role in COVID-19, they currently do not study them. Instead, researchers that study COVID-19 continue to focus on human genes that have already been heavily investigated independent of coronaviruses.

"For understandable reasons, researchers tend to build upon existing knowledge and research tools. They appear to select genes to study based on the ease of experimentation rather than their ultimate relevance to a disease," said Northwestern's Thomas Stoeger, who co-led the research. "This means that research into COVID-19 concentrates only on a small subset of the human genes involved in the response to the virus. Consequently, many aspects of the response of human cells toward COVID-19 remain not understood."

"There are many genes related to COVID-19, but we don't know what they are doing in the context of COVID-19," added Northwestern's Lus Amaral, who co-led the study with Stoeger. "We didn't study these genes before the pandemic, and COVID-19 does not seem to be an incentive to investigate them."

The research is published in the journaleLife.

Stoeger is a data science scholar at the Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems (NICO) and the Center for Genetic Medicine. Through a "Pathway to Independence" award from the National Institute of Aging, Stoeger is starting a research laboratory dedicated to uncovering unstudied genes with important contributions to aging and age-related diseases. Amaral is the Erastus O. Haven Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering in Northwestern's McCormick School of Engineering. Stoeger and Amaral are both members of Successful Clinical Response in Pneumonia Therapy (SCRIPT) Systems Biology Center.

Despite the increasing availability of new techniques to study and characterize genes, researchers continue to study a small group of genes that scientists have studied since the 1980s. Historically, these genes have been easier to investigate experimentally. If an animal model has a similar gene to humans, for example, researchers are more likely to study that gene. The Northwestern team also discovered that postdoctoral fellows and Ph.D. students who focus on poorly characterized genes have a 50% reduced chance of becoming an independent researcher.

Although the Human Genome Project -- the identification and mapping of all human genes, completed in 2003 -- aimed to expand the scope of scientific study beyond this small subset of genes, it has yet to fulfill this aim.

"The bias to study the exact same human genes is very high," Amaral said. "The entire system is fighting the very purpose of the agencies and scientific knowledge, which is to broaden the set of things we study and understand. We need to make a concerted effort to incentivize the study of other genes important to human health."

Bias continues into COVID-era

For the new study, Stoeger and Amaral turned to LitCOVID, a collection of research publications related to COVID-19, curated by the National Library of Medicine. LitCOVID tags genes mentioned in the titles, abstracts or results sections of individual publications.

Northwestern researchers analyzed 10,395 published papers and pre-prints from the collection. Then, they integrated them into a custom database along with more than 100 different biological and bibliometric databases in an effort to survey and measure all aspects of biomedical research. Finally, they compared genes mentioned in the COVID-19 papers to COVID-19-related genes as identified by four genome-wide studies.

Stoeger and Amaral also tracked the occurrence of genes appearing in COVID-19 literature over time. Surprisingly, they observed that studies of COVID-19 genes are becoming not more but less expansive since the onset of the pandemic.

The team hopes its study inspires other researchers to be aware of past biases and to explore unstudied genes.

"Our findings have a direct implication on the long-term planning of scientific policymakers," Stoeger said. "We can point researchers toward human genes that are important for the cellular response against viruses but risk being ignored due to historically acquired biases, which are culturally reinforced."Reference: Stoeger T, Nunes Amaral LA. COVID-19 research risks ignoring important host genes due to pre-established research patterns. Rodgers P, Danchev V, Zheng H, Brown S, eds. eLife. 2020;9:e61981. doi:10.7554/eLife.61981.

This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

Excerpt from:
Historical Bias Overlooks Genes That Are Related to COVID-19 - Technology Networks

We have always heard, 'Childrenare the building blocks of the nation' and a 15-year-old Indian-American kid has proved this right. An Indian-American girl Gitanjali Rao, a brilliant young scientist and inventor, has been named by TIME magazine as the first-ever Kid of the Year for her astonishing work using technology to tackle issues ranging from contaminated drinking water to opioid addiction and cyberbullying.

The 15-year-old from Colorado, US was selected from 5,000 nominees and was interviewed by Academy award-winning Hollywood actor Angelina Jolie for TIME.Jolie is also a special envoy of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

From developing an app to tackle cyberbullying to working on affordable technology that would allow one to ensure the purity of drinking water, for Gitanjali Rao, the sky is the limit.

The world belongs to those who shape it. And however uncertain that world may feel at a given moment, the reassuring reality seems to be that each new generation produces more of what these kidshave already achieved: positive impact, in all sizes, Time said.

Speaking from her home in Colorado, Gitanjali Rao told Angelina Jolie that she wanted to research carbon nanotube sensor technology at the Denver Water quality research lab when she was 10. "It was just that changing factor of, you know this work is going to be in our generation's hands pretty soon. So if no one else is gonna do it, I'm gonna do it," Rao added.

Raos latest discovery is an app called, Kindly, that detects cyberbullying at an early stage, based on artificial-intelligence technology.

In another similar development, Rao has developed another application called Tethys, a device that can measure the content of lead contamination in water with the help of carbon nanotubes.

At present, she is working on a product that will help to diagnose prescription-opioid addiction at an early stage based on protein production of the mu-opioid receptor gene.

In 2018, she was the prestigious recipient United States Environmental Protection Agency Presidents Environmental Youth Award.

In the interview with TIME, the 15-year-old says, I dont look like your typical scientist. Everything I see on TV is that its an older, usually white man as a scientist. Its weird to me that it was almost like people had assigned roles, regarding like their gender, their age, the color of their skin.

If I can do it, you can do it, and anyone can do it, she added.

Rao said that her generation is facing many challenges that were never seen before.

"But then at the same time, we're facing old problems that still exist. Like, we're sitting here in the middle of a new global pandemic, and we're also still facing human-rights issues. There are problems that we did not create but that we now have to solve, like climate change and cyberbullying with the introduction of technology," she said. "I think more than anything right now, we just need to find that one thing we're passionate about and solve it. Even if it's something as small as, I want to find an easy way to pick up litter. Everything makes a difference. Don't feel pressured to come up with something big," Rao said.

Rao also shared that she always wanted to bring a smile to someone's face. "That was my everyday goal, just to make someone happy. And it soon turned into, How can we bring positivity and community to the place we live?" she said.

Rao is an ardent follower of MIT Tech Review and considers that her go-to pop culture news. I read it constantly. I think thats really where inspiration strikes: hearing about all these amazing people at schools like MIT and Harvard who are doing such amazing work with technology, said the young scientist.

Gitanjali is also a winner of the Top Health Pillar Prize for the TCS Ignite Innovation Student Challenge in May 2019 for developing a diagnostic tool based on advances in genetic engineering for early diagnosis of prescription opioid addiction.

Excerpt from:
15-Year-Old Indian-American Gitanjali Rao Becomes TIMEs First-Ever 'Kid Of The Year' - ABP Live

5G Makes the World Safe for Consumerism

There seems to be no questioning the technological imperative. 5G will, when it is fully operative, increase download speeds such that general mobile phone internet activity will be 20 to 100 times faster, thus, for example, greatly enhancing watching Series TV on the go. 5G will also, its promoters claim, fulfill the promise of both Artificial Intelligence and the internet of things: interconnected smart homes, smart cars, and consumers served by smart farms and operated on by smart machines. Likewise, in genetics, the cracking of DNA and RNA codeswhich may enable current COVID-19 stimulators to allow the body to suppress the virus without a dangerous ingestion of COVIDmay eventually lead to promoting a generalized immunity from many diseases.

What could go wrong? Plenty, say 5G critics in France. Likewise, in the realm of genetic algorithms, the German series Biohackers equally sounds the alarm.

In the U.S. and across Asia, in particular, in China and South Korea, the answer to what can go wrong is Nothing. In the U.S. the debate over 5G is only about how fast and efficient the service is. The criticism is that the Verizon-Apple iPhone 12 and the AT&T-Galaxy 5G rollout, even in the large cities, is only partial, four times rather than 20 times faster. China, meanwhile, leads the world in 5G patents and sees the technology as its way to climb out of the stigma of the worlds low-end manufacturer, throwing off the Made in China labeling to be replaced by the Huawei branding of assembled technology, this time Made in Vietnam. In South Korea, the debate is on how soon 6G will arrive.

Europe is behind in the race to 5G, though one of its two telecom companies, Ericsson, has now announced its ready for a rollout. But not so fast. Across the continent questions are being raised about the safety, the consumerist changes, planned obsolescence and inequality the technology will effectuate, and about how 5G is part of the capitalist profit-driven productivist imperative that has so ravaged the planet. In Germany and Britain, angry citizens have pulled down towers. In France, especially with the rise of a progressive Green Party called EELV, the entire ethos of 5G is being questioned.

The opening salvo against the technology was fired by the Green Party Mayor of Grenoble, Eric Piolle, who questioned its supposed benefits. With 5G I can watch porn in HD in my elevator and know if I still have yogurt in the refrigerator is the way he described the new promised land that proponents claim the network will usher in. In return, the Rothschild banker-turned-President Emmanuel Macron, a prime promoter of neoliberal technology as the savior of French society, labeled the Greens Amish who wanted to return to the era of the oil lamp. His fellow right-wing confrres warned of a Green Peril, using the Cold War overlay of Red Peril, and branded those questioning this imperative as Khmer Green, likening them in the digital realm to Cambodias murderous Khmer Rouge.

There is little doubt that the primary reason 5G, the star of the Christmas consumer push, is being so thoroughly trumpeted is the profits it will reap, forecast to account for 668 billion dollars globally in six years and predicted, with the gain in the sale of mobile phones, with an enhanced gaming experience and with more widespread virtual reality headsets, to account for 5 percent of global GDP this year.

Elements of the French left, though, including Franois Ruffin, a legislator and director of the film Merci, Patron, or Thanks, Boss, a kind of French Roger and Me about Frances richest bosses mercilessly closing factories, have suggested that this technological bounty is being asked to fill the void in lives that are increasingly despairing. Ruffin notes also how this techno-totalitarianism, what media critic Evgeny Morozov calls solutionism, will amplify already existing inequalities. The technology may widen the gaps between the increasingly more plugged-in cities with 5G, the periphery around those cities with 4G, and the countrys rural areas with no G, thus in France exacerbating what is termed the territorial fracture and what in the U.S. might be called the Red/Blue dichotomy.

Echoing Morozov, Ruffin points out this kind of thinking leads not to, for example, regulating agribusiness to produce healthier and more eco-friendly food, but to supplying more intelligent forks. In Catholic France 5G is breathlessly talked about, Ruffin says, as the second coming of the Holy Spirit, illuminating our smartphones in the way the first coming descended on the apostles at Pentecost. In the holy light of such a miracle, the telecom industry shakes off the shackles of any sense of being a public good, and instead regulation becomes only about how market competition can be promoted.

France has always been suspicious of consumer miracles which its leading thinkers have often seen as foisted on it by American capitalism in its drive for global hegemony. Witness Godards Two or Three Things I Know About Her and Weekend and the films of Jacques Tati (Playtime, Mr. Hulots Holiday) in their unfolding of a critique of a French society being remade from without.

The debate here is raising important questions that are given short shrift in the rest of the world. Europe is simply being asked to conform and told that if it does not it will be left out of a mainspring of the global economy, with its devices unable to catch up or be plugged into the global flow.

Studies indicate that the digital economy emits 4 percent of greenhouse gas, a number that is predicted to double in five years and which 5 and 6G will accelerate. The Green Party labels 5G an enevore, that is, energy gorging, noting that mobile phone use already accounts for 2 percent of electric use in France.

The introduction of this speedier technology is designed to increase costs, not only of a monthly mobile bill as more data is accessed and downloaded, but also necessitating replacing existing mobile phones with 5G-ready equipment, phones which are now already on the average replaced every 18 months to 2 years. Eventually, the technology with increased pixilation for faster and clearer viewing will be a part of computers and televisions and, like the changeover in television sets from analog to digital, will require a wholescale worldwide replacement.

The ecological question also involves not only the global waste in disposing of the used devices which is estimated to reach 2 million tons, but also in their creation with 70 kilos or 154 pounds of raw materials, including rare metals, necessary for the assembling of one of these super devices. These rare metals, which emit radiation, are strip-mined in the south of China where production is still largely private and loosely regulated. Elsewhere, 80 percent of the cobalt and tantalum needed for assembly comes from the east of the Republic of Congo, a war-torn area where 40,000 children work in the mining zones.

Consumer enhancement, of course, with the tech companies goes hand in hand with consumer surveillance, and 5G increases the drive to a global data center where billions of data packages will be available to publicity and advertising agencies for use in instantaneously molding and soliciting user taste depending on the content of individual cell phones and the store any consumer passes or, more creepily, any impulses they have. By 2025 it is predicted that 75 billion objects will be interconnected, all transmitting user data so that the refrigerator that is telling you to buy more yogurt is also spying on you. The internet highway becomes a spy way.

The implementation of 5G is also wasteful. Huawei is clearly the global leader in cheap and efficient 5G construction. A mobile phone is made up of a complex of 250,000 inventions and patents. In 2020 the Chinese lead the world with 34 cell phone patents, followed by South Korea and Europe with the U.S. a distant fourth. Yet, in labeling the Chinese company a security riskwhen in fact the real threat is that it is a more skillful competitorand forcing its allies to boycott the company as well, installation of 5G will be more costly with companies required to duplicate already established efforts.

Finally, there is the question of safety. There has been no comprehensive government study on the effects of the increased sonic waves on the human body. Private corporate studies, which are not required to be made public, all negate this possibility, while public studies suggest there may be some danger. The U.S. National Toxicology Program found evidence of cancer tumors in rats exposed to high frequencies, and in Italy, the Ramazzini Institute warned there were potential carcinogens in radio frequencies. The French government has commissioned a thoroughgoing study, the results to be reported in Spring 2021. The newspaper of record Le Monde and 70 legislators have asked for a moratorium until the findings are revealed, but Macrons Minister of Finance Bruno Le Maire wants to hasten 5G installation, warning that a delay would contribute to France losing its digital sovereignty.

The corporate sector sees 5G as simply an economic issue with the question being when and how, not why. The Greens and the French left see 5G, in the way it will change French life, perhaps increasing what the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze called societies of control, as a social and ecological issue and a place where the overwhelming drive to more and faster which has so devastated the planet must be questioned. On the continental, national and individual level, to not have 5G means to drop out of the digital flow, with capital arguing, as Theodor Adorno warned in the mid-20th century, that the worst of all conditions is to be left behind. What a bleak future indeed without porn on our elevators and without knowing if we need another yogurt in our refrigerator!

Are you ready for more genetic engineering?

A series which similarly questions how technological prowess is being implemented and controlled, this time in the area of genomes and the human body, is the German show Biohackers. The series is financed by German government and Bavarian Television funds and shot in the same studio as another German series, Dark, both available on Netflix. The simplicity of Biohackers, which begins with a highly dramatic bio attack on a train and then flashes back to explain how the young female student Mia got there and why she is not susceptible to the attack, works in its favor, as opposed to the labored three-era, almost impenetrable flashbacks of Dark.

The action takes place on the Bavarian campus of the University of Freiburg, the German center of all kinds of genetic engineering experimentation. The students at the school, a band of renegades working on their own socially uplifting mutations, are part of a do-it-yourself biology known as the biotechnological social movement or as bio- or wetware hacking, similar to the early rough and tumble cyberpunks of the internet. Mias roommatesbotanist Chen Lu, monied beauty queen Lotta, and nerd seed experimenter Oleform an international group of scientific Scooby Doos who comes to her rescue as she is first taken under the wing of the universitys star biologist Dr. Tanya Lorenz and then threatened by her, as Mia and her friends expose the ruthlessness of their professors experiments to perfect a subject immune to disease.

Mias futon and her rumpled student quarters are contrasted to the corporate-funded Dr. Lorenzs elaborate multi-storied, impeccably furnished and ordered home in the Bavarian forest, complete with a lab in the basement. As with 5G, Dr. Lorenz issues a warning that Germany, which has lost out and is behind in digital mastery, must conquer the realm of biotechnology to compensate.

Dr. Lorenz, though, is revealed to be experimenting on human subjects, leaving a murderous trail behind her and recalling earlier experiments by the Nazis who also claimed to be benefiting humanity. She is Dr. Mengele in a pants suit. This contemporary version of the former ethos features Lorenz, as Mia points out, marking her subjects with a bar code, as the Nazis burnt prison numbers into their subjects flesh.

We are reminded that the Bavarian countryside and its dark forests hatched Hitler in his first coup attempt and that Freiburg University was the place the philosopher Martin Heidegger, in his moment of embracing National Socialism, accepted an appointment as head of the university until his gradual disgust with the movement resulted in his resignation.

Biohackers, renewed for a second season when the conspiracy to hide the experimentation reaches a national level, does not shy away from the subject of chemical and biological warfare. However, instead of the hackneyed usual and usually insane terrorist, the terror here is far better organized and financed not by rogue fanatics but by a corporate-medical ethos which values profit above human life.

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5G and 'Biohackers': Technology rules! (Is that a good thing?) - People's World

The global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market is broadly analyzed in this report that sheds light on critical aspects such as the vendor landscape, competitive strategies, market dynamics, and regional analysis. The report helps readers to clearly understand the current and future status of the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market. The research study comes out as a compilation of useful guidelines for players to secure a position of strength in the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market. The authors of the report profile leading companies of the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market, such as , Caribou Biosciences, Addgene, CRISPR THERAPEUTICS, Merck KGaA, Mirus Bio LLC, Editas Medicine, Takara Bio USA, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Horizon Discovery Group, Intellia Therapeutics, GE Healthcare Dharmacon They provide details about important activities of leading players in the competitive landscape.

The report predicts the size of the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market in terms of value and volume for the forecast period 2019-2026. As per the analysis provided in the report, the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market is expected to rise at a CAGR of XX % between 2019 and 2026 to reach a valuation of US$ XX million/billion by the end of 2026. In 2018, the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market attained a valuation of US$_ million/billion. The market researchers deeply analyze the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes industry landscape and the future prospects it is anticipated to create.

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Readers can understand the overall profitability margin and sales volume of various products studied in the report. The report also provides the forecasted as well as historical annual growth rate and market share of the products offered in the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market. The study on end-use application of products helps to understand the market growth of the products in terms of sales.

Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market by Product: , :, Genome Editing, Genetic engineering, gRNA Database/Gene Librar, CRISPR Plasmid, Human Stem Cells, Genetically Modified Organisms/Crops, Cell Line Engineering ,

Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market by Application: :, Biotechnology Companies, Pharmaceutical Companies, Academic Institutes, Research and Development Institutes

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Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market by Geography:

Methodology

Our analysts have created the report with the use of advanced primary and secondary research methodologies.

As part of primary research, they have conducted interviews with important industry leaders and focused on market understanding and competitive analysis by reviewing relevant documents, press releases, annual reports, and key products.

For secondary research, they have taken into account the statistical data from agencies, trade associations, and government websites, internet sources, technical writings, and recent trade information.

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Table Of Contents:

Table of Contents 1 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Overview1.1 Product Overview and Scope of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes1.2 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Segment by Type1.2.1 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2026)1.2.2 Genome Editing1.2.3 Genetic engineering1.2.4 gRNA Database/Gene Librar1.2.5 CRISPR Plasmid1.2.6 Human Stem Cells1.2.7 Genetically Modified Organisms/Crops1.2.8 Cell Line Engineering1.3 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Segment by Application1.3.1 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales Comparison by Application: 2020 VS 20261.3.2 Biotechnology Companies1.3.3 Pharmaceutical Companies1.3.4 Academic Institutes1.3.5 Research and Development Institutes1.4 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Size Estimates and Forecasts1.4.1 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Revenue 2015-20261.4.2 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales 2015-20261.4.3 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Size by Region: 2020 Versus 2026 2 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Competition by Manufacturers2.1 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)2.2 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)2.3 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Average Price by Manufacturers (2015-2020)2.4 Manufacturers CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type2.5 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Competitive Situation and Trends2.5.1 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Concentration Rate2.5.2 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Market Share by Revenue2.5.3 Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)2.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans2.7 Primary Interviews with Key CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Players (Opinion Leaders) 3 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Retrospective Market Scenario by Region3.1 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2015-20203.2 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2015-20203.3 North America CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Facts & Figures by Country3.3.1 North America CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales by Country3.3.2 North America CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales by Country3.3.3 U.S.3.3.4 Canada3.4 Europe CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Facts & Figures by Country3.4.1 Europe CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales by Country3.4.2 Europe CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales by Country3.4.3 Germany3.4.4 France3.4.5 U.K.3.4.6 Italy3.4.7 Russia3.5 Asia Pacific CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Facts & Figures by Region3.5.1 Asia Pacific CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales by Region3.5.2 Asia Pacific CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales by Region3.5.3 China3.5.4 Japan3.5.5 South Korea3.5.6 India3.5.7 Australia3.5.8 Taiwan3.5.9 Indonesia3.5.10 Thailand3.5.11 Malaysia3.5.12 Philippines3.5.13 Vietnam3.6 Latin America CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Facts & Figures by Country3.6.1 Latin America CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales by Country3.6.2 Latin America CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales by Country3.6.3 Mexico3.6.3 Brazil3.6.3 Argentina3.7 Middle East and Africa CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Facts & Figures by Country3.7.1 Middle East and Africa CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales by Country3.7.2 Middle East and Africa CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales by Country3.7.3 Turkey3.7.4 Saudi Arabia3.7.5 U.A.E 4 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Historic Market Analysis by Type4.1 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)4.2 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Revenue Market Share by Type (2015-2020)4.3 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Price Market Share by Type (2015-2020)4.4 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Share by Price Tier (2015-2020): Low-End, Mid-Range and High-End 5 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Historic Market Analysis by Application5.1 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)5.2 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Revenue Market Share by Application (2015-2020)5.3 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Price by Application (2015-2020) 6 Company Profiles and Key Figures in CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Business6.1 Caribou Biosciences6.1.1 Corporation Information6.1.2 Caribou Biosciences Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.1.3 Caribou Biosciences CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.1.4 Caribou Biosciences Products Offered6.1.5 Caribou Biosciences Recent Development6.2 Addgene6.2.1 Addgene CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Production Sites and Area Served6.2.2 Addgene Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.2.3 Addgene CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.2.4 Addgene Products Offered6.2.5 Addgene Recent Development6.3 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS6.3.1 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Production Sites and Area Served6.3.2 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.3.3 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.3.4 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS Products Offered6.3.5 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS Recent Development6.4 Merck KGaA6.4.1 Merck KGaA CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Production Sites and Area Served6.4.2 Merck KGaA Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.4.3 Merck KGaA CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.4.4 Merck KGaA Products Offered6.4.5 Merck KGaA Recent Development6.5 Mirus Bio LLC6.5.1 Mirus Bio LLC CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Production Sites and Area Served6.5.2 Mirus Bio LLC Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.5.3 Mirus Bio LLC CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.5.4 Mirus Bio LLC Products Offered6.5.5 Mirus Bio LLC Recent Development6.6 Editas Medicine6.6.1 Editas Medicine CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Production Sites and Area Served6.6.2 Editas Medicine Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.6.3 Editas Medicine CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.6.4 Editas Medicine Products Offered6.6.5 Editas Medicine Recent Development6.7 Takara Bio USA6.6.1 Takara Bio USA CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Production Sites and Area Served6.6.2 Takara Bio USA Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.6.3 Takara Bio USA CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.4.4 Takara Bio USA Products Offered6.7.5 Takara Bio USA Recent Development6.8 Thermo Fisher Scientific6.8.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Production Sites and Area Served6.8.2 Thermo Fisher Scientific Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.8.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.8.4 Thermo Fisher Scientific Products Offered6.8.5 Thermo Fisher Scientific Recent Development6.9 Horizon Discovery Group6.9.1 Horizon Discovery Group CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Production Sites and Area Served6.9.2 Horizon Discovery Group Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.9.3 Horizon Discovery Group CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.9.4 Horizon Discovery Group Products Offered6.9.5 Horizon Discovery Group Recent Development6.10 Intellia Therapeutics6.10.1 Intellia Therapeutics CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Production Sites and Area Served6.10.2 Intellia Therapeutics Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.10.3 Intellia Therapeutics CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.10.4 Intellia Therapeutics Products Offered6.10.5 Intellia Therapeutics Recent Development6.11 GE Healthcare Dharmacon6.11.1 GE Healthcare Dharmacon CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Production Sites and Area Served6.11.2 GE Healthcare Dharmacon CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Description, Business Overview and Total Revenue6.11.3 GE Healthcare Dharmacon CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)6.11.4 GE Healthcare Dharmacon Products Offered6.11.5 GE Healthcare Dharmacon Recent Development 7 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Manufacturing Cost Analysis7.1 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Key Raw Materials Analysis7.1.1 Key Raw Materials7.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes7.4 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Industrial Chain Analysis 8 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers8.1 Marketing Channel8.2 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Distributors List8.3 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Customers 9 Market Dynamics 9.1 Market Trends 9.2 Opportunities and Drivers 9.3 Challenges 9.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis 10 Global Market Forecast10.1 Global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Estimates and Projections by Type10.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes by Type (2021-2026)10.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes by Type (2021-2026)10.2 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Estimates and Projections by Application10.2.1 Global Forecasted Sales of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes by Application (2021-2026)10.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes by Application (2021-2026)10.3 CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Estimates and Projections by Region10.3.1 Global Forecasted Sales of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes by Region (2021-2026)10.3.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes by Region (2021-2026)10.4 North America CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Estimates and Projections (2021-2026)10.5 Europe CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Estimates and Projections (2021-2026)10.6 Asia Pacific CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Estimates and Projections (2021-2026)10.7 Latin America CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Estimates and Projections (2021-2026)10.8 Middle East and Africa CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Estimates and Projections (2021-2026) 11 Research Finding and Conclusion 12 Methodology and Data Source 12.1 Methodology/Research Approach 12.1.1 Research Programs/Design 12.1.2 Market Size Estimation 12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 12.2 Data Source 12.2.1 Secondary Sources 12.2.2 Primary Sources 12.3 Author List 12.4 Disclaimer

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CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Competitive Insights with Global Outlook 2020-2026| Caribou Biosciences, Addgene, CRISPR THERAPEUTICS...

At research pens in Chile researchers develop strains of farmed Atlantic salmon with improved traits such as growth and health.

By Erik StokstadNov. 19, 2020 , 2:00 PM

Two years ago, off the coast of Norway, the blue-hulled Ro Fjell pulled alongside Ocean Farm 1, a steel-netted pen the size of a city block. Attaching a heavy vacuum hose to the pen, the ships crew began to pump brawny adult salmon out of the water and into a tank below deck. Later, they offloaded the fish at a shore-based processing facility owned by SalMar, a major salmon aquaculture company.

The 2018 harvest marked the debut of the worlds largest offshore fish pen, 110 meters wide. SalMars landmark facility, which dwarfs the typical pens kept in calmer, coastal waters, can hold 1.5 million fishwith 22,000 sensors monitoring their environment and behaviorthat are ultimately shipped all over the world. The fish from Ocean Farm 1 were 10% larger than average, thanks to stable, favorable temperatures. And the deep water and strong currents meant they were free of parasitic sea lice.

Just a half-century ago, the trade in Atlantic salmon was a largely regional affair that relied solely on fish caught in the wild. Now, salmon farming has become a global business that generates $18 billion in annual sales. Breeding has been key to the aquaculture boom. Ocean Farm 1s silvery inhabitants grow roughly twice as fast as their wild ancestors and have been bred for disease resistance and other traits that make them well suited for farm life. Those improvements in salmon are just a start: Advances in genomics are poised to dramatically reshape aquaculture by helping improve a multitude of species and traits.

Genetic engineering has been slow to take hold in aquaculture; only one genetically modified species, a transgenic salmon, has been commercialized. But companies and research institutions are bolstering traditional breeding with genomic insights and tools such as gene chips, which speed the identification of fish and shellfish carrying desired traits. Top targets include increasing growth rates and resistance to disease and parasites. Breeders are also improving the hardiness of some species, which could help farmers adapt to a shifting climate. And many hope to enhance traits that please consumers, by breeding fish for higher quality fillets, eye-catching colors, or increased levels of nutrients. There is a paradigm shift in taking up new technologies that can more effectively improve complex traits, says Morten Rye, director of genetics at Benchmark Genetics, an aquaculture breeding company.

After years of breeding, Atlantic salmon grow faster and larger than their wild relatives.

Aquaculture breeders can tap a rich trove of genetic material; most fish and shellfish have seen little systematic genetic improvement for farming, compared with the selective breeding that chickens, cattle, and other domesticated animals have undergone. Theres a huge amount of genetic potential out there in aquaculture species thats yet to be realized, says geneticist Ross Houston of the Roslin Institute.

Amid the enthusiasm about aquacultures future, however, there are concerns. Its not clear, for example, whether consumers will accept fish and shellfish that have been altered using technologies that rewrite genes or move them between species. And some observers worry genomic breeding efforts are neglecting species important to feeding people in the developing world. Still, expectations are high. The technology is amazing, its advancing very quickly, the costs are coming down, says Ximing Guo, a geneticist at Rutgers University, New Brunswick. Everybody in the field is excited.

Fish farmingmay not have roots as old as agriculture, but it dates back millennia. By about 3500 years ago, Egyptians were raising gilt-head sea bream in a large lagoon. The Romans cultivated oysters. And carp have been grown and selectively bred in China for thousands of years. Few aquaculture species, however, saw systematic, scientific improvement until the 20th century.

One species that has received ample attention from breeders is Atlantic salmon, which commands relatively high prices. Farming began in the late 1960s, in Norway. Within 10 years, breeding had helped boost growth rates and harvest weight. Each new generation of fishit takes salmon 3 to 4 years to maturegrows 10% to 15% faster than its forebears. My colleagues in poultry can only dream of these kinds of percentages, says Robbert Blonk, director of aquaculture R&D at Hendrix Genetics, an animal breeding firm. During the 1990s, breeders also began to select for improved disease resistance, fillet quality, delayed sexual maturation (which boosts yields), and other traits.

Another success story involves tilapia, a large group of freshwater species that doesnt typically bring high prices but plays a key role in the developing world. An international research center in Malaysia, now known as WorldFish, began a breeding program in the 1980s that quickly doubled the growth rate of one commonly raised species, Nile tilapia. Breeders also improved its disease resistance, a task that continues because of the emergence of new pathogens, such as tilapia lake virus.

Genetically improved farmed tilapia was a revolution in terms of tilapia production, says Alexandre Hilsdorf, a fish geneticist at the University of Mogi das Cruzes in Brazil. China, a global leader in aquaculture production, has capitalized on the strain, building the worlds largest tilapia hatchery. It raises billions of young fish annually.

Now, aquaculture supplies nearly half of the fish and shellfish eaten worldwide (see chart, below), and production has been growing by nearly 4.5% annually over the past decadefaster than most sectors of the farmed food sector. That expansion has come with some collateral damage, including pollution from farm waste, heavy catches of wild fish to feed to penned salmon and other species, and the destruction of coastal wetlands to build shrimp ponds. Nevertheless, aquaculture is now poised for further acceleration, thanks in large part to genomics.

Aquaculture is rivaling catches from wild fisheries and is projected to increase. Much of the growth comes from freshwater fish in Asia, such as grass carp, yet most research has focused on Atlantic salmon and other high-value species. Genomic technology is now spreading to shrimp and tilapia.

(GRAPHIC) N. DESAI/SCIENCE; (DATA, TOP TO BOTTOM) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF HE UNITED NATIONS; HOUSTON et al., NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS 21, 389 (2020)

Breeders are most excited about a technique called genomic selection. To grasp why, it helps to understand how breeders normally improve aquaculture species. They start by crossing two parents and then, out of hundreds or thousands of their offspring, select individuals to test for traits they want to improve. Advanced programs make hundreds of crosses in each generation and choose from the best performing families for breeding. But some tests mean the animal cant later be used for breeding; measuring fillet quality is lethal, for instance, and screening for disease resistance means the infected individual must remain quarantined. As a result, when researchers identify a promising animal, they must pick a sibling to use for breedingand hope that it performs just as well. You dont know whether theyre the best of the family or the worst,says Dean Jerry, an aquaculture geneticist at James Cook University, Townsville, who works with breeders of shrimp, oysters, and fish.

With genomic selection, researchers can identify siblings with high-performance traits based on genetic markers. All they need is a small tissue samplesuch a clipping from a finthat can be pureed and analyzed. DNA arrays, which detect base-pair changes called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), allow breeders to thoroughly evaluate many siblings for multiple traits. If the pattern of SNPs suggests that an individual carries optimal alleles, it can be selected for further breeding even if it hasnt been tested. Genomic analyses also allow breeders to minimize inbreeding.

Cattle breeders pioneered genomic selection. Salmon breeders adopted it a few years ago, followed by those working with shrimp and tilapia. There is a big race from industry to implement this technology, says geneticist Jos Yez of the University of Chile, who adds that even small-scale producers are now interested in genetic improvement. As a rough average, the technique increases selection accuracy and the amount of genetic improvement by about 25%, Houston says. It and other tools are helping researchers pursue goals such as:

This trait improves the bottom line, allowing growers to produce more frequent and bigger hauls. Growth is highly heritable and easy to measure, so traditional breeding works well. But breeders have other tactics for boosting growth, including providing farmers with fish of a single sex. Male tilapia, for example, can grow significantly faster than females. Another strategy is to hybridize species. The dominant farmed catfish in the United States, a hybrid of a female channel catfish and a male blue catfish, grows faster and is hardier.

Inducing sterility stimulates growth, too, and has helped raise yields in shellfish, particularly oysters. In the 1990s, Guo and Standish Allen, now at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, figured out a new way to create triploid oysters, which are infertile because they have an extra copy of each chromosome. These oysters dont devote much energy to reproduction, so they reach harvest size sooner, reducing exposure to disease. (When oysters reproduce, more than half their body consists of sperm or eggs, which no one wants to eat.)

Looking ahead, researchers are exploring gene transfer or gene editing to further enhance gains. And one U.S. company, AquaBounty, is just beginning to sell the worlds first transgenic food animal, an Atlantic salmon, that it claims is 70% more productive than standard farmed salmon. But the fish is controversial and has faced consumer resistance and regulatory hurdles.

Disease is often the biggest worry and expense for aquaculture operations. In shrimp, outbreaks can slash overall yield by up to 40% annually and can wipe out entire operations. Vaccines can prevent some diseases in fish, but not invertebrates, because their adaptive immune systems are less developed. So, for all species, resistant strains are highly desirable.

To improve disease resistance, researchers need a rigorous way to test animals. Thanks to a collaboration with fish pathologists at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Benchmark Genetics was able to screen tilapia for susceptibility to two major bacterial diseases by delivering a precise dose of the pathogen and then measuring the response. They identified genetic markers correlated with infection and used genomic selection to help develop a more resistant strain. USDA scientists have also worked with Hendrix Genetics to increase the survival of trout exposed to a different bacterial pathogen from 30% to 80% in just three generations.

The fecundity of most aquatic species, like this trout (left), helps breeding efforts. Salmon eggs, 0.7 millimeters wide (right), are robust and easy for molecular biologists to work with.

Perhaps the most celebrated success has been in salmon. After researchers discovered a genetic marker for resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis, companies quickly bred strains that can survive this deadly disease. Oyster breeders, meanwhile, have had success in developing strains resistant to a strain of herpes that devastated the industry in France, Australia, and New Zealand.

A big problem for Atlantic salmon growers is the sea louse. The tiny parasite clings to the salmons skin, inflicting wounds that damage or kill fish and make their flesh worthless. Between fish losses and the expense of controlling the parasites, lice cost growers more than $500 million a year in Norway alone. Lice are attracted to fish pens and can jump to wild salmon that pass by.

For years farmers have relied on pesticides to fight lice, but the parasite has become resistant to many chemicals. Other techniques, such as pumping salmon into heated water, which causes the lice to drop off, can stress the fish.

Researchers have found that some Atlantic salmon are better than others at resisting lice, and breeders have been trying to improve this trait. So far, theyve had modest success. Better understanding why several species of Pacific salmon are immune to certain lice could lead to progress. Scientists are exploring whether sea lice are attracted to certain chemicals released by Atlantic salmon; if so, its possible these could be modified with gene editing.

No sex on the farm. Thats a goal with many aquaculture species, because reproduction diverts energy from growth. Moreover, fertile fish that escape from aquaculture operations can cause problems for wild relatives. When wild fish breed with their domesticated cousins, for instance, the offspring are often less successful at reproducing.

Salmon can be sterilized by making them triploid, typically by pressurizing newly fertilized embryos in a steel tank when the chromosomes are replicating. But this can have side effects, such as greater susceptibility to disease. Anna Wargelius, a molecular physiologist at Norways Institute of Marine Research, and colleagues have instead altered the genes of Atlantic salmon to make them sterile, using the genome editor CRISPR to knock out a gene calleddeadend. In 2016, they showed that these fish, though healthy, lack germ cells and dont sexually mature. Now, theyre working on developing fertile broodstock that produce these sterile offspring for hatcheries. Embryos with the knocked-out genes should develop into fertile adults if injected with messenger RNA, according to a paper the group published last month inScientific Reports. When these fish mature later in December, they will try to breed them. It looks very promising, Wargelius says.

Another approach would not involve genetic modifications. Fish reproductive physiologists Yonathan Zohar and Ten-Tsao Wong of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, are using small molecule drugs to disrupt early reproductive development so that fish mature without sperm or eggs.

Cooks and diners hate bones. Nearly half of the top species in aquaculture are species of carp or their relatives, which are notorious for the small bones that pack their flesh. These bones cant be easily removed during processing, so you cant just get a nice, clean fillet, says Benjamin Reading, a reproductive physiologist at North Carolina State University.

Researchers are studying the biology of these fillet bones to see whether they might one day be removed through breeding or genetic engineering. A few years ago, Hilsdorf heard that a Brazilian hatchery had discovered mutant brood stock of a giant Amazonian fish, the widely farmed tambaqui, that lacked these fillet bones. After trying and failing to breed a boneless strain, hes studying tissue samples from the mutants for clues to their genetics.

Geneticist Ze-Xia Gao of Huazhong Agricultural University is focusing on blunt snout bream, a carp that is farmed in China. Guided by five genetic markers, she and colleagues are breeding the bream to have few fillet bones. It could take 8 to 10 years to achieve, she says. They have also had some success with gene editingtheyve identified and knocked out two genes that control the presence of fillet bonesand they plan to try the approach in other carp species. I think it will be feasible, Gao says.

Aquaculture projects worldwide are hustling to domesticate new speciesa kind of gold rush rare in terrestrial farming. In New Zealand, researchers are domesticating native species because they are already adapted to local conditions. The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research began to breed the Australasian snapper in 2004. Early work concentrated on simply getting the fish to survive and reproduce in a tank. One decade later, researchers started to breed for improved growth, and theyve since increased juvenile growth rates by 20% to 40%.

Genomic techniques have proved critical. Snapper are mass spawners, so it was hard for breeders to identify the parents of promising offspring, which is crucial for optimizing selection and avoiding inbreeding. DNA screening solved that problem, because the markers reveal ancestry. The institute is also breeding another local fish, the silver trevally, aiming for a strain that will reproduce in captivity without hormone implants. Its a long-term effort to breed a wild species to make it suitable for aquaculture, says Maren Wellenreuther, an evolutionary geneticist at the New Zealand institute and the University of Auckland.

These breeding effortsrequire money. Despite the growth of aquaculture, the fields research funding lags the amounts invested in livestock, although some governments are boosting investments.

Looking globally, geneticist Dennis Hedgecock of Pacific Hybreed, a small U.S. company that is developing hybrid oysters, sees a huge disparity between breeding investment in developed countrieswhich produce a fraction of total harvests but have the biggest research budgetsand the rest of the world. Simply applying classical breeding techniques could rapidly improve production, especially in the developing world, he says. Yet the hundreds of species now farmed could overwhelm breeding programs, especially those aimed at enhancing disease resistance, Hedgecock adds. The growth and the production is outstripping the scientific capability of dealing with the diseases, he says, adding that a focus on fewer species would be beneficial.

For genomics to help, experts say costs must continue to come down. One promising development in SNP arrays, they note, is a technique called imputation, in which cheaper arrays that search for fewer genetic changes are combined with a handful of higher cost chips that probe the genome in more detail. Such developments suggest genomic technology is at a pivot point where youre going to see it used broadly in aquaculture, says John Buchanan, president of the Center for Aquaculture Technologies, a contract research organization.

Many companies are already planning for larger harvests. SalMar will decide next year whether it will order a companion to Ocean Farm 1. It has already drawn up plans for a successor that can operate in the open ocean and would be more than twice the size, big enough to hold 3 million to 5 million salmon at a time.

More here:
New genetic tools will deliver improved farmed fish, oysters, and shrimp. Here's what to expect - Science Magazine

New York, Nov. 24, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Global Synthetic Biology Industry" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p01375238/?utm_source=GNW With humans continuing their mindless plunder of the planet, natural habitat destruction and climate change has already set the stage for an era of pandemics. Animal-borne infectious diseases will continue to rise in the coming years, as human become the new host for displaced animal viruses. The current scenario has amplified the urgency to address environmental issues & ensure strict compliance among polluting businesses. Synthetic biology unfolds a new scientific era, in which synthetic organisms can be created to serve different purposes. The new biological research area is a nascent science and engineering discipline that seeks to integrate science with engineering for designing and building novel biological entities, including cells, genetic circuits and enzymes, or for redesigning active biological systems and living organisms, such as bacteria inexpensively and rapidly. Synthetic biology has already come out of the lab, buoyed by significant investments both from private and public organizations in organisms synthesized to produce chemicals, materials, medicines and biofuels. Synthetic biology derives its existence from advances in the fields of molecular biology, nanotechnology, engineering, chemistry, physics and computer science.

Synthetic biology enables the development of standardized and interchangeable DNA strands, which do not exist in the natural world. Synthetic biology techniques create base pair sequences from component parts, and assemble them from the beginning. This field of engineering organisms at the molecular level offers enormous potential and scope. In recent years the field of synthetic biology witnessed rapid development due to the development of CRISPR-Cas9, a gene editing tool, which was first introduced in the year 2013. This tool enables in locating, cutting, and replacing DNA at certain specific locations. Synthetic biology is expected to create huge generic capabilities to be used in bio-inspired processes and tools applicable in the industry along with the whole economy. The approach holds a tremendous potential to assist researchers in designing, creating and testing systems, parts and even entire set of genomes. While genetic sequencing is associated with reading DNA, and genetic engineering is related to copy, cut and paste these DNAs, synthetic biology involves writing as well as programming DNAs to build genomes from the scratch and understand how life works. Synthetic biology can be applied to a large number of industrial segments, and holds potential to develop spectacular systems and processes such as nitrogen fixation and create edible wonder protein with various essential amino acids. In near future, majority of research activities in this field are expected to focus on energy products, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and diagnostic tools. In addition, the concept is anticipated to play a major role in addressing concerns associated with energy, water and cultivable land to reduce carbon footprint and drastically change the way people farm and eat.

With the U.S. leading the way, sustainable products are poised to emerge into a big global opportunity. From sustainable chemistry to renewable energy & biofuels, synthetic biology holds the potential to eliminate market barriers to developing sustainable, environment friendly products, materials & services. Interestingly, the global COVID-19 pandemic has opened opportunities for new approaches and accelerated several innovative trends that were already underway. During the early stages of the global COVID-19 outbreak, 3D printing or additive manufacturing was found to play an important role in urgently producing much needed personal protective equipment and ventilator equipment locally for bridging the shortage caused by disruptions in global supply chains. The world is also now looking for ways of developing vaccines and treatments for coronavirus, which is where synthetic biology can contribute at a much faster pace as compared to conventional approaches. Synthetic biologys toolset seems poised to create vaccines as well as treatments that are not only more potent and stable, but also are quicker and easier to manufacture. These benefits are extremely critical in addressing the existing health crisis as well as enabling health systems and governments to quickly respond to any unanticipated and new future threats. While synthetic biology has been for long bringing profound changes to the process of producing chemicals, materials, and food, as well as helping addressing other major global challenges, such as food security, chronic disease, and climate change, it is the COVID-19 pandemic that could eventually provide a breakout moment for synthetic biology.

Competitors identified in this market include, among others,

Read the full report: https://www.reportlinker.com/p01375238/?utm_source=GNW

I. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY & REPORT SCOPE I-1

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY II-1

1. MARKET OVERVIEW II-1 Impact of Covid-19 and a Looming Global Recession II-1 COVID-19 Pandemic Poised to Drive Demand for Synthetic Biology II-1 Exhibit 1: COVID-19 Vaccines in Pipeline by Technology II-4 Synthetic Biologists Create Slow-Growing Version of COVID-19 as Vaccine Candidate II-5 Role of Synthetic Biology in Combating COVID-19 II-5 Synthetic Biology: A Prelude II-6 Growing Importance of Synthetic Biology II-7 Applications of Synthetic Biology II-9 Synthetic Biology Tools II-10 Technologies Involved II-10 Current and Future Analysis II-11 Regional Landscape II-12 Major Challenges and Concerns II-13 Teeming R&D Funding & Potential to Alter Molecular Landscape Enable Global Synthetic Biology Market to Remain in High Spirits II-14 Competitive Landscape II-15 Major Players by Industry Verticals II-15 Synthetic Biology Startups Get Aggressive on Bioengineered Product Commercialization II-16 Compelling Breakthroughs Drive Funding II-16 Top Funded Synthetic Biology Startups in Q2 2020 II-18 Recent Market Activity II-19

2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS II-21

3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS II-23 Synthetic Biology Market Witnesses Significant Rise in Investments II-23 Importance of Synthetic Biology for Investments II-23 Efforts from Leading Players Bodes Well for Market Growth II-24 Patent Landscape Gets Richer II-25 Exhibit 2: Synthetic Biology Patent Landscape by Assignee Countries (in %) : 2003-2018 II-26 Exhibit 3: Top 15 Patent Assignees in Synthetic Biology Domain: 2003-2018 II-27 Select Patent Assignees for Synthetic Biology in the US: 2019 II-28 Robotics and Workflow Automation Support Market Expansion II-29 Advancements in Instrumentation Augurs Well II-29 Improvements in Computer-Aided Biology II-30 Fusion of AI and Synthetic Biology Expands Opportunities II-31 Synthetic Biology Brings a Paradigm Shift in the Field of Biological Research II-32 DNA Sequencing Plays an Important Role II-33 Plummeting Cost of DNA Sequencing Bolsters Market Growth II-33 Exhibit 4: Cost per Genome Sequencing: 2001-2020 II-34 Food Scarcity to Fuel Synthetic Biology Application in Agriculture II-35 Select Companies Engaged in Making Food Using Synthetic Biology II-36 Synthetic Biology Aids in Development of Exotic and Artificially Grown Meats and Proteins to Meet Future Food Demand II-37 Growing Demand for GM Crops Opens Up Growth Avenues II-37 Synthetic Biology-based Ingredients Gain Traction II-38 Role of Synthetic Biology in Producing Plants with Desirable Characteristics II-38 Synthetic Biology Gains Prominence in Biomedical Applications II-39 Synthetic Genes Open up a New World of Drug Development II-40 Synthetic Biology to Transform Healthcare with Captivating Advances in Biomedicine II-40 Synthetic Biology Enables Creation of Advanced Biosensing Systems II-41 Synthetic Biology Gains Significance in Production of Bio-Based Chemicals and Biofuels II-42 Exhibit 5: Global Biofuels Market in US$ Billion: 2019 and 2024 II-44 Synthetic Biology Gains Importance as Focus on Carbon Recycling Increases II-44 Synthetic Biology Disrupts the Cosmetics Sector II-45 Capability of Synthetic Biology in Environmental Applications II-45 Synthetic Biology Creates Buzz as Key Enabler of Exciting & Dynamic Applications for Diverse Domains II-47 Synthetic Biology for Advanced, Multifunctional Materials II-47 Genetically Engineered Fabrics and Sustainable Dyes Using Synthetic Biology to Transform Textile Industry II-48 Select Synthetic Biology Offerings in Textile Industry II-49

4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE II-50 Table 1: World Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-50

Table 2: World Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-51

Table 3: World 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-52

Table 4: World Current & Future Analysis for Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-53

Table 5: World Historic Review for Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-54

Table 6: World 12-Year Perspective for Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-55

Table 7: World Current & Future Analysis for Enzymes by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-56

Table 8: World Historic Review for Enzymes by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-57

Table 9: World 12-Year Perspective for Enzymes by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-58

Table 10: World Current & Future Analysis for Cloning Technology Kits by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-59

Table 11: World Historic Review for Cloning Technology Kits by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-60

Table 12: World 12-Year Perspective for Cloning Technology Kits by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-61

Table 13: World Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Cells by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-62

Table 14: World Historic Review for Synthetic Cells by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-63

Table 15: World 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Cells by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-64

Table 16: World Current & Future Analysis for Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-65

Table 17: World Historic Review for Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-66

Table 18: World 12-Year Perspective for Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-67

Table 19: World Current & Future Analysis for Chassis Organism by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-68

Table 20: World Historic Review for Chassis Organism by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-69

Table 21: World 12-Year Perspective for Chassis Organism by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-70

Table 22: World Current & Future Analysis for Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-71

Table 23: World Historic Review for Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-72

Table 24: World 12-Year Perspective for Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-73

Table 25: World Current & Future Analysis for Genome Engineering by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-74

Table 26: World Historic Review for Genome Engineering by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-75

Table 27: World 12-Year Perspective for Genome Engineering by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-76

Table 28: World Current & Future Analysis for Microfluidics by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-77

Table 29: World Historic Review for Microfluidics by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-78

Table 30: World 12-Year Perspective for Microfluidics by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-79

Table 31: World Current & Future Analysis for Other Technologies by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-80

Table 32: World Historic Review for Other Technologies by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-81

Table 33: World 12-Year Perspective for Other Technologies by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-82

Table 34: World Current & Future Analysis for Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-83

Table 35: World Historic Review for Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-84

Table 36: World 12-Year Perspective for Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-85

Table 37: World Current & Future Analysis for Industrial by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-86

Table 38: World Historic Review for Industrial by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-87

Table 39: World 12-Year Perspective for Industrial by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-88

Table 40: World Current & Future Analysis for Food & Agriculture by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-89

Table 41: World Historic Review for Food & Agriculture by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-90

Table 42: World 12-Year Perspective for Food & Agriculture by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-91

Table 43: World Current & Future Analysis for Environmental by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-92

Table 44: World Historic Review for Environmental by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-93

Table 45: World 12-Year Perspective for Environmental by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-94

Table 46: World Current & Future Analysis for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 II-95

Table 47: World Historic Review for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 II-96

Table 48: World 12-Year Perspective for Other Applications by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 II-97

III. MARKET ANALYSIS III-1

GEOGRAPHIC MARKET ANALYSIS III-1

UNITED STATES III-1 Table 49: USA Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-1

Table 50: USA Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-2

Table 51: USA 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-3

Table 52: USA Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-4

Table 53: USA Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-5

Table 54: USA 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-6

Table 55: USA Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Application - Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-7

Table 56: USA Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Application - Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-8

Table 57: USA 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-9

CANADA III-10 Table 58: Canada Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-10

Table 59: Canada Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-11

Table 60: Canada 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-12

Table 61: Canada Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-13

Table 62: Canada Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-14

Table 63: Canada 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-15

Table 64: Canada Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Application - Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-16

Table 65: Canada Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Application - Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-17

Table 66: Canada 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-18

JAPAN III-19 Table 67: Japan Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-19

Table 68: Japan Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-20

Table 69: Japan 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-21

Table 70: Japan Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-22

Table 71: Japan Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-23

Table 72: Japan 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-24

Table 73: Japan Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Application - Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-25

Table 74: Japan Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Application - Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-26

Table 75: Japan 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-27

CHINA III-28 Table 76: China Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-28

Table 77: China Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-29

Table 78: China 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-30

Table 79: China Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-31

Table 80: China Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-32

Table 81: China 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Nucleotide Synthesis & Sequencing, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics and Other Technologies for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-33

Table 82: China Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Application - Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-34

Table 83: China Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Application - Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-35

Table 84: China 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Industrial, Food & Agriculture, Environmental and Other Applications for the Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-36

EUROPE III-37 Table 85: Europe Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 III-37

Table 86: Europe Historic Review for Synthetic Biology by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2019 III-38

Table 87: Europe 12-Year Perspective for Synthetic Biology by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2015, 2020 & 2027 III-39

Table 88: Europe Current & Future Analysis for Synthetic Biology by Tool - Oligonucleotides & Synthetic DNA, Enzymes, Cloning Technology Kits, Synthetic Cells, Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) and Chassis Organism - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 III-40

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As a Wiser World Looks to Make a Strong Sustainable Recovery From COVID-19, Synthetic Biology to Receive New Opportunities for Growth - GlobeNewswire

First-year students Garrett Blum and Hannah Tillery, Missouri S&Ts inaugural Evans Deans Scholars, have chosen different academic paths, but their life histories and achievements are noticeably parallel.

Blum, a history major with an emphasis in secondary education, and Tillery, a biological sciences major, began their first semester this fall as sophomores after earning dual credit hours in Missouri high schools. Both were valedictorians of their graduating classes Blum from Thayer High School, and Tillery from Licking High School. Both are firstborn children living at home with family members. In fact, Tillery still helps take care of her youngest brother one day a week.

Blum and Tillery also share an unwavering mindset toward their goals. Their focus could easily have been shaken given the uncertainty of starting college during a global pandemic. But both say the circumstances havent diminished their drive.

Blum wants to be a high school history teacher. He says he sees how lessons learned from studying the past can help avoid repeating those lessons. Due to COVID-19, five of his six first-year courses are online.

Going from high school to college would be a big jump, but in these times, its even more so, says Blum. But I have my goals and am working toward them. Im enjoying everything at Missouri S&T so far and dont foresee changing my direction.

Tillery has set her sights on medical school. Driven by a passion for helping people, she changed her academic plans from law to medicine when her grandfather was diagnosed with cancer, and she hoped for a cure.

Helping people has been my goal since I was very young, and Ive always found science interesting, says Tillery. Because I get so attached to people, I think medical research is a better path for me than becoming a hospital doctor.

Tillerys interests include virology, epidemiology and genetic engineering. She says she developed an interest in the treatment of Ebola virus as a way to help people long before the COVID-19 pandemic began. Already shes joined SCRUBS, the S&T student organization for pre-professional health care majors.

Tillery likes the flexibility of her online classes, and even engages online with fellow members of womens fraternity Chi Omega due to the pandemic.

Endowed by 1967 S&T mechanical engineering graduate Mike Evans, former president and chief operating officer of Con Edison, and his wife, Linda Evans, a retired educator, the Evans Deans Scholars program, is designed to provide life-changing scholarships for its recipients.

Their scholarship award gives first preference to Missouri residents who are qualified first-year undergraduate students enrolled in the College of Arts, Sciences, and Business (CASB) and second preference to those with dual majors in CASB and the College of Engineering and Computing.

In addition to the programs tuition contribution, the Evans Deans Scholars program also provides recipients with leadership development opportunities and a career mentor who has demonstrated success in industry, government or academia.

Blum and Tillery both say their mentors are more than a source of professional knowledge. They also offer advice and personal encouragement.

Dr. Paul Stricker, a board-certified youth sports medicine specialist and author who practices at theScripps Clinic in San Diego, is Tillerys mentor. A 1982 life sciences graduate of S&T, Stricker was a physician for the U.S. delegation at the Sydney Olympics in 2000 and head physician for the 1999 World University Games. He is a past president of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine.

It made me happy that Dr. Stricker was impressed with what Ive done, says Tillery. We met on Zoom and talked about my WiSci (Women in Science) experience in Namibia where 100 high school girls from surrounding Africa and the U.S. met to work with tech industry leaders from Google, NASA and Intel.

She says they explored topics such as artificial intelligence design, coding of apps for disabled persons, and geographic profiling, a criminal investigation technique. Blum is working with his mentor, James Trusler, who teaches world history at Rolla Junior High School. Trusler earned a bachelor of arts degree in history at S&T in 2016, was selected as one of Missouris Outstanding Beginning Teachers in 2019, and in 2020 was named the Missouri Council for the Social Studies Middle School Teacher of the Year.

Ive already learned a lot of important lessons from Mr. Trusler about being an educator, says Blum.

As Evans Deans Scholars, Blum and Tillery are setting a high standard for award recipients in years to come.

More:
Missouri S&T News and Events First-year scholars undeterred by unusual beginning - Missouri S&T News and Research

Despite the projected growth in market applications and abundant investment capital, there is a danger that legal and ethical concerns related to genetic research could put the brakes on gene editing technologies and product programs emanating therefrom.

As society adjusts to a new world of social distance and remote everything, rapid advancements in the digital, physical, and biological spheres are accelerating fundamental changes to the way we live, work, and relate to one another. What Klaus Schwab prophesized in his 2015 book, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, is playing out before our very eyes. Quantum computing power, a network architecture that is moving function closer to the edge of our interconnected devices, bandwidth speeds of 5G and beyond, natural language processing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning are all working together to accelerate innovation in fundamental ways. Given the global pandemic, in the biological sphere, government industrial policy drives the public sector to work hand-in-glove with private industry and academia to develop new therapies and vaccines to treat and prevent COVID-19 and other lethal diseases. This post will envision the future of gene editing technologies and the legal and ethical challenges that could imperil their mission of saving lives.

There are thousands of diseases occurring in humans, animals, and plants caused by aberrant DNA sequences. Traditional small molecule and biologic therapies have only had minimal success in treating many of these diseases because they mitigate symptoms while failing to address the underlying genetic causes. While human understanding of genetic diseases has increased tremendously since the mapping of the human genome in the late 1990s, our ability to treat them effectively has been limited by our historical inability to alter genetic sequences.

The science of gene editing was born in the 1990s, as scientists developed tools such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and TALE nucleases (TALENs) to study the genome and attempt to alter sequences that caused disease. While these systems were an essential first step to demonstrate the potential of gene editing, their development was challenging in practice due to the complexity of engineering protein-DNA interactions.

Then, in 2011, Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier, a French professor of microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry, and Jennifer Doudna, an American professor of biochemistry, pioneered a revolutionary new gene-editing technology called CRISPR/Cas9. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and Cas9 stands for CRISPR-associated protein 9. In 2020, the revolutionary work of Drs. Charpentier and Doudna developing CRISPR/Cas9 were recognized with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. The technology was also the source of a long-running and high-profile patent battle between two groups of scientsists.

CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing came about from a naturally occurring viral defense mechanism in bacteria. The system is cheaper and easier to use than previous technologies. It delivers the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, cutting the cells genome at the desired location, allowing existing genes to be removed and new ones added to a living organisms genome. The technique is essential in biotechnology and medicine as it provides for the genomes to be edited in vivo with extremely high precision, efficiently, and with comparative ease. It can create new drugs, agricultural products, and genetically modified organisms or control pathogens and pests. More possibilities include the treatment of inherited genetic diseases and diseases arising from somatic mutations such as cancer. However, its use in human germline genetic modification is highly controversial.

The following diagram from CRISPR Therapeutics AG, a Swiss company, illustrates how it functions:

In the 1990s, nanotechnology and gene editing were necessary plot points for science fiction films. In 2020, developments like nano-sensors and CRISPR gene editing technology have moved these technologies directly into the mainstream, opening a new frontier of novel market applications. According to The Business Research Company, the global CRISPR technology market reached a value of nearly $700 million in 2019, is expected to more than double in 2020, and reach $6.7 billion by 2030. Market applications target all forms of life, from animals to plants to humans.

Gene editings primary market applications are for the treatment of genetically-defined diseases. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing promises to enable the engineering of genomes of cell-based therapies and make them safer and available to a broader group of patients. Cell therapies have already begun to make a meaningful impact on specific diseases, and gene editing helps to accelerate that progress across diverse disease areas, including oncology and diabetes.

In the area of human therapy, millions of people worldwide suffer from genetic conditions. Gene-editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 have introduced a way to address the cause of debilitating illnesses like cystic fibrosis and create better interventions and therapies. They also have promising market applications for agriculture, food safety, supply, and distribution. For example, grocery retailers are even looking at how gene editing could impact the products they sell. Scientists have created gene-edited crops like non-browning mushrooms and mildew-resistant grapes experiments that are part of an effort to prevent spoilage, which could ultimately change the way food is sold.

Despite the inability to travel and conduct face-to-face meetings, attend industry conferences or conduct business other than remotely or with social distance, the investment markets for venture, growth, and private equity capital, as well as corporate R&D budgets, have remained buoyant through 2020 to date. Indeed, the third quarter of 2020 was the second strongest quarter ever for VC-backed companies, with 88 companies raising rounds worth $100 million or more according to the latest PwC/Moneytree report. Healthcare startups raised over $8 billion in the quarter in the United States alone. Gene-editing company Mammouth Biosciences raised a $45 million round of Series B capital in the second quarter of 2020. CRISPR Therapeutics AG raised more in the public markets in primary and secondary capital.

Bayer, Humboldt Fund and Leaps are co-leading a $65 million Series A round for Metagenomi, a biotech startup launched by UC Berkeley scientists. Metagenomi, which will be run by Berkeleys Brian Thomas, is developing a toolbox of CRISPR- and non-CRISPR-based gene-editing systems beyond the Cas9 protein. The goal is to apply machine learning to search through the genomes of these microorganisms, finding new nucleases that can be used in gene therapies. Other investors in the Series A include Sozo Ventures, Agent Capital, InCube Ventures and HOF Capital. Given the focus on new therapies and vaccines to treat the novel coronavirus, we expect continued wind in the sails for gene-editing companies, particularly those with strong product portfolios that leverage the technology.

Despite the projected growth in market applications and abundant investment capital, there is a danger that legal and ethical concerns related to genetic research could put the brakes on gene-editing technologies and product programs emanating therefrom. The possibility of off-target effects, lack of informed consent for germline therapy, and other ethical concerns could cause government regulators to put a stop on important research and development required to cure disease and regenerate human health.

Gene-editing companies can only make money by developing products that involve editing the human genome. The clinical and commercial success of these product candidates depends on public acceptance of gene-editing therapies for the treatment of human diseases. Public attitudes could be influenced by claims that gene editing is unsafe, unethical, or immoral. Consequently, products created through gene editing may not gain the acceptance of the government, the public, or the medical community. Adverse public reaction to gene therapy, in general, could result in greater government regulation and stricter labeling requirements of gene-editing products. Stakeholders in government, third-party payors, the medical community, and private industry must work to create standards that are both safe and comply with prevailing ethical norms.

The most significant danger to growth in gene-editing technologies lies in ethical concerns about their application to human embryos or the human germline. In 2016, a group of scientists edited the genome of human embryos to modify the gene for hemoglobin beta, the gene in which a mutation occurs in patients with the inherited blood disorder beta thalassemia. Although conducted in non-viable embryos, it shocked the public that scientists could be experimenting with human eggs, sperm, and embryos to alter human life at creation. Then, in 2018, a biophysics researcher in China created the first human genetically edited babies, twin girls, causing public outcry (and triggering government sanctioning of the researcher). In response, the World Health Organization established a committee to advise on the creation of standards for gene editing oversight and governance standards on a global basis.

Some influential non-governmental agencies have called for a moratorium on gene editing, particularly as applied to altering the creation or editing of human life. Other have set forth guidelines on how to use gene-editing technologies in therapeutic applications. In the United States, the National Institute of Health has stated that it will not fund gene-editing studies in human embryos. A U.S. statute called The Dickey-Wicker Amendment prohibits the use of federal funds for research projects that would create or destroy human life. Laws in the United Kingdom prohibit genetically modified embryos from being implanted into women. Still, embryos can be altered in research labs under license from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority.

Regulations must keep pace with the change that CRISPR-Cas9 has brought to research labs worldwide. Developing international guidelines could be a step towards establishing cohesive national frameworks. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences recommended seven principles for the governance of human genome editing, including promoting well-being, transparency, due care, responsible science, respect for persons, fairness, and transnational co-operation. In the United Kingdom, a non-governmental organization formed in 1991 called The Nuffield Council has proposed two principles for the ethical acceptability of genome editing in the context of reproduction. First, the intervention intends to secure the welfare of the individual born due to such technology. Second, social justice and solidarity principles are upheld, and the intervention should not result in an intensifying of social divides or marginalizing of disadvantaged groups in society. In 2016, in application of the same, the Crick Institute in London was approved to use CRISPR-Cas9 in human embryos to study early development. In response to a cacophony of conflicting national frameworks, the International Summit on Human Gene Editing was formed in 2015 by NGOs in the United States, the United Kingdom and China, and is working to harmonize regulations global from both the ethical and safety perspectives. As CRISPR co-inventor Jennifer Doudna has written in a now infamous editorial in SCIENCE, stakeholders must engage in thoughtfully crafting regulations of the technology without stifling it.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced us to rely more on new technologies to keep us healthy, adapt to working from home, and more. The pandemic makes us more reliant on innovative digital, biological, and physical solutions. It has created a united sense of urgency among the public and private industry (together with government and academia) to be more creative about using technology to regenerate health. With continued advances in computing power, network architecture, communications bandwidths, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and gene editing, society will undoubtedly find more cures for debilitating disease and succeed in regenerating human health. As science advances, it inevitably intersects with legal and ethical norms, both for individuals and civil society, and there are new externalities to consider. Legal and ethical norms will adapt, rebalancing the interests of each. The fourth industrial revolution is accelerating, and hopefully towards curing disease.

See the original post:
Future Visioning the Role of CRISPR Gene Editing: Navigating Law and Ethics to Regenerate Health and Cure Disease - IPWatchdog.com

Like a computer, cells must process information from the outside world before they respond. Scientists have now developed a powerful new way to observe the internal discussions responsible for cellular decisions.

A new imaging technology lets scientists spy on the flurry of messages passed within cells as they do . . . potentially everything.

Until now, most scientists could visualize only one or two of these intracellular signals at a time, says Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator Ed Boyden of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His teams new approach could make it possible to see as many signals as you want in real time, at once, Boyden says giving researchers a more detailed view of cells internal discussions than ever before.

In tests with neurons, the researchers examined five signals involved in processes such as learning and memory, Boyden and his colleagues report November 23, 2020, in the journal Cell. You could apply this technology to all sorts of biological mysteries, he says. Every cell works due to all the signals inside it. Because signaling contributes to all biological processes, a better means to study it could illuminate a host of diseases, from Alzheimers to diabetes and cancer.

The teams new approach is a breakthrough, says Clifford Woolf, a neurobiologist at Harvard Medical School who was not involved with the work. He plans to use it to examine how pain-sensing neurons become more sensitive in injury or illness. With the new imaging technology, he says we can take apart whats happening in cells in a way that just has not been possible before.

Give a computer or a human brain information, and it will crackle with electrical impulses as it prepares a response. Within cells, these impulses result in spurts of multiple molecular signals. Boyden describes this process as a group conversation. Signals within a cell are like a set of people trying to decide what to do for the evening: they take into account many possibilities, and then decide what to collectively do, he says.

These cellular discussions are what prompt, for example, a neuron to encode a memory or a cell to turn cancerous. Despite their importance, scientists still dont have a strong grasp of how these signals work together to guide a cells behavior.

To see cell signaling in action, scientists typically introduce genes encoding sensors connected to fluorescent proteins. These molecular reporters sense a signal and then glow a specific color under the microscope. Researchers can use a different color reporter for each signal to tell the signals apart. But finding sets of reporters with colors that a microscope can differentiate is challenging. And a typical cellular conversation can involve dozens of signals or more.

Changyang Linghu and Shannon Johnson, scientists in Boydens lab, got around this limitation by affixing reporters to small, self-assembling proteins that act like LEGO bricks. These small proteins clicked together, forming clusters that were randomly scattered across the cell like little islands. Each cluster, which appears under the microscope as a luminescent dot, reports only one type of cellular signal. Its like having some islands with thermometers to report temperature and other islands with barometers measuring pressure, Johnson says.

In experiments with neurons, the team created clusters that each glowed upon detection of one of five different signals, including calcium ions and other important signaling molecules. After imaging the live cells, the researchers attached molecular labels to the glowing dots to identify the reporters located there. Using computer analyses, the team turned the dots magenta, yellow, and other colors, depending on whether they represented calcium or another signal. This let them see which signals were switching on and off across a cells interior.

By monitoring so many signals at once, the team was able to figure out how each signal related to one another. Teasing apart such relationships could help scientists understand complex processes like learning, Linghu says.

He likens a cell to an orchestra and its signals to a symphony. Its difficult to fully appreciate a symphony by listening to just a single instrument, he says. Because the new technique lets scientists observe multiple signals at the same time, we can understand the symphony of cellular activities.

Boydens team estimates it may be possible to detect as many as 16 signals with their technology, but improvements in genetic engineering techniques could raise that number significantly. Potentially, you could look at dozens, hundreds, or even more signals, he says. The next challenge, Boyden says, is getting sensors for all of those signals into a cell.

###

Citation

Changyang Linghu, Shannon L. Johnson et al. Spatial multiplexing of fluorescent reporters for dynamic imaging of signal transduction networks. Cell. Published online November 23, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.035

Continued here:
Recording the Symphony of Cellular Signals That Drive Biology - Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Global Genetic Engineering Drug Market: Trends Estimates High Demand by 2027

The Genetic Engineering Drug Market 2020 report includes the market strategy, market orientation, expert opinion and knowledgeable information. The Genetic Engineering Drug Industry Report is an in-depth study analyzing the current state of the Genetic Engineering Drug Market. It provides a brief overview of the market focusing on definitions, classifications, product specifications, manufacturing processes, cost structures, market segmentation, end-use applications and industry chain analysis. The study on Genetic Engineering Drug Market provides analysis of market covering the industry trends, recent developments in the market and competitive landscape.

It takes into account the CAGR, value, volume, revenue, production, consumption, sales, manufacturing cost, prices, and other key factors related to the global Genetic Engineering Drug market. All findings and data on the global Genetic Engineering Drug market provided in the report are calculated, gathered, and verified using advanced and reliable primary and secondary research sources. The regional analysis offered in the report will help you to identify key opportunities of the global Genetic Engineering Drug market available in different regions and countries.

The final report will add the analysis of the Impact of Covid-19 in this report Genetic Engineering Drug industry.

Some of The Companies Competing in The Genetic Engineering Drug Market are: GeneScience Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Beijing SL Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Biotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen Neptunus Interlong Bio-Technique Co., Ltd, Jiangsu Sihuan Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Tonghua Dongbao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Anhui Anke Biotechnology (Group) Co., Ltd, 3SBio Inc., Shanghai Lansheng Guojian Pharmaceutical Co., and Ltd

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The report scrutinizes different business approaches and frameworks that pave the way for success in businesses. The report used Porters five techniques for analyzing the Genetic Engineering Drug Market; it also offers the examination of the global market. To make the report more potent and easy to understand, it consists of info graphics and diagrams. Furthermore, it has different policies and improvement plans which are presented in summary. It analyzes the technical barriers, other issues, and cost-effectiveness affecting the market.

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What questions does the Genetic Engineering Drug market report answer pertaining to the regional reach of the industry?

The report claims to split the regional scope of the Genetic Engineering Drug market into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America & Middle East and Africa. Which among these regions has been touted to amass the largest market share over the anticipated duration

How do the sales figures look at present how does the sales scenario look for the future?

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How much is the market share that each of these regions has accumulated presently

How much is the growth rate that each topography will depict over the predicted timeline

A short overview of the Genetic Engineering Drug market scope:

Global market remuneration

Overall projected growth rate

Industry trends

Competitive scope

Product range

Application landscape

Supplier analysis

Marketing channel trends Now and later

Sales channel evaluation

Market Competition Trend

Market Concentration Rate

Reasons to Read this Report

This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics

It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth

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TABLE OF CONTENT:

Chapter 1:Genetic Engineering Drug Market Overview

Chapter 2: Global Economic Impact on Industry

Chapter 3:Genetic Engineering Drug Market Competition by Manufacturers

Chapter 4: Global Production, Revenue (Value) by Region

Chapter 5: Global Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Chapter 6: Global Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Chapter 7: Global Market Analysis by Application

Chapter 8: Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter 9: Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Chapter 10: Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Chapter 11: Genetic Engineering Drug Market Effect Factors Analysis

Chapter 12: GlobalGenetic Engineering Drug Market Forecast to 2027

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Analysis of Genetic Engineering Drug Market after Effect of Covid-19 on all the Industries around the world - The Market Feed

In addition, liso-cels distinct manufacturing process creates a defined composition of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells, which may reduce product variability; however, the manufacturer states, the clinical significance of defined composition is unknown.

For insights on what the arrival of liso-cel could mean in the treatment landscape, The American Journal of Managed Care (AJMC) turned to Tanya Siddiqi, MD, director of the Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Program at Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center and associate clinical professor, Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation at City of Hope, Duarte, California.

Siddiqi was an investigator for ZUMA-1, which led to the approval of axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel), sold as Yescarta, and the TRANSCEND NHL trial for liso-cel.She has addressed major scientific meetings on the challenge of managing the toxicities associated with CAR T-cell therapyand discussed how liso-cel represents a step forward over its predecessors.

This interview, conducted before the BMS announcement, has been edited for clarity and length.

AJMC: We're anticipating an FDA decision on liso-cel before the end of the year. Can you discuss the need of the patients who would take this new CAR T-cell therapy?

Siddiqi: So, for CAR T-cell therapy targeting CD19-positive B-cell lymphomasspecifically aggressive B-cell lymphomaswe already have a couple of FDA-approved options. The question is: what is liso-cel? How is it different? Why would people pick this over other things? In the trials that we've conducted, we found that liso-cel seems to have lesser toxicity in terms of the specific CAR T-cell side effects of cytokine release syndrome or hyper-inflammation, as well as neurotoxicity. We've just seen fewer severe adverse events so much so that at some [cancer] centers across the country, weve been able to give liso-cel CAR T-cells to patients in the clinic or outpatient setting rather than having to admit them to the hospital , depending on the patient's situation.

Those are the strengths of liso-celless toxicity and thus, a better chance of giving it in the outpatient setting with hospital admission available to anyone who develops a fever or other side effects. This means fewer days of inpatient hospitalization for these patients, so it may be less costly overall. I dont think the efficacy is necessarily differentmeaning that it seems to work as well as the other FDA-approved products already commercially available. But for the reasons that I've listed, I think it might be a very good option for older patients, maybe patients who are bit more frail, or younger patients who just don't want to be admitted to the hospitalthey just want to try to do it in the outpatient setting.

AJMC:You touched on this already, but can you discuss how Iiso-cel differs from earlier CAR T-cell therapiesboth in the way it's manufactured and how it works, and what that reduced variability means for patients?

Siddiqi: Liso-celis manufactured in a way that it gives very precise, equal numbers of CAR cells that are labeled CD4 and CD8, in a 1:1 ratio. All of us have T cells to fight infections with, and these T cells are what we take from patients. Then, we modify them in the lab by genetic engineering in order to produce CAR T-cells so that now instead of looking for infections, these CAR T cells are going to look for B-cell lymphoma cells and fight lymphoma.

The other products are given back to patients as a bag of CAR T cells mixed with potentially varying ratios of different types of T cellsCD4+, CD8+, etc. With liso-cel the manufacturing process actually separates out the CD4+ and CD8+ types of T cells first, and then manufactures CAR-T cells out of them separately. So, when we give the cells back to patients, we give it in a 1:1 ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. We know exactly how many CD4+ and how many CD8+ T-cells these patients receive. And the thought is, the researchers and the drug manufacturer feel that this helps to have an expectation of what expansion you will have of these cells in the body.

Therefore, we potentially have an idea of what type of side effects or how severe the side effects might be. It may limit some of those side effects, or at least make them a little bit more predictable or controlled.

AJMC:Thats a great way to shift to your own work on length of stay due to CRS. What do we know about the key variables in determining whether a patient will experience a side effect that requires an extended stay in the hospital, and can more be done to avoid lengthy hospital stays?

Siddiqi: That's a very important question. Because lengthy hospital stays, especially in the [intensive care unit], really adds to the bill and the financial burden of these treatments. We know that people who have a big burden of disease going into CAR T-cell therapy, meaning they have a lot of lymphoma in their bodies, they tend to be at higher risk for more side effects like cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. Probably because there's so much inflammation thats generated while these CAR T-cells are trying to fight the lymphoma. What we know is that people who come to us for CAR T-cells with lesser disease might have fewer side effects potentially and a better overall outcome.

So, we always try to advise our referring physicians, and educate patients, at conferences, to try to send these patients to us before they are at the end of the linebefore theyve tried and failed everything, and now theres just rampant disease. [At that point,] you're dealing with a situation where the patient is going to have more side effects and will not be able to tolerate the CAR T cells as well. Instead, if they fail two lines of therapy and the disease is still small in volume, but it's starting to progress, we can treat them more effectively with CAR T cells and with fewer side effects potentially.

AJMC:That brings up the next topicthere have been discussions that CAR T-cell therapy should be given earlier during treatment. As you said, if its not given as the last resort, patients might respond better. Where do you see those patterns heading in the future? And would that be truer for some patients than others?

Siddiqi: With aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, there's about a 60% to 70% chance of curing that in the frontline setting. With the line of chemo-immunotherapy, you can cure 60% to 70% of patients so that it never comes back. But the rest of themwhen it just relentlessly keeps coming back and it's hard to cureonce those patients relapse they tend to keep relapsing. So, our mainstay in the relapse setting is to give them salvage chemo-immunotherapy, collect stem cells, and take them to autologous stem cell transplantation if they've achieved a remission with the salvage chemotherapy. If they haven't achieved remission with that salvage chemotherapy, then they should go on to CAR T cells directly instead of waiting and trying more and more chemotherapies. After failing second line therapy, the FDA approval allows us to try CAR T cells. There are studies that are now ongoing that are comparing CAR T cells to autologous stem cell transplantation after failing first line therapy. So, once patients relapse the first time, these studies are comparing giving them salvage chemotherapy and transplant, versus taking them straight to CAR T cells. Once we have that data, we'll know better whether we can do CAR T cells even earlier in the lines of therapy.

AJMC:Weve been hearing for some time more about allogeneic or off-the-shelf therapies. What progress has been made on in that technology?

Siddiqi: I'm not too involved with these trials myself, but I know we have trials at City of Hope that are ongoing with off-the-shelf therapy. What I can tell you is that it's very attractive in that you don't have to collect T cells from patients, keeping their lymphoma under control while these T cells then go to the lab and CAR T cells are manufactured in 2-4 weeks depending on which product it is, and then they come back and get infused. With off-the-shelf products, you can just grab it and go as soon as you know the patient needs it.

The initial concerns were because the cells are not from the patient themselvesthe cells are from donors. Across the board there might be concerns of rejection and what's called graft-versus-host disease and things like that. So far, I don't think in the trial they've come up with such side effects to any significant extent. What I don't know is whether they've come up with a good result yet. Is it looking like the benefits of taking off-the-shelf CAR T cells are as good as autologous CAR T cells, meaning patients own CAR T cells? I think that remains to be seen. If they are, then it's much easier to use off-the-shelf CAR T cells. Maybe at the American Society of Hematology annual meeting in December we will see more data.

AJMC: How is COVID-19 affecting the clinical trial process for CAR T cell therapy?

Siddiqi: When the pandemic kind of started surging early in the year, and when we went into lockdown mode from March onward, we and other centers across the country took a lot of steps to slow down our clinical trial enrollment. Our staff started staggering who would come into work which day of the week and who could work from home. For those in the clinical trials office, there was a lot of need for safety and logistical reasons for us to slow down enrollment onto clinical trials. And there were other questions, such as, who would take care of patients at home once we discharged them after they received CAR T cells? What if their caregivers were exposed and got sick? Logistically, it was difficult to safely do many trials, especially CAR T cell trials and transplants earlier in the year.

Since the end of summer, we ramped up again, and we're now doing as many transplants and CAR T cells as we were probably doing last year. So, we're pretty much all the way up again, but I don't know how this winter will go because COVID is surging again.

As far as just CAR T cells themselves, we had to also think about travel for the cells because Juno Therapeutics is in Seattle, and Kite Pharma is here in Los Angeles, but Novartis is elsewhere. Just the movement of these cells was a concern because of travel restrictions during COVID-19. But as far as I know, the companies did not lose that commitmentthey told us, well get the cells to you, we will find a way to do it. I don't think any patients went without cells who should have received cells.

AJMC: What advice do you have for community oncologists interested in CAR T cell therapy for their patients?

Siddiqi: Theres good news for community physicians. We may soon have a therapeutic option of liso-cel CAR T cell therapy which seems to have lesser side effects. So, this might make things cheaper due to less need for hospitalization potentially without compromising the chance of cure. We want these patients to try CAR T cell therapy sooner rather than later in their relapses. You can always try multiple cycles of chemotherapy at some other time if you relapse again, but if you can be cured with CAR T cells such that you never need treatment again, why not try that first? For the patients who respond well to CAR T cells, the treatment works extremely well. And that's the Holy Grail to find the cure for all patients.

Maybe only half the patients will currently have a very good and durable responsebut those patients may never relapse again. So why not try it sooner rather than later? And of course, we're always looking for trial patients, because now we need to improve these results even further. So, community oncologists should also refer for trials, because I think that its very important to have trials with different combinationsCAR T cells plus another immunotherapy agentto see if we can improve upon the response rates even more.

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Tanya Siddiqi, MD, Discusses the Promise of Reduced Toxicity With Liso-Cel - AJMC.com Managed Markets Network

The University of Bristol has secured a 45million deal to advance its groundbreaking gene therapy technology for chronic kidney diseases. The commitment, made by healthcare company Syncona Ltd to Bristol spin-out Purespring Therapeutics, aims to address a global unmet need for renal conditions in one of the largest single investments made to a new UK university biotech company.

Over two million people worldwide currently receive treatment with dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive, yet this number may only represent ten per cent of people who need treatment to live. Until now, advances in the treatment of kidney diseases have lagged significantly behind other diseases such as cancer and heart disease.

This investment marks a significant step forward in the innovation of long overdue new therapies for kidney diseases, which have historically been disproportionately expensive to treat.

Gene therapy a technique which replaces or alters a faulty gene or adds a new gene to treat or prevent disease instead of using drugs or surgery, offers a potential new type of treatment for renal conditions.

Synconas 45 million investment to Purespring will be used to progress to the clinic gene therapy research pioneered by Professor Moin Saleem, Professor of Paediatric Renal Medicine at Bristol Medical School and Dr Gavin Welsh, Associate Professor of Renal Medicine. Professor Saleems work is the only study to date (as yet to be published) to have successfully demonstrated disease rescue in animal models using this technique for a kidney disorder called nephrotic syndrome.

Purespring will develop gene therapies directly targeting the glomerulus in the kidney, which could see treatment progress from lab to patients in three or four years. The company will also have access to an in-vivo functional screening platform, FunSel, to screen for cell-specific protective factors delivered via gene therapy, that could have applications across several kidney diseases. FunSel has been developed by Professor Mauro Giacca at Kings College London.

Professor John Iredale, Pro Vice-Chancellor for Health and Life Sciences at the University of Bristol, said: "Synconas expertise in gene therapy and landmark investment in Bristol spin-out Purespring marks an exciting new venture to progress Bristols breakthrough discoveries in the treatment of kidney diseases. Puresprings gene therapy platform has enormous potential to improve outcomes in patients with kidney diseases and is a major leap forward for renal therapeutics globally.

Professor Moin Saleem said: This is an incredible opportunity to develop transformational treatments for kidney disease. Gene therapy has come of age in certain areas, but a major challenge in complex solid organs is to precisely target the genetic material to the correct cell type. Using accumulated expertise in the Bristol Renal research group we have solved this crucial hurdle, putting us in a position to deliver curative gene therapy to patients with chronic and intractable kidney diseases. Syncona have had the foresight to see this potential, and partnering with their world-leading gene therapy experience is the best possible springboard to successfully bring this technology to patients.

Chris Hollowood, CIO, Syncona Investment Management Limited, said: Purespring is the sixth gene therapy company to be founded by Syncona and clearly demonstrates our proprietary company creation approach. In Moin and his team, we are collaborating with clinical and scientific leaders and working in target tissue amenable to gene therapy, whilst the collaboration with Mauro provides a path for gene therapy to fulfil its promise in highly prevalent chronic degenerative conditions. We look forward to building a world class company around this innovative science, in order to develop therapies with the potential to deliver dramatic impact for patients. Purespring is an exciting addition to our gene therapy platform, where we are strategically positioned with significant expertise in building fully integrated platform companies.

AboutSyncona

Syncona (LON: SYNC) is a healthcare company focused on founding, building and funding a portfolio of global leaders in life science. Our purpose is to invest to extend and enhance human life. We do this by founding and building companies to deliver transformational treatments to patients in areas of high unmet need.

Our strategy is to found, build and fund companies around exceptional science to create a dynamic portfolio of 15-20 globally leading healthcare businesses for the benefit of all our stakeholders. We focus on developing treatments for patients by working in close partnership with world-class academic founders and management teams. Our strategic balance sheet underpins our strategy enabling us to take a long-term view as we look to improve the lives of patients with no or few treatment options, build sustainable life science companies and deliver strong risk-adjusted returns to shareholders.

About ICGEB and FunSel

Established in 1983 as a special project of UNIDO, the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology - ICGEB is an independent intergovernmental organisation since 1994 with HQ in Trieste (Italy) and with additional laboratories in New Delhi (India) and Cape Town (South Africa). As of today, it counts 65 Member States and 20 signatory countries. The ICGEB is a not for profit IGO any revenues generated are re-invested in research and in the funding programmes for capacity building in its Member States. The Vision of the ICGEB is to be the worlds leading intergovernmental Organisation for research, training and technology transfer in the field of Life Sciences and Biotechnology. Its Mission is to combine scientific research with capacity enhancement, thereby promoting sustainable global development (www.icgeb.org).

FunSel is an in-vivo functional screening platform. It was developed at ICGEB by Professor Giacca and his team while he served as the Director-General of the organisation until 2019. He continues to head the Molecular Medicine laboratory at ICGEB Trieste, Italy.

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November: purespring-spinout | News and features - University of Bristol

Global Crispr And Crispr-Associated (Cas) Genes Market report offers the latest industry trends, technological innovations and forecast market data. In-depth view or analysis of Crispr And Crispr-Associated (Cas) Genes industry based on market size, Crispr And Crispr-Associated (Cas) Genes growth, development plans, and opportunities is offered by this report. The comprehensive market forecast data, SWOT analysis, Crispr And Crispr-Associated (Cas) Genes barriers, and feasibility study are the vital aspects analyzed in this report.

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Caribou BiosciencesAddgeneCRISPR THERAPEUTICSMerck KGaAMirus Bio LLCEditas MedicineTakara Bio USAThermo Fisher ScientificHorizon Discovery GroupIntellia TherapeuticsGE Healthcare Dharmacon

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Genome EditingGenetic engineeringgRNA Database/Gene LibrarCRISPR PlasmidHuman Stem CellsGenetically Modified Organisms/CropsCell Line Engineering

Crispr And Crispr-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Segmentation: By Applications

Biotechnology CompaniesPharmaceutical CompaniesAcademic InstitutesResearch and Development Institutes

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Crispr And Crispr-Associated (Cas) Genes Market trends, Forecast Analysis, Key segmentation by type and application to 2026 - Cheshire Media

SAN JOSE, Calif., Nov. 24, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: ARDS), a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and development of novel anti-infective therapies to treat life-threatening infections, is pleased to announce a 75 minute "Fireside Chat Forum," with its five covering analysts will be held on December 4th, 2020 at 11:00AM EST. This virtual event is intended to provide a 2021 preview and plans for the Company's lead clinical programs, COVID-19 mAb programs, and PEX, its novel antibody discovery platform technology.

This uniquely formatted event will feature all of the Company's covering analysts, Louise Chen (Cantor Fitzgerald), Vernon Bernardino (H.C. Wainwright), Jason McCarthy (Maxim Group), Jonathan Aschoff (Roth Capital), and Carl Byrnes (Northland Securities) who will lead topic specific discussions with management to preview the year ahead (2021) for the following assets:

"It is a pleasure to host this forum as it will offer efficient, yet comprehensive perspectives from leading Wall Street analysts on our programs and cutting-edge technology platform, especially in light of the current pandemic and on-going challenges facing the medical and science communities around emerging life-threatening infections," commented Vu Truong, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of Aridis Pharmaceuticals.

Additional details and registration can be accessed with this link or by visiting Aridis' website, https://investors.aridispharma.com/events.

About Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. discovers and develops anti-infectives to be used as add-on treatments to standard-of-care antibiotics. The Company is utilizing its proprietary PEX and MabIgX technology platforms to rapidly identify rare, potent antibody-producing B-cells from patients who have successfully overcome an infection, and to rapidly manufacture monoclonal antibody (mAbs) for therapeutic treatment of critical infections. These mAbs are already of human origin and functionally optimized for high potency by the donor's immune system; hence, they technically do not require genetic engineering or further optimization to achieve full functionality.

The Company has generated multiple clinical stage mAbs targeting bacteria that cause life-threatening infections such as ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) and hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP), in addition to preclinical stage antiviral mAbs. The use of mAbs as anti-infective treatments represents an innovative therapeutic approach that harnesses the human immune system to fight infections and is designed to overcome the deficiencies associated with the current standard of care which is broad spectrum antibiotics. Such deficiencies include, but are not limited to, increasing drug resistance, short duration of efficacy, disruption of the normal flora of the human microbiome and lack of differentiation among current treatments. The mAb portfolio is complemented by a non-antibiotic novel mechanism small molecule anti-infective candidate being developed to treat lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. The Company's pipeline is highlighted below:

Aridis' Pipeline AR-301 (VAP). AR-301 is a fully human IgG1 mAb currently in Phase 3 clinical development targeting gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) alpha-toxin in VAP patients.

AR-101 (HAP). AR-101 is a fully human immunoglobulin M, or IgM, mAb in Phase 2 clinical development targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) liposaccharides serotype O11, which accounts for approximately 22% of all P. aeruginosa hospital acquired pneumonia cases worldwide.

AR-501 (cystic fibrosis). AR-501 is an inhaled formulation of gallium citrate with broad-spectrum anti-infective activity being developed to treat chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. This program is currently in a Phase 1/2a clinical study in healthy volunteers and CF patients.

AR-401 (blood stream infections). AR-401 is a fully human mAb preclinical program aimed at treating infections caused by gram-negative Acinetobacter baumannii.

AR-701 (COVID-19). AR-701 is a cocktail of fully human mAbs discovered from convalescent COVID-19 patients that are directed at multiple envelope proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

AR-711 (COVID-19). AR-711 is an in-licensed mAb that is directed against the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The agent has the potential to be delivered both intravenously and by inhalation using a nebulizer.

AR-201 (RSV infection). AR-201 is a fully human IgG1 mAb out-licensed preclinical program aimed at neutralizing diverse clinical isolates of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

For additional information on Aridis Pharmaceuticals, please visit https://aridispharma.com/.

Forward-Looking Statements Certain statements in this press release are forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. These statements may be identified by the use of words such as "anticipate," "believe," "forecast," "estimated" and "intend" or other similar terms or expressions that concern Aridis' expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. These forward-looking statements are based on Aridis' current expectations and actual results could differ materially. There are a number of factors that could cause actual events to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, the need for additional financing, the timing of regulatory submissions, Aridis' ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of its existing product candidates and any other product candidates it may develop, approvals for clinical trials may be delayed or withheld by regulatory agencies, risks relating to the timing and costs of clinical trials, risks associated with obtaining funding from third parties, management and employee operations and execution risks, loss of key personnel, competition, risks related to market acceptance of products, intellectual property risks, risks related to business interruptions, including the outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus, which could seriously harm our financial condition and increase our costs and expenses, risks associated with the uncertainty of future financial results, Aridis' ability to attract collaborators and partners and risks associated with Aridis' reliance on third party organizations. While the list of factors presented here is considered representative, no such list should be considered to be a complete statement of all potential risks and uncertainties. Unlisted factors may present significant additional obstacles to the realization of forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those described or implied by such forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including, without limitation, market conditions and the factors described under the caption "Risk Factors" in Aridis' 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and Aridis' other filings made with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Forward-looking statements included herein are made as of the date hereof, and Aridis does not undertake any obligation to update publicly such statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.

Contact:

Investor RelationsJason WongBlueprint Life Science Groupjwong@bplifescience.com(415) 375-3340 Ext. 4

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SOURCE Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Company Codes: NASDAQ-NMS:ARDS

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Aridis Pharmaceuticals to Host Fireside Chat with Analysts to Discuss 2021 Outlook for its Lead Programs and Novel mAb Discovery Platform on December...

A strong commitment to innovationWith its partnership with Recombia, Lesaffre is investing in major pioneering technology. The ability to generate thousands of yeast strains in parallel, combined with laboratory automation, is expected to exponentially accelerate development of projects in the areas of health, the environment, and energy. The partnership also signifies Lesaffre's entry into the world of Synthetic Biology, considered to be the major biotechnological opportunity of this decade.

"This kind of partnership exemplifies an innovative way that industry can support and foster progress in Biotechnology. Through collaboration with scientists and entrepreneurs, we will be able to find new solutions, which will be beneficial for the future, especially in health or in environment protection," says Antoine Baule, Chief Executive Officer of Lesaffre.

An exclusive technologyRecombia Biosciences was founded by three Stanford University researchers in 2019 as a spin-off from the prestigious Stanford Genome Technology Center (SGTC).Recombia'stechnologies are based upon techniques that increase the efficiency of genome editing and enable engineering of yeast at very high throughput. The strategic collaboration with Lesaffre aims to advance Recombia's proprietary gene editing technologies to identify new yeast strains, discover novel yeast physiology of industrial relevance and optimize the production of biosourced ingredients and biofuels.

"We are excited to be working with Lesaffre on moving our gene editing programs forward," says Dr. Justin Smith, CEO of Recombia. "We see tremendous potential to leverage our expertise in genome editing and synthetic biology to develop new and innovative fermentation solutions and products."

Recombia is exclusively licensing four genome engineering technologies from Stanford University for their work.

"While precision genome editing has certainly advanced recently, there are still challenges, especially in making many genetic changes in parallel," said Dr.Bob St.Onge, COO and co-founder of Recombia Biosciences. "Recombia's technologies enable industrial yeast strain engineering by dramatically increasing the efficiency of high-throughput genome editing."

St.Onge and Smith co-founded the company with Professor Lars Steinmetz. The team has had a long working relationship at the SGTC.

"I am very excited to see the technologies we developed in academia applied in the industrial sector," said Steinmetz. "The Genome Technology Center has a long history of genomics technology development. I'm confident Recombia will continue in the tradition of the other successful companies that have spun out of the SGTC."

"The technology has broad utility and can be readily applied also to the development of non-genetically modified organisms,"says Carmen Arruda, Lesaffre R&I Manager. "With Recombia, Lesaffre can now explore a larger space of metabolic engineering hypotheses, develop prototype organisms at a faster pace, accelerate the design of appropriate selections and screenings of strains generated by classical breeding methods. We are excited to see what the future holds."

Working together to better nourish and protect the planetAs a global key player in the field of fermentation,Lesaffre is committed to continuing its investments in research and development to contribute to a safer, healthier and more natural world by developing the potential of micro-organisms, such as yeasts or beneficial bacteria.

More information about Recombia Biosciences at http://www.recombia.com

More information about Lesaffre at http://www.lesaffre.com

SOURCE Recombia Biosciences

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Lesaffre and Recombia Biosciences to advance innovative gene editing technology through a strategic partnership - PRNewswire

Leaders from across academia, government and industry gathered to discuss regulatory science at the 2020 Global Conference on Regulatory Science. Top row, left to right: Peter Sorger, Amy Abernathy, George Daley, Norman Sharpless. Bottom row, left to right: Adam Palmer, Helga Gadarsdottir, Peter Mol, Steve Goodman.

Speakers and panelists from across academia, government and industry convened to discuss the future of the evaluation and regulation of new medicines at the first annual Global Conference on Regulatory Science, held virtually on Oct. 20 and 21.

While machine learning and data science were the conference themes, fundamental issues of integrity, transparency and patient trust were a refrain.

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The importance of these underlying issues has been starkly illuminated by the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, said Margaret Hamburg, former commissioner of the FDA and one of the events keynote speakers.

Even with all the best science, we can't generate the change we hope for if people don't trust it. Even a safe and effective vaccine won't help control the COVID-19 pandemic if people won't take it, said Hamburg.

For me, and I suspect or most of you, this is just enormously worrisome,"she added. "It's a powerful reminder that integrity and the trust it generates is such an essential foundation of everything else.

Scientific discoveries and technologies with the potential to transform human health emerge almost daily, and regulatory agencies like the FDA and its peers around the world have faced mounting challenges as they strive to keep up with the accelerating pace of innovationchallenges that have been amplified by the urgent need for therapeutics and vaccines for COVID-19.

Building trust among patients, balancing careful testing with timely approvals for potentially life-saving medicines, and other key topics were addressed over the course of the two-day conference, which was hosted by the Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science (CRS), a partnership between Harvard University, MIT and the FDA that aims to further develop and improve the science of how drugs and other products are evaluated and brought to market.

Regulatory science is an increasingly compelling opportunity for fundamental innovation and real-world impact in creating safe and effective medicines, diagnostics and devices, said Peter Sorger, the Otto Krayer Professor of Systems Pharmacology at HMS.

Our goal is to try and improve these processes, make them more efficient, and critically, bring needed innovation to unmet medical needs, said Sorger, who co-directs the CRS with Florence Bourgeois, HMS associate professor of pediatrics at Boston Childrens Hospital, and Laura Maliszewski, executive director of the Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science and the Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology.

More than 650 attendees from around the world joined in the virtual discussions, which centered on the theme of how machine learning, data science and new technologiesincluding telemedicine and wearable devicesare changing drug development, clinical trials, medical care and more.

Speakers and panelists included Norman Sharpless, director of the National Cancer Institute; George Q. Daley, dean of HMS; Amy Abernathy, principle deputy commissioner of the FDA; and a broad range of leaders from academia, hospitals, government and industry.

The process of regulating new medicines and biotechnologies begins with scientists themselves, noted Daley.

Scientists bear the responsibility to participate in a shared governance model that invites transparent and independent oversight, he said, highlighting the Asilomar conference in 1975, when an international group of scientists came together to create voluntary guidelines for the manipulation of DNA, then a novel technology.

This established a precedent for self-regulation by scientists, which then informed subsequent regulation by government agencies.

The need for the scientific community to engage in self-governance has only increased in urgency, with the remarkably rapid emergence of CRISPR gene-editing approaches that can make permanent, heritable changes to an individuals DNA. At a meeting in 2015, Daley joined a cohort of scientists, including Jennifer Doudna, now a Nobel laureate, to strongly discourage germline genome editing.

We knew that this would have to be a prohibition that would be practiced by scientists and clinicians themselves, because the knowledge was emerging so rapidly it wasn't clear that the regulators were going to be ready to catch up, said Daley.

But in 2018, a rogue scientist illicitly edited the genomes of two embryos that were carried to term in China, sparking international controversy. If there is ever to be a possible safe and ethical path forward for emerging technologies such as germline editing, it must be paved by the open cooperation and collaboration of scientists, regulators, and importantly, the public, Daley said.

The payoff for this kind of cooperation can be enormous, and perhaps the best examples can be found in recent successes in the development and approval of new cancer medicines, said Sharpless.

I predict that 2020 will be the best year thus far for cancer drug approvals, said Sharpless. That progress has occurred during a time when the FDA has been besieged by a global pandemic.

A historic surge of new cancer medicines has entered the U.S. market in recent years, Sharpless added, a windfall that stems from decades of productive research on cancer biology and therapeutics.

An improved scientific understanding of cancer has led to the development of new medicines that have prompted new approaches to regulation by the FDA. Some cancer drugs demonstrate such efficacy in small-scale clinical trials, he noted, that it can become essentially unethical to withhold them while waiting for large phase III trials to finish.

This has been a change for the regulatory thinking of the FDA, and I would argue has been a change for the good of the patients, Sharpless said. It has made agents available to patients at a sooner date and led the pharmaceutical industry to develop cancer drugs knowing that they can get approval at an earlier stage.

The recent successes of cancer drugs are to be celebrated, but the question of how to replicate these successes in other diseases, such as neurodegeneration and other intractable diseases, remains a pressing concern, he said.

This question was discussed by conference speakers and panelists in many different contexts, particularly the potential of emerging technologies to reshape how clinical trials are conducted in the future.

A wealth of new technologies, from telemedicine to wearable devices, are allowing physicians and scientists to engage with patients in unprecedented ways. This could have a transformative impact in medicine in many ways, including by augmenting clinical trials, speakers said.

Such technologies could enable more frequent physician-patient interaction and the continuous monitoring of real-world data and evidenceproviding far more information than the intermittent site visits that most current trials use to collect data.

In addition, new technologies could help reduce disparities in access to clinical trials, panelists said, and allow for vastly improved patient recruitment, which would help ensure that new medicines are being evaluated on patients who have the best chance of benefiting.

If this potential is to be realized, patients must have confidence that their privacy and data are protected, said conference speakers and panelists.

In many ways, trust in data security and privacy are as important as any innovations in technology itself, panelists noted. This is a key issue for new digital medicine technologies and approaches, they added, and thoughtful and transparent regulation are critical.

Conference speakers also addressed a wide and diverse range of other issues, including how new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and digital pathology, are transforming clinical care and how large data sources like electronic medical records are linked and mined for insights into improving health.

The rapid growth of these and many other new technologies in health care present myriad complex issues for those tasked with evaluation and regulation, speakers and panelists said. And in many cases, as with genetic engineering, decision-making will require societal discourse.

As such, neutral forums to consider and debate new innovations, policies and regulationsone of the key functions of the CRS and its annual conferenceplay an increasingly important role in moving the complex discipline of regulatory science forward.

Central to this process is the ability to effectively collaborate around stakeholders, across academia, industry and regulatory agencies, said Bourgeois.

This is where the center comes in, serving as a platform to foster interdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder conversation, she said.

The remarkable discoveries and the acceleration and advances we are seeing in our understanding of diseases and how to treat themthese will most benefit patients if we have an efficient, rigorous and adaptable approach to the evaluation of the many rapidly emerging biotechnologies, Bourgeois said.

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Integrity and Trust | Harvard Medical School - Harvard Medical School

Advances in gene editing over the past decade have given scientists new tools to tailor the biochemistry of nearly any living thing with great precision. Because the biosphereincluding trees, crops, livestock, and every other organismsis a major source and sink for greenhouse gases (GHGs), these tools have profound implications for climate change. Gene editing is unlocking new ways to enhance natural and agricultural carbon sinks, limit emissions from agriculture and other major GHG-emitting sectors, and improve biofuels. Congress should act now to open this new frontier for climate innovation.

Gene editing uses enzymesCRISPR Cas9 is the most well-knownto identify, remove, and replace segments of an organisms DNA, much like using a word processor to edit a document. These tools originated as defense mechanisms so that bacteria could remove foreign DNA inserted by predatory viruses. Researchers have adapted this cellular machinery to introduce beneficial traits into plants and animals. The techniques are new, but they build on nearly a half century of experience with conventional genetic engineering and hundreds of millions of years of evolution.

Zooming out from the microscopic level, gene editing offers novel solutions to a diverse set of emissions-related problems.

The Trillion Trees initiative recognizes plants unique ability: using photosynthesis to capture carbon. Yet the process is surprisingly inefficient.Scientistshave moved swiftly to use their new toolkit to try to improve it, and several breakthroughs have already been reported. Further progress might enableproductivity gainsof 50 percent in major crops, slashing emissions radically, raising output per acre, and bolstering farmers incomes.

The decomposition and transport of wasted food accounts for the single largest portion of agricultural GHG emissions. Companies are already selling gene-editedsoybean oilwith a longer shelf life andpotatoesthat resist bruising, both of which reduce waste.

Next-generation biofuels from switchgrass, which grows easily on otherwise non-arable land, could power sustainable, low-carbon transport. The hitch has been that this plants key ingredient, cellulose, is hard to break down. Gene editing may open up this abundant resource by optimizing microbes that can efficiently process cellulose, yielding low-cost biofuels and spurring rural development.

The worlds 1.4 billion cattle account for about6 percentof global agriculture GHG emissions, in large part because of methane in their burps. Some cattle emit far less methane than others because of specific microbial populations in their digestive tracts. Gene editing could allow this trait to spread across herds,reducing emissions.

Gene editings enormous promise for solving societal problems, including climate change, has been slowed by concerns that it is neither natural nor safe. These concerns are misplaced. Humans have used breeding to shape the genomes of crops and livestock since the dawn of agriculture. Our new gene editing toolkit has been used by nature for hundreds of millions of years. Most important, in eleven major studies over the past four decades, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences hasfoundno new hazards in gene edited or genetically engineered products. Other authoritative bodies around the world have drawn the same conclusion, which has been confirmed by vast experience.

The urgency of the climate challenge is becoming clearer with each passing season as severe storms, droughts, fires, and other disasters become more frequent at home and around the world. Congress should take action today to accelerate gene-edited climate solutions. First, legislators should eliminate regulatory burdens that disincentivize innovation in gene-edited technologies and contribute little to human or environmental safety. Current regulations on gene-edited products have addedtens of millions of dollarsand multiple years to their development without delivering commensurate benefits for health, safety, or the environment.

Second, Congress should create a new agency to support agricultural research into high-reward biological technologies including gene editing. The ARPA-Terra Act of 2019 (S.2732) introduced by Sen. Michael Bennet would do so, emulating the highly successful models of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E).

Finally, Congress should encourage innovative farmers to adopt new gene-edited crops and livestock to demonstrate their value and speed wider deployment. Existing tax credits for carbon capture could be expanded as these nascent products come to market.

Although gene editing is less than a decade old, it is already abundantly clear that it will be a powerful tool to address climate change. The science is ready and waiting for Congressional action.

See more here:
Gene-edited crops and animals: Best-kept secrets in the fight against climate change - Genetic Literacy Project