StemCell Therapy

With more than 50 years of experience studying blood-forming stem cells called hematopoietic stem cells, scientists have developed sufficient understanding to actually use them as a therapy. Currently, no other type of stem cell, adult, fetal or embryonic, has attained such status. Hematopoietic stem cell transplants are now routinely used to treat patients with cancers and other disorders of the blood and immune systems. Recently, researchers have observed in animal studies that hematopoietic stem cells appear to be able to form other kinds of cells, such as muscle, blood vessels, and bone. If this can be applied to human cells, it may eventually be possible to use hematopoietic stem cells to replace a wider array of cells and tissues than once thought.

Despite the vast experience with hematopoietic stem cells, scientists face major roadblocks in expanding their use beyond the replacement of blood and immune cells. First, hematopoietic stem cells are unable to proliferate (replicate themselves) and differentiate (become specialized to other cell types) in vitro (in the test tube or culture dish). Second, scientists do not yet have an accurate method to distinguish stem cells from other cells recovered from the blood or bone marrow. Until scientists overcome these technical barriers, they believe it is unlikely that hematopoietic stem cells will be applied as cell replacement therapy in diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's Disease, spinal cord injury, and many others.

Blood cells are responsible for constant maintenance and immune protection of every cell type of the body. This relentless and brutal work requires that blood cells, along with skin cells, have the greatest powers of self-renewal of any adult tissue.

The stem cells that form blood and immune cells are known as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). They are ultimately responsible for the constant renewal of bloodthe production of billions of new blood cells each day. Physicians and basic researchers have known and capitalized on this fact for more than 50 years in treating many diseases. The first evidence and definition of blood-forming stem cells came from studies of people exposed to lethal doses of radiation in 1945.

Basic research soon followed. After duplicating radiation sickness in mice, scientists found they could rescue the mice from death with bone marrow transplants from healthy donor animals. In the early 1960s, Till and McCulloch began analyzing the bone marrow to find out which components were responsible for regenerating blood [56]. They defined what remain the two hallmarks of an HSC: it can renew itself and it can produce cells that give rise to all the different types of blood cells (see Chapter 4. The Adult Stem Cell).

A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from the blood or bone marrow that can renew itself, can differentiate to a variety of specialized cells, can mobilize out of the bone marrow into circulating blood, and can undergo programmed cell death, called apoptosisa process by which cells that are detrimental or unneeded self-destruct.

A major thrust of basic HSC research since the 1960s has been identifying and characterizing these stem cells. Because HSCs look and behave in culture like ordinary white blood cells, this has been a difficult challenge and this makes them difficult to identify by morphology (size and shape). Even today, scientists must rely on cell surface proteins, which serve, only roughly, as markers of white blood cells.

Identifying and characterizing properties of HSCs began with studies in mice, which laid the groundwork for human studies. The challenge is formidable as about 1 in every 10,000 to 15,000 bone marrow cells is thought to be a stem cell. In the blood stream the proportion falls to 1 in 100,000 blood cells. To this end, scientists began to develop tests for proving the self-renewal and the plasticity of HSCs.

The "gold standard" for proving that a cell derived from mouse bone marrow is indeed an HSC is still based on the same proof described above and used in mice many years ago. That is, the cells are injected into a mouse that has received a dose of irradiation sufficient to kill its own blood-producing cells. If the mouse recovers and all types of blood cells reappear (bearing a genetic marker from the donor animal), the transplanted cells are deemed to have included stem cells.

These studies have revealed that there appear to be two kinds of HSCs. If bone marrow cells from the transplanted mouse can, in turn, be transplanted to another lethally irradiated mouse and restore its hematopoietic system over some months, they are considered to be long-term stem cells that are capable of self-renewal. Other cells from bone marrow can immediately regenerate all the different types of blood cells, but under normal circumstances cannot renew themselves over the long term, and these are referred to as short-term progenitor or precursor cells. Progenitor or precursor cells are relatively immature cells that are precursors to a fully differentiated cell of the same tissue type. They are capable of proliferating, but they have a limited capacity to differentiate into more than one cell type as HSCs do. For example, a blood progenitor cell may only be able to make a red blood cell (see Figure 5.1. Hematopoietic and Stromal Stem Cell Differentiation).

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5. Hematopoietic Stem Cells [Stem Cell Information]

COMPARE CORD BLOOD BANKS

Choosing the right stem cell bank for your family is rarely a quick decision. But when you review the facts, you may find it much easier than you expected. Keep Reading >

1. The collection of cord blood can only take place at the time of delivery, and advanced arrangements must be made.

Cord blood is collected from the umbilical cord immediately after a babys birth, but generally before the placenta has been delivered. The moment of delivery is the only opportunity to harvest a newborns stem cells.

2. There is no risk and no pain for the mother or the baby.

The cord blood is taken from the cord once it has been clamped and cut. Collection is safe for both vaginal and cesarean deliveries. 3. The body often accepts cord blood stem cells better than those from bone marrow.

Cord blood stem cells have a high rate of engraftment, are more tolerant of HLA mismatches, result in a reduced rate of graft-versus-host disease, and are rarely contaminated with latent viruses.

4. Banked cord blood is readily accessible, and there when you need it.

Matched stem cells, which are necessary for transplant, are difficult to obtain due to strict matching requirements. If your childs cord blood is banked, no time is wasted in the search and matching process required when a transplant is needed. 5. Cells taken from your newborn are collected just once, and last for his or her lifetime.

For example, in the event your child contracts a disease, which must be treated with chemotherapy or radiation, there is a probability of a negative impact on the immune system. While an autologous (self) transplant may not be appropriate for every disease, there could be a benefit in using the preserved stem cells to bolster and repopulate your childs blood and immune system as a result of complications from other treatments.

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Stem Cell Research - Stem Cell Treatments - Treatments ...

Inbred redirects here. For the 2011 British film, see Inbred (film).

Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically, in contrast to outcrossing, which refers to mating unrelated individuals.[1] By analogy, the term is used in human reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences that may arise from incestuous sexual relationships and consanguinity.

Inbreeding results in homozygosity, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive or deleterious traits.[2] This generally leads to a decreased biological fitness of a population[3][4] (called inbreeding depression), which is its ability to survive and reproduce. An individual who inherits such deleterious traits is referred to as inbred. The avoidance of such deleterious recessive alleles caused by inbreeding, via inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, is the main selective reason for outcrossing.[5][6] Crossbreeding between populations also often has positive effects on fitness-related traits.[7]

Inbreeding is a technique used in selective breeding. In livestock breeding, breeders may use inbreeding when, for example, trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock, but will need to watch for undesirable characteristics in offspring, which can then be eliminated through further selective breeding or culling. Inbreeding is used to reveal deleterious recessive alleles, which can then be eliminated through assortative breeding or through culling. In plant breeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis. Inbreeding in plants also occurs naturally in the form of self-pollination.

Offspring of biologically related persons are subject to the possible impact of inbreeding, such as congenital birth defects. The chances of such disorders is increased the closer the relationship of the biological parents. (See coefficient of inbreeding.) This is because such pairings increase the proportion of homozygous zygotes in the offspring, in particular deleterious recessive alleles, which produce such disorders.[8] (See inbreeding depression.) Because most recessive alleles are rare in populations, it is unlikely that two unrelated marriage partners will both be carriers of the alleles. However, because close relatives share a large fraction of their alleles, the probability that any such deleterious allele is inherited from the common ancestor through both parents is increased dramatically. Contrary to common belief, inbreeding does not in itself alter allele frequencies, but rather increases the relative proportion of homozygotes to heterozygotes. However, because the increased proportion of deleterious homozygotes exposes the allele to natural selection, in the long run its frequency decreases more rapidly in inbred population. In the short term, incestuous reproduction is expected to produce increases in spontaneous abortions of zygotes, perinatal deaths, and postnatal offspring with birth defects.[9] The advantages of inbreeding may be the result of a tendency to preserve the structures of alleles interacting at different loci that have been adapted together by a common selective history.[10]

Malformations or harmful traits can stay within a population due to a high homozygosity rate and it will cause a population to become fixed for certain traits, like having too many bones in an area, like the vertebral column in wolves on Isle Royale or having cranial abnormalities in Northern elephant seals, where their cranial bone length in the lower mandibular tooth row has changed. Having a high homozygosity rate is bad for a population because it will unmask recessive deleterious alleles generated by mutations, reduce heterozygote advantage, and it is detrimental to the survival of small, endangered animal populations.[11] When there are deleterious recessive alleles in a population it can cause inbreeding depression. The authors think that it is possible that the severity of inbreeding depression can be diminished if natural selection can purge such alleles from populations during inbreeding.[12] If inbreeding depression can be diminished by natural selection than some traits, harmful or not, can be reduced and change the future outlook on a small, endangered populations.

There may also be other deleterious effects besides those caused by recessive diseases. Thus, similar immune systems may be more vulnerable to infectious diseases (see Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection).[13]

Inbreeding history of the population should also be considered when discussing the variation in the severity of inbreeding depression between and within species. With persistent inbreeding, there is evidence that shows inbreeding depression becoming less severe. This is associated with the unmasking and eliminating of severely deleterious recessive alleles. It is not likely, though, that eliminating can be so complete that inbreeding depression is only a temporary phenomenon. Eliminating slightly deleterious mutations through inbreeding under moderate selection is not as effective. Fixation of alleles most likely occurs through Mullers Ratchet, when an asexual populations genomes accumulate deleterious mutations that are irreversible.[14]

Autosomal recessive disorders occur in individuals who have two copies of the gene for a particular recessive genetic mutation.[15] Except in certain rare circumstances, such as new mutations or uniparental disomy, both parents of an individual with such a disorder will be carriers of the gene. These carriers do not display any signs of the mutation and may be unaware that they carry the mutated gene. Since relatives share a higher proportion of their genes than do unrelated people, it is more likely that related parents will both be carriers of the same recessive gene, and therefore their children are at a higher risk of a genetic disorder. The extent to which the risk increases depends on the degree of genetic relationship between the parents: The risk is greater when the parents are close relatives and lower for relationships between more distant relatives, such as second cousins, though still greater than for the general population.[16] A study has provided the evidence for inbreeding depression on cognitive abilities among children, with high frequency of mental retardation among offspring in proportion to their increasing inbreeding coefficients.[17]

Children of parent-child or sibling-sibling unions are at increased risk compared to cousin-cousin unions.[18]

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Stem Cells Therapy

SUNRISE, FL--(Marketwire - Oct 17, 2012) - Bioheart, Inc. ( OTCQB : BHRT ) today announced that they have agreed to extend the license agreement with Airspeed for four separate Bioheart patents.The patents include methods of electrical stimulation and biological pacing, which are marketed under the MyoStim product line.Airspeed holds exclusive rights to these patents and all products associated with the patents and pays Bioheart milestone payments and royalties based on future sales of products.MyoStim is pursuing initial safety and efficacy trials in both wound care and heart failure using the Wound Healing and Regeneration Accelerator units (MWHA-1).

Mike Tomas, President and CEO, said, "Bioheart is currently focused on our core assets for heart failure patients and is enthusiastic about Airspeeds ability to bring Bioheart's electrical stimulation technologies to market."

Alan Remen, Airspeed Holdings' Managing Director and MyoStim's Co-Founder and CEO, said, "This technology may help to stimulate the body's own bio-electric 'homing' signal to recruit stem cells to the site of injury and grow new blood vessels, which can be an effective therapy for critical wounds and heart failure."

About Bioheart, Inc.

Bioheart is committed to maintaining its leading position within the cardiovascular sector of the cell technology industry delivering cell therapies and biologics that help address congestive heart failure, lower limb ischemia, chronic heart ischemia, acute myocardial infarctions and other issues.Bioheart's goals are to cause damaged tissue to be regenerated, when possible, and to improve a patient's quality of life and reduce health care costs and hospitalizations.

Specific to biotechnology, Bioheart is focused on the discovery, development and, subject to regulatory approval, commercialization of autologous cell therapies for the treatment of chronic and acute heart damage and peripheral vascular disease. Its leading product, MyoCell, is a clinical muscle-derived cell therapy designed to populate regions of scar tissue within a patient's heart with new living cells for the purpose of improving cardiac function in chronic heart failure patients. For more information on Bioheart, visit http://www.bioheartinc.com, or visit us on Facebook: Bioheart and Twitter @BioheartInc.

About Airspeed Holdings, LLC

Headquartered in San Diego, Airspeed is a private investment, entrepreneurial capital management firm and leading edge, multi-project business development enterprise that creates and nurtures new technology companies.

Forward-Looking Statements: Except for historical matters contained herein, statements made in this press release are forward-looking statements. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as "may," "will," "to," "plan," "expect," "believe," "anticipate," "intend," "could," "would," "estimate," or "continue" or the negative other variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Also, forward-looking statements represent our management's beliefs and assumptions only as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

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Bioheart Extends Licenses of Electrical Stimulation Patents With Airspeed

Researchers in Germany have made a Petri dish coated with nanocrystalline diamond. The new type of dish appears to be ideal for in vitro experiments and more biocompatible than traditional Petri dishes that are made of polystyrene.

The Petri dish has been around for more than a century and is a fundamental piece of equipment for biology experiments. The first Petri dishes were made of glass but are now more likely to be made of transparent polystyrene. These dishes, which have existed for more than 50 years and which have remained largely unchanged during this time, are supposed to be biodurable that is, unaffected by biological cultures and solutions. However, Andrei Sommer and colleagues of the University of Ulm have now found that this is not true on the nanoscale.

The researchers came to their conclusion by employing a nanoindenter a device that measures hardness variations on the surface of a material. They found that the surface at the bottom of the polystyrene dish becomes significantly softer when in contact with an aqueous solution. This leads to the production of a nanoscopic layer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can weaken biological cells, says Sommer.

ROS are reactive intermediates derived from oxygen and can be molecules (such as hydrogen peroxide, for example), radicals or ions. ROS can oxidize lipids and inactivate enzymes, resulting in cell damage.

A Petri dish made of quartz glass coated with a layer of transparent, biocompatible nanodiamond would overcome this problem because it does not encourage the formation of a nanoscopic layer of ROS, he adds.

Most in vitro fertilization (IVF) is performed in polystyrene Petri dishes, so cell damage during such a procedure would be very serious indeed, continues Sommer. ROS is thought to play an important role during IVF in which egg and sperm cells are incubated in a Petri dish. ROS damage may be even more significant during a particular process known as intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, in which egg cells are stripped of their cumulus cells a ROS-protective cell layer before a sperm cell is injected into them. Scientists believe that ROS during IVF come from cell metabolism itself, from breakdown products when cells die and the microenvironment in which the cells are placed.

Preliminary tests using mouse embryonic carcinoma and primary cells show that diamond-coated dishes could be ideal platforms for in vitro experiments. However, there is one important drawback in that quartz glass Petri dishes coated with nanodiamond are expensive to make.

Our new results expose the shortcomings of traditional polystyrene Petri dishes and so might serve as a model to eventually inspire a cheaper and more disposable solution based on plastic, Sommer told nanotechweb.org. For the moment, and to cut costs, we recommend coating existing polystyrene dishes with a suitable nanolayer to seal the plastic, thereby preventing it from softening. The result could be a hybrid material Petri dish with unrivalled biocompatibility.

Richard Rawlins of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, who was not involved in this work, agrees. The negative impact of ROS on human in vitro fertilization procedures has been known for many years, he explained. To counteract this problem, the culture medium used in IVF typically contains ROS scavengers to negate ROS impact. Sommer and colleagues discovery, which highlights that ROS are still active at the nanoscale, is important. Coating either plasticware or glassware to prevent ROS formation may significantly improve the viability and quality of embryos produced in vitro, and may even benefit other procedures in medicine, such as in vitro production of stem cell lines.

The work is detailed in the Journal of Bionic Engineering.

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Nanodiamond coating for a better Petri dish

WASHINGTON Political leaders paused Sunday to mourn the loss of Arlen Specter, the long-serving former Pennsylvania senator whosefriends and foes across the political spectrumpraised the passionate, if combative, lawmaker who crossed political lines in a way that seems unimaginable in today's partisan era.

"Arlen Specter was always a fighter," President Obama said in a statement."From his days stamping out corruption as a prosecutor in Philadelphia to his three decades of service in the Senate, Arlen was fiercely independent never putting party or ideology ahead of the people he was chosen to serve."

"He brought that same toughness and determination to his personal struggles, using his own story to inspire others," the president said, adding that his efforts to advance stem-cell research funding, veterans health and other issues "will continue to change lives for years to come."Specter died Sunday at 82 afterbattling twice battling cancer, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and other serious illnesses.

Photos: Arlen Specter through the years

His 30-year career in the Senate made him a lion of an earlier and sometimes unrecognizable era in Washington having started his career as a Democrat before becoming a Republican, only to switch once again in his final unsuccessful reelection campaign in 2010.

Specter's most notable work came on the Judiciary Committee, where he played key roles in confirmation of presidential appointees to the Supreme Court, particularly his grilling of Anita Hill during the Clarence Thomas hearings. Even before his late-career switch back to the Democratic Party he provided crucial support for Obama's policies.

"Sen. Specter was a man of moderation; he was always passionate but always easy to work with," said Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.). "America is better today because of Arlen Specter.

Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah, who had workedopposite Specter as the top Republican on the Judiciary Committee, recalled his "longtime friend and colleague" as "a spirited man" who represented his state's values with "great integrity and conviction." Chad Griffin, the chairman of the Human Rights Campaign, the nation's largest gay rights advocacy group, noted Specter's critical vote to repealthe "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" law barring gaypersonnel from serving opening inthe military. Obama signed the bill into law in 2010.

"While we disagreed with his support for some conservative judicial nominees, which will leave a lasting negative impact on our community, he was willing to work across party lines to get things done," Griffin said in a statement, noting Specter's support for funding for stem cell research "at a time when it was difficult for a Republican senator to speak out."

Photos: Notable deaths of 2012

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Arlen Specter praised as fighter from a more moderate era

Durham, NC (PRWEB) September 27, 2012

Pluripotent stem cells show great potential in treating various debilitating diseases, but at a risk: during the process of reprogramming the cells so they will grow (differentiate) into the desired tissue, some of their DNA may be damaged causing them to develop into tumors. Researchers have been scrambling to find a way to overcome this huge drawback to an otherwise highly promising therapeutic candidate.

Now, researchers at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., think they might have found an answer. Reporting in the October issue of STEM CELLS Translational Medicine, they detail a low-cost, highly-effective way to detect and then purge at-risk cells during an early stage in the differentiation process.

Strategies to improve the safety of stem cell therapy have generally focused on separating or depleting damaged cells after the cells have differentiated. However, while this method was able to diminish the number of tumors formed as well as significantly reduce their size, the technical burdens and cost of specialized reagents and equipment needed to do so remain a challenge for widespread clinical applications, says lead investigator Timothy J. Nelson, M.D., Ph.D. He directs the cell biology group within the clinics Regenerative Strategies team.

Instead, the Mayo team turned to a relatively simple protocol that involves pre-treating cultured stem cells with a genotoxin an agent that sniffs out gene mutations or chromosomes changes in contaminated cells and kills them after first priming the cells through the up-regulation of Puma protein, which can be activated to send a series of signals leading to cell suicide. They tested their theory using stem cells taken from a mouse model.

The results showed that not only did the contaminated cells die off, At the same time, it didnt affect the remaining healthy cells capability to differentiate nor did it have any negative consequence on their genomic stability, Nelson says. And it worked on stem cells derived from both natural and bioengineered sources.

This novel strategy, based on innate mechanisms of pluripotent stem cells, is primed for high-throughput and cost-effective clinical translation.

The potential for tumor formation has been a significant drawback to therapeutic use of certain cell populations, said Anthony Atala, M.D., Editor of STEM CELLS Translational Medicine and director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. The strategy outlined in this manuscript shows promise for avoiding the risk of uncontrolled cell growth upon transplantation.

###

The full article, Apoptotic susceptibility to DNA damage of pluripotent stem cells facilitates pharmacologic purging of teratoma risk, can be accessed at: http://www.StemCellsTM.com.

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Scientists Find New Way to Up Safety Factor of Stem Cell Therapy by Causing Contaminated Cells to Purge Themselves

BELGRADE, Mont., July 3, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Bacterin International Holdings, Inc. (NYSE MKT LLC: BONE), a leader in the development of revolutionary bone graft material and antimicrobial coatings for medical applications, received a letter from NYSE Regulation on July 2, 2012 advising that the Company did not comply with Sections 703 and 1009 of the NYSEMKT LLC Company Guide, which required the Company to provide the NYSEMKT LLC with ten days prior notice of the June 8, 2012 record date for its upcoming 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The Company will file a Form 8-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission related to this matter. The NYSE MKT LLC also notified the Company that according to Section 401(j) of the Company Guide it needed to issue a news release. This action will NOT result in the suspension or delisting of the Company's securities.

About Bacterin International Holdings Bacterin International Holdings, Inc. (NYSE MKT LLC: BONE) develops, manufactures and markets biologics products to domestic and international markets. Bacterin's proprietary methods optimize the growth factors in human allografts to create the ideal stem cell scaffold to promote bone, subchondral repair and dermal growth. These products are used in a variety of applications including enhancing fusion in spine surgery, relief of back pain, promotion of bone growth in foot and ankle surgery, promotion of cranial healing following neurosurgery and subchondral repair in knee and other joint surgeries.

Bacterin's Medical Device division develops, employs, and licenses bioactive coatings for various medical device applications. Bacterin's strategic coating initiatives include antimicrobial coatings designed to inhibit biofilm formation and microbial contamination. For further information, please visit http://www.bacterin.com.

Important Cautions Regarding Forward-looking Statements

This news release contains certain disclosures that may be deemed forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include statements that are predictive in nature, that depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, or that include words such as "continue," "efforts," "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "plans," "believes," "estimates," "projects," "forecasts," "strategy," "will," "goal," "target," "prospects," "potential," "optimistic," "confident," "likely," "probable" or similar expressions or the negative thereof. Statements of historical fact also may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. We caution that these statements by their nature involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially depending on a variety of important factors, including, among others: the Company's ability to launch beta and full product releases, the Company's ability to obtain FDA concurrence use for anti-microbial coatings in a timely manner; the Company's ability to meet its obligations under existing and anticipated contractual obligations; the Company's ability to develop, market, sell and distribute desirable applications, products and services and to protect its intellectual property; the ability of the Company's sales force to achieve expected results; the ability of the Company's customers to pay and the timeliness of such payments, particularly during recessionary periods; the Company's ability to obtain financing as and when needed; changes in consumer demands and preferences; the Company's ability to attract and retain management and employees with appropriate skills and expertise; the impact of changes in market, legal and regulatory conditions and in the applicable business environment, including actions of competitors; and other factors. Additional risk factors are listed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K under the heading "Risk Factors." The Company undertakes no obligation to release publicly any revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

Contact:

INVESTOR INQUIRIES: Hayden IR James Carbonara, Regional Vice President, 646-755-7412 james@haydenir.com

Brett Maas, 646-536-7331 brett@haydenir.com

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Bacterin Receives Letter From NYSE MKT LLC Regarding Timely Notice of Record Date for 2012 Annual Meeting of ...

SUNRISE, Fla., June 26, 2012 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Bioheart, Inc. (BHRT.OB) announced today that the company has launched a new brand image and redesigned website including a new company logo and tagline aimed at increasing brand awareness and improving communications.

"It is an absolute necessity for biotechnology companies today to skillfully communicate consistent, cohesive messages to a variety of audiences and stakeholders," said Mike Tomas, Pres/CEO of Bioheart, Inc. "The new website is innovative, easy to navigate and furnishes value-added information and messaging."

The company's new tagline, Advancing Regenerative Medicine Solutions, accurately conveys its continued commitment to the development of effective cell technologies to treat cardiovascular diseases as well as harnessing true regenerative medicine which is the process of replacing or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function. In addition to stem cell therapy, this can include cell enhancers, gene therapy, biologics, devices and more.

The main objective of the website redesign was to enhance the user experience for visitors and investors providing useful data about Bioheart's existing patents, the status of its clinical trials in the U.S. and Mexico, links to the company's Facebook and Twitter social media sites and the ability to sign-up for the company's e-newsletter. A Yahoo! Finance stock ticker has also been added to the investor section of the website.

The website redesign and new logo were developed by kabookaboo, an award-winning integrated marketing company that combines creative talent with strategic insight and online development with social media expertise (www.kabookaboo.com).

About Bioheart, Inc.

Bioheart is committed to maintaining its leading position within the cardiovascular sector of the cell technology industry delivering cell therapies and biologics that help address congestive heart failure, lower limb ischemia, chronic heart ischemia, acute myocardial infarctions and other issues. Bioheart's goals are to cause damaged tissue to be regenerated, when possible, and to improve a patient's quality of life and reduce health care costs and hospitalizations.

Specific to biotechnology, Bioheart is focused on the discovery, development and, subject to regulatory approval, commercialization of autologous cell therapies for the treatment of chronic and acute heart damage and peripheral vascular disease. Its leading product, MyoCell, is a clinical muscle-derived cell therapy designed to populate regions of scar tissue within a patient's heart with new living cells for the purpose of improving cardiac function in chronic heart failure patients. For more information on Bioheart, visit http://www.bioheartinc.com, or visit us on Facebook: Bioheart and Twitter @BioheartInc.

Forward-Looking Statements: Except for historical matters contained herein, statements made in this press release are forward-looking statements. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as "may," "will," "to," "plan," "expect," "believe," "anticipate," "intend," "could," "would," "estimate," or "continue" or the negative other variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Also, forward-looking statements represent our management's beliefs and assumptions only as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

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Bioheart Announces New Brand Image, Launches Redesigned Website and New Company Logo

SUNRISE, Fla., June 25, 2012 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Bioheart, Inc. (BHRT.OB) announced today that Kristin Comella, the company's Chief Science Officer presented at the 10th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) in Yokohama, Japan June 13 - 16, 2012. One of the world's premier stem cell research events, the ISSCR format includes international research and poster presentations from invited speakers, exceptional peer-to-peer learning and unparalleled networking opportunities.

Comella presented a poster on clinical applications of adipose or fat derived stem cells (ADSCs).

The ISSCR annual meeting serves as the largest forum for stem cell and regenerative medicine professionals from around the world. Through lectures, symposia, workshops, and events attendees experience innovative stem cell and regenerative medicine research, advances and what's on the horizon. The meeting features more than 1,000 abstracts, nearly 150 speakers and provides numerous networking and professional development opportunities and social events. For additional information, visit http://www.isscr.org.

Kristin Comella has over 14 years experience in corporate entities with expertise in regenerative medicine, training and education, research, product development and senior management including more than 10 years of cell culturing experience. She has made a significant contribution to Bioheart's product development, manufacturing and quality systems since she joined the company in September 2004.

About Bioheart, Inc.

Bioheart is committed to maintaining its leading position within the cardiovascular sector of the cell technology industry delivering cell therapies and biologics that help address congestive heart failure, lower limb ischemia, chronic heart ischemia, acute myocardial infarctions and other issues. Bioheart's goals are to cause damaged tissue to be regenerated, when possible, and to improve a patient's quality of life and reduce health care costs and hospitalizations.

Specific to biotechnology, Bioheart is focused on the discovery, development and, subject to regulatory approval, commercialization of autologous cell therapies for the treatment of chronic and acute heart damage and peripheral vascular disease. Its leading product, MyoCell, is a clinical muscle-derived cell therapy designed to populate regions of scar tissue within a patient's heart with new living cells for the purpose of improving cardiac function in chronic heart failure patients. For more information on Bioheart, visit http://www.bioheartinc.com, or visit us on Facebook: Bioheart and Twitter @BioheartInc.

Forward-Looking Statements: Except for historical matters contained herein, statements made in this press release are forward-looking statements. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as "may," "will," "to," "plan," "expect," "believe," "anticipate," "intend," "could," "would," "estimate," or "continue" or the negative other variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Also, forward-looking statements represent our management's beliefs and assumptions only as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

The Company is subject to the risks and uncertainties described in its filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the section entitled "Risk Factors" in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, and its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 30, 2012.

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Bioheart's Chief Science Officer Kristin Comella Presents at 10th Annual Meeting of International Society for Stem ...

VILLA GUARDIA, Italy, June 21, 2012 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Gentium S.p.A. (GENT) (the "Company") announced today that it has submitted its responses to the Day 180 List of Outstanding Issues (the "LoOIs") received from the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) with respect to the Company's Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) for Defibrotide to treat and prevent hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) in adults and children undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation therapy. Gentium expects to receive an opinion from the CHMP regarding the approval of Defibrotide during the third quarter of 2012.

"We are pleased that we have now submitted written responses to the CHMP's Day 180 LoOIs, bringing Defibrotide a step closer to a decision on our MAA," said Dr. Khalid Islam, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company.

If the written responses satisfy the questions raised in the LoOIs and the CHMP does not require any further explanation or clarification, a recommendation regarding the approval of Defibrotide could be issued by the CHMP as early as the third quarter of 2012. If additional oral explanations are required, a clock stop may be imposed. Based on the EMA review process timeline, the CHMP is expected to elicit a final opinion no later than Day 210.

About VOD

Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a potentially life-threatening condition, which typically occurs as a significant complication of stem cell transplantation. Certain high-dose conditioning regimens used as part of stem cell transplantation can damage the lining cells of hepatic blood vessels and result in VOD, a blockage of the small veins in the liver that leads to liver failure and can result in significant dysfunction in other organs such as the kidneys and lungs (so-called severe VOD). Stem cell transplantation is a frequently used treatment modality following high-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy for hematologic cancers and other conditions in both adults and children. At present there is no approved agent for the treatment or prevention of VOD in the United States or the European Union.

About Gentium

Gentium S.p.A., located in Como, Italy, is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and manufacture of drugs to treat and prevent a variety of diseases and conditions, including vascular diseases related to cancer and cancer treatments. Defibrotide, the Company's lead product candidate, is an investigational drug that has been granted Orphan Drug status by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Orphan Medicinal Product Designation by the European Medicines Agency, both to treat and to prevent VOD, as well as Fast Track Designation by the U.S. FDA to treat VOD.

The Gentium S.p.A. logo is available at http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/prs/?pkgid=12669

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains "forward-looking statements" that involve a number of risks and uncertainties the outcome of which could materially and/or adversely affect actual future results and the market price of Gentium's securities. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as "may," "might," "will," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential" or "continue," the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. These statements are not historical facts but instead represent the Company's belief regarding future results, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and outside the Company's control. It is possible that actual results, including with respect to the possibility of any future regulatory approval, may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Specifically, the risks and uncertainties that could affect the development of Defibrotide include risks associated with preclinical and clinical developments in the biopharmaceutical industry in general, and with Defibrotide in particular, including, without limitation, the potential failure of Defibrotide to prove safe and effective for treatment and prevention of hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) in adults and children undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, that Gentium may not receive an opinion regarding approval of Defibrotide from the CHMP in the third quarter of 2012, that the CHMP may request additional information from Gentium regarding Defibrotide, that Gentium may not receive a positive opinion from the CHMP, and the risk factors listed or described from time to time in Gentium's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission including, without limitation, Gentium's most recent filings on Forms 20-F.

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Gentium Submits Day 180 Response to List of Outstanding Issues Received From the EMA's CHMP for Defibrotide MAA

June 14, 2012, SEATTLE /PRNewswire/ -- Cell Therapeutics, Inc. ("CTI") (NASDAQ and MTA: CTIC), a company focused on translating science into novel cancer therapies, today announced that former OncoMed Pharmaceuticals executive, Steven E. Benner, M.D., M.H.S., has joined CTI as Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer ("CMO"), reporting to James A. Bianco, M.D., Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Benner will take over all drug development activities at the company.Dr. Benner was previously senior vice president and chief medical officer at OncoMed, a venture-backed biotechnology company focused on the development of cancer stem cell targeting agents. Prior to OncoMed, he was CMO at Protein Design Labs ("PDL"), where he was accountable for all development activities including clinical development, clinical operations, biometry, regulatory affairs, and safety. He also served as Chair of the Portfolio and Clinical Development Management Committees of PDL. Before PDL he held several senior executive roles at Bristol-Myers Squibb in global development, life cycle management, and licensing and alliances.

"Dr. Benner brings to CTI his proven track record of success in advancing the development of innovative therapies for cancer patients," said Dr. Bianco. "His appointment is the first step in re-aligning our portfolio efforts, as we focus on advancing pacritinib into Phase III pivotal studies later this year."

With the new company initiative of the planned Pixuvri launch in Europe later this year, Jack W. Singer, M.D., will assume the newly-created role of Executive Vice President ("EVP") of Global Medical Affairs and Translational Medicine, responsible for cancer drug development strategy, global medical affairs, and life cycle management.

"Given Jack's impressive academic credentials, the respect he receives from an international network of key opinion leaders in the field, and his track record in oncology drug development, this was a natural promotion as we introduce Pixuvri in Europe," said Dr. Bianco.

"CTI has assembled an impressive late-stage portfolio of novel targeted therapies that address a spectrum of blood related cancers," said Dr. Benner. "With two drugs in Phase III and two more expected to enter Phase III trials within a year, this is an exciting and transformational time to join the team at CTI."

About Pixuvri (pixantrone)Pixuvri is a novel aza-anthracenedione with unique structural and physio-chemical properties. Unlike related compounds,Pixuvri forms stable DNA adducts and in preclinical models has superior anti-lymphoma activity compared to related compounds. Pixuvri was structurally designed so that it cannot bind iron and perpetuate oxygen radical production or form a long-lived hydroxyl metabolite -- both of which are the putative mechanisms for anthracycline induced acute and chronic cardiotoxicity. These novel pharmacologic properties allow Pixuvri to be administered to patients with near maximal lifetime exposure to anthracyclines without unacceptable rates of cardiotoxicity, and, because Pixuvri is not a vesicant, allow it to be safely delivered via a peripheral intravenous catheter.

In May 2012 Pixuvri received conditional marketing authorization in the EU as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with multiply relapsed or refractory aggressive NHL. The benefit of pixantrone treatment has not been established in patients when used as fifth line or greater chemotherapy in patients who are refractory to last therapy.The Summary of Product Characteristics ("SmPC") has the full prescribing information, including the safety and efficacy profile of Pixuvri in the approved indication. The SmPC is available at http://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/communityregister/html/h764.htm#ProcList.

Pixuvri is currently available in the EU through Named Patient Programs.

Pixuvri does not have marketing approval in the United States.

About Conditional Marketing AuthorizationSimilar to accelerated approval regulations inthe United States, conditional marketing authorizations are granted in the EU to medicinal products with a positive benefit/risk assessmentthat address unmet medical needs and whose availability would result in a significant public health benefit. A conditional marketing authorization is renewable annually. Under the provisions of the conditional marketing authorization for Pixuvri, CTI will be required to complete a post-marketing study aimed at confirming the clinical benefit previously observed.

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Cell Therapeutics Appoints New Chief Medical Officer

Cryo-Save Group N.V. (Euronext: CRYO, `Cryo-Save`, or `the Group`), the leading international stem cell storage company and the largest family stem cell bank in Europe, announced today that it did not get the permission to process and store stem cells in France along with an update on the cost savings program.

In addition to the cessation of the Cryo-Lip activities in the US and the cutback of the Cryo-Lip activities in Europe as previously disclosed in the first quarter trading update, the Group decided to dismantle its French operations. After more than 3 years of disputes with the healthcare authorities in France, including several court cases, Cryo-Save recently got confirmed that it will not get the permission from the authorities to collect, process and store stem cells from umbilical cord blood. The decision includes laying-off the French employees, discontinuing the litigations and indemnity procedures and selling off the building in Lyon. Together with some other smaller implemented cost savings, the Group has currently realised sustainable cost savings of at least 2 million per annum. Further cost savings are being considered.

Arnoud van Tulder, Chief Executive Officer, commented:

"We are certainly very disappointed that the French authorities take this negative position, which deviates from all other European countries. Expectant parents in France are now refrained from storing their stem cells from umbilical cord blood and tissue for their family, which is, beside France, allowed across the whole world.

We are truly convinced that the impact of the cost saving measures together with the restoration of the Cryo-Save business, which is well underway, will result in sustainably improved top- and bottom-line results as of the second half of the year."

Enquiries:

Free footage is available on http://www.videobankonline.com.

About Cryo-Save (www.cryo-save.com/group)

Cryo-Save, the leading international family stem cell bank, stores more than 200,000 samples from umbilical cord blood, cord tissue and adipose tissue. There are already many diseases treatable by the use of stem cells, and the number of treatments will only increase. Driven by its international business strategy, Cryo-Save is now represented in over 40 countries on 3 continents, with ultra-modern processing and storage facilities in Belgium, Germany, Dubai, India and South Africa.

The owner of this announcement warrants that: (i) the releases contained herein are protected by copyright and other applicable laws; and (ii) they are solely responsible for the content, accuracy and originality of the information contained therein.

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Cryo-Save Group N.V: Further cost savings with closure of France

HONG KONG, June 11, 2012 /PRNewswire-Asia-FirstCall/ -- China Cord Blood Corporation (CO) ("CCBC" or the "Company"), China's leading provider of cord blood collection, laboratory testing, hematopoietic stem cell processing, and stem cell storage services, today announced its preliminary unaudited financial results for the fourth quarter and fiscal year ended March 31, 2012.

Fourth Quarter of Fiscal 2012 Highlights

Full Year of Fiscal 2012 Highlights

"We are pleased by our accomplishments in fiscal year 2012 on several fronts," stated Ms. Ting Zheng, Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer of China Cord Blood Corporation. "For the full year, we exceeded our target of 50,000 new subscribers to add total of 53,924 new subscribers, expanding our total accumulated subscriber base to nearly 240,000. Such growth speaks well for our new marketing strategy, which targets high-end subscribers by offering premium services, and the well-received reception by the market."

"Furthermore, our new payment model with its emphasis on upfront payments and a higher processing fee per subscriber has strengthened our financial performance," continued Ms. Zheng. "The market's acceptance of this new payment model reinforces our conviction that we have developed a strong foundation for the Company's brand in each region upon which we are successfully expanding China Cord Blood's footprint. In addition to enhancing our strategic positioning, the new payment model has also strengthened our cash flow position as cash generated from operating activities almost doubled in fiscal 2012 from the prior year. All in all, fiscal 2012 concluded with the Company in an outstanding financial position and represented a successful first step towards repositioning our company as a premium healthcare service provider with recognized high-quality services."

Summary The Fourth Quarter and Full Year Ended March 31, 2011 and 2012

Three Months Ended

Twelve Months Ended

March 31,

March 31,

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China Cord Blood Corporation Reports Financial Results for the Fourth Quarter and Full Year of Fiscal 2012

Researchers led by Helenice Gobbi from the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil report in Pathology that ALDH1 is frequently expressed in triple-negative breast cancer, and that its expression is linked to better outcome. The researchers examined the expression in ALDH1 as well as EZH2 both of which are cancer stem cell-related markers in 140 cases of triple negative breast cancer, and correlated it to clinicopathological features and disease outcome. "Our results showed that tumour cell expression of ALDH1 did not correlate with nodal status, outcome, or expression of basal markers," the researchers write. "Nonetheless, stromal expression of ALDH1 was significantly associated with better overall survival in our triple negative cohort."

Also in Pathology, the University of Western Australia's Benhur Amanuel and his colleagues examine the prevalence of BRAF p.Val600Glu and p.Val600Lys mutations in metastatic melanoma patients from an area with a high incidence of the disease. They performed dideoxy sequencing and fluorescent single-strand conformation analysis and found that the overall incidence of BRAF mutation in their cohort was similar to other studies, but that the frequency of p.Val600Lys mutations was higher. "The broad range of reported frequencies of BRAF p.Val600Glu and p.Val600Lys mutations and the observation that patients with the p.Val600Lys mutation were significantly older than those with p.Val600Glu mutation is intriguing," the researchers add. "These genetic aberrations may be linked to different tumour phenotypes, including possible association of the primary tumours with distinct precursor lesions."

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This Week in Pathology

Madison, Wisconsin - Breast-cancer researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have found that two related receptors in a robust signaling pathway must work together as a team to maintain normal activity in mammary stem cells.

Mammary stem cells produce various kinds of breast cell types. They may also drive the development and growth of malignant breast tumors.

Published recently in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, the research also suggests that a new signaling pathway may be involved, a development that eventually could take cancer-drug manufacturers in a new direction.

"We wanted to know if we could use this knowledge to inform us about what might be the transition that occurs to start tumor growth and maintain it," says senior author Dr. Caroline Alexander, professor of oncology at the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research at the School of Medicine and Public Health.

The paper describes new information about the Wnt signaling pathway. Wnt signaling underlies numerous activities in normal development, but when the system is unregulated, cancer often occurs.

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Breast stem cell research: Receptor teamwork required and a new pathway may be involved

Public release date: 30-May-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Dian Land dj.land@hosp.wisc.edu 608-261-1034 University of Wisconsin-Madison

MADISON Breast-cancer researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have found that two related receptors in a robust signaling pathway must work together as a team to maintain normal activity in mammary stem cells.

Mammary stem cells produce various kinds of breast cell types. They may also drive the development and growth of malignant breast tumors.

Published recently in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, the research also suggests that a new signaling pathway may be involved, a development that eventually could take cancer-drug manufacturers in a new direction.

"We wanted to know if we could use this knowledge to inform us about what might be the transition that occurs to start tumor growth and maintain it," says senior author Dr. Caroline Alexander, professor of oncology at the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research at the School of Medicine and Public Health.

The paper describes new information about the Wnt signaling pathway. Wnt signaling underlies numerous activities in normal development, but when the system is unregulated, cancer often occurs.

"Wnt signaling is very important for both stem cells and tumor growth. We need to know the details of the signaling process so that we can use the positive aspects of Wnt signaling for regenerative medicine, and eliminate the negative cancer-causing aspects," says Alexander, a member of the UW Carbone Cancer Center (CCC).

Regenerative biologists typically add Wnt proteins together with other agents to guide the differentiation of lung, bone and heart stem cells, she notes.

The UW researchers zeroed in on two related Wnt receptors on the cell surface--LRP5 and LRP6. The receptors normally respond to Wnt ligands that approach cells to initiate a signaling cascade inside.

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Breast stem-cell research: Receptor teamwork is required and a new pathway may be involved

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--

Verastem, Inc., (VSTM) a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat breast and other cancers by targeting cancer stem cells, announced the presentation of preclinical data at the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting being held June 1 through June 5, 2012, in Chicago, IL.

Verastem will present data on novel biomarkers that may enable improved discrimination of cancer stem cells from other cancer cells and normal tissue. Verastem will describe the use of multiple methodologies, including RNA signatures and alternative splicing biomarkers, to detect cancer stem cells. These biomarkers identified Triple Negative Breast Cancer tumors that were likely to recur following standard chemotherapy. Resistance to standard treatment is one of the defining characteristics of cancer stem cells.

Verastem is developing diagnostics to identify patients whose tumors have a high percentage of cancer stem cells. These diagnostics may also be used to monitor a patients response to treatment.

The schedule for the Verastem poster presentation is as follows:

Date & Time: Saturday June 2, 8:00 AM to 12:00 PM (CDT) Poster Title: Use of gene expression and alternative splicing signatures to discriminate breast cancer stem cells from fibroblasts Abstract Number: 1057 Location: McCormick Place South (Hall A2) Session: Breast Cancer - Triple-negative/Cytotoxics/Local Therapy

About Verastem, Inc.

Verastem, Inc. (VSTM) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat breast and other cancers by targeting cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are an underlying cause of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Verastem is translating discoveries in cancer stem cell research into new medicines for the treatment of major cancers such as breast cancer. For more information please visit http://www.verastem.com.

Forward-looking statements:

Any statements in this press release about our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future expectations and plans and prospects for the Company, and other statements containing the words anticipate, believe, estimate, expect, intend, may, plan, predict, project, target, potential, will, would, could, should, continue, and similar expressions, constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements in this press release include statements about the identification of potential biomarkers for use in patient selection and evaluation of therapeutic response. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements as result of various important factors, including the unproven nature of our approach to the discovery and development of product candidates that target cancer stem cells, our reliance on our proprietary compound screening technology for drug discovery, our strategy to acquire or in-license additional compounds and product candidates and the uncertainties inherent in preclinical testing and clinical trials, among other factors discussed in the Risk Factors section of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2012, which is on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, the forward-looking statements included in this press release represent the Companys views only as of the date hereof. The Company anticipates that subsequent events and developments will cause the Companys views to change. However, while the Company may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, the Company specifically disclaims any obligation to do so. These forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing the Companys views as of any date subsequent to the date hereof.

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Verastem to Present Scientific Data at the 2012 ASCO Annual Meeting

ScienceDaily (May 24, 2012) Stem cells are essential building blocks for all organisms, from plants to humans. They can divide and renew themselves throughout life, differentiating into the specialized tissues needed during development, as well as cells necessary to repair adult tissue.

Therefore, they can be considered immortal, in that they recreate themselves and regenerate tissues throughout a person's lifetime, but that doesn't mean they don't age. They do, gradually losing their ability to effectively maintain tissues and organs.

Now, researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies have uncovered a series of biological events that implicate the stem cells' surroundings, known as their "niche," as the culprit in loss of stem cells due to aging. Their findings, published May 23rd in Nature, have implications for treatment of age-related diseases and for the effectiveness of regenerative medicine.

"The findings suggest, for example, that putting new or young stem cells into an old environment -- that of an aged patient -- might not lead to the best outcome in tissue regeneration," says the study's senior investigator, Leanne Jones, associate professor in Salk's Laboratory of Genetics.

Stem cells reside within a microenvironment of other cells-the niche-that is known to play a role in stem cell function. For example, after a tissue is injured, the niche signals to stem cells to form new tissue. It is believed that stem cells and their niche send signals to each other to help maintain their potency over a lifetime.

But while the loss of tissue and organ function during aging has been attributed to decreases in stem cell function, it has been unclear how this decline occurs. Jones' lab has been investigating a number of possible scenarios, such as whether the loss of tissue function is due to a decrease in the number of stem cells, to the inability of stem cells to respond to signals from their niche, or to reduced signaling from the niche.

To explore stem cell aging, Jones uses cells found in the testes of the male fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which are remarkably similar to those found in humans.

The researchers show how signals from the niche that act to maintain the vitality of the flies' stem cells are lost over time, leading to a decline in the number of stem cells available to maintain the tissue. They also show that restoring those signals revitalizes the cells.

"Stem cell behavior is similar between flies and humans, so our findings have major implications for breakthroughs in using tissue stem cells to treat age-related tissue decline or regeneration after an injury," says one of the paper's first authors, Hila Toledano, a former Salk investigator who is now at the University of Haifa in Israel.

The Salk researchers discovered that as the stem cell niche ages, the cells produce a microRNA (a molecule that plays a negative role in the production of proteins from RNA) known as let-7. This microRNA is known to exist in a number of species, including humans, and helps time events that occur during development.

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Method to delay aging of stem cells developed

These fluorescent microscope images of testes from young (left) and old (right) fruit flies show the effect of aging on the stem cell niche (top center). The hub cells (red) that function as part of the stem cells' supporting niche express more of a microRNA known as let-7 (green) in aged flies, which changes the signaling properties of hub cells, leading to fewer stem cells surrounding the hub that are available for tissue maintenance. Credit: Images: Courtesy of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies

Stem cells are essential building blocks for all organisms, from plants to humans. They can divide and renew themselves throughout life, differentiating into the specialized tissues needed during development, as well as cells necessary to repair adult tissue.

Therefore, they can be considered immortal, in that they recreate themselves and regenerate tissues throughout a person's lifetime, but that doesn't mean they don't age. They do, gradually losing their ability to effectively maintain tissues and organs.

Now, researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies have uncovered a series of biological events that implicate the stem cells' surroundings, known as their "niche," as the culprit in loss of stem cells due to aging. Their findings, published May 23rd in Nature, have implications for treatment of age-related diseases and for the effectiveness of regenerative medicine.

"The findings suggest, for example, that putting new or young stem cells into an old environment----that of an aged patient----might not lead to the best outcome in tissue regeneration," says the study's senior investigator, Leanne Jones, associate professor in Salk's Laboratory of Genetics.

Stem cells reside within a microenvironment of other cells-the niche-that is known to play a role in stem cell function. For example, after a tissue is injured, the niche signals to stem cells to form new tissue. It is believed that stem cells and their niche send signals to each other to help maintain their potency over a lifetime.

But while the loss of tissue and organ function during aging has been attributed to decreases in stem cell function, it has been unclear how this decline occurs. Jones' lab has been investigating a number of possible scenarios, such as whether the loss of tissue function is due to a decrease in the number of stem cells, to the inability of stem cells to respond to signals from their niche, or to reduced signaling from the niche.

To explore stem cell aging, Jones uses cells found in the testes of the male fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which are remarkably similar to those found in humans.

The researchers show how signals from the niche that act to maintain the vitality of the flies' stem cells are lost over time, leading to a decline in the number of stem cells available to maintain the tissue. They also show that restoring those signals revitalizes the cells.

"Stem cell behavior is similar between flies and humans, so our findings have major implications for breakthroughs in using tissue stem cells to treat age-related tissue decline or regeneration after an injury," says one of the paper's first authors, Hila Toledano, a former Salk investigator who is now at the University of Haifa in Israel.

Continued here:
Researchers find a way to delay aging of stem cells