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Goodbye Root Canals? New Treatment Uses Dental Stem Cells …

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

July 7, 2016 11:30 AM

Dental checkup. (Photo by Philippe Huguen/AFP/Getty Images)

CAMBRIDGE (CBS) Could root canals one day become a thing of the past?

That might just happen if a new treatment developed by scientists at Harvard University and the University of Nottingham catches on.

The freshapproach by researchers that was just awarded a Royal Society of Chemistry prize works to stimulate native stem cells inside teeth, triggering repair and regeneration of pulp tissue.

Dental fillings in their current state dont do anything to help heal teeth and are actually toxic to cells, Dr. Adam Celiz of the University of Nottingham says.

In cases of dental pulp disease and injury a root canal is typically performed to remove the infected tissues, Celiz said in a statement. The new treatment can be used similarly to dental fillings but can be placed in direct contact with pulp tissue to stimulate the native stem cell population for repair and regeneration of pulp tissue and the surrounding dentin.

The breakthrough could potentially impact millions of dental patients every year, the scientists say.

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Blindness (2008) – Plot Summary – IMDb

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

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A city is ravaged by an epidemic of instant "white blindness". Those first afflicted are quarantined by the authorities in an abandoned mental hospital where the newly created "society of the blind" quickly breaks down. Criminals and the physically powerful prey upon the weak, hoarding the meager food rations and committing horrific acts. There is, however, one eyewitness to the nightmare. A woman whose sight is unaffected by the plague follows her afflicted husband to quarantine. There, keeping her sight a secret, she guides seven strangers who have become, in essence, a family. She leads them out of quarantine and onto the ravaged streets of the city, which has seen all vestiges of civilization crumble.

A doctor's wife becomes the only person with the ability to see in a town where everyone is struck with a mysterious case of sudden blindness. She feigns illness in order to take care of her husband as her surrounding community breaks down into chaos and disorder.

When a big city has a mysterious outbreak of blindness, the victims are quarantined by the government in a hospital without any medical care, treatment or hygiene. Among the first people affected by the so called "white blindness" are an ophthalmologist and his reluctant healthy wife who has not lost her sight but stays with him to help him in the difficult moment. The place immediately crowds and a group of criminals takes the power, demanding jewels and electronics first and sex later for the limited ratio of food they control.

A city is ravaged by an epidemic of instant white blindness.

The story of Blindness begins on a morning in an unnamed city during rush-hour traffic. As the traffic lights change...

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What is Gene Therapy? (with pictures) – wiseGEEK

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Gene therapy is a way of inserting genes into a patient's cells and replacing the preexisting alleles, or gene variants, to perform some therapeutic function. It has been used thus far primarily to replace mutant defective genes, or alleles, with normal alleles, but could in theory be used to edit the human genome arbitrarily. If gene therapy were applied to reproductive cells in the gonads (the germline), these genetic changes would be heritable. This process has never been performed, but it has a name: germline genetic engineering.

Since the early 1980s, gene therapy has been used to produce medicines. Say that a human being needs a certain protein as a medicine. This therapy uses a viral vector, that is, a virus modified to contain the DNA to be introduced. Large quantities of the virus are injected to the target area, or, sometimes tissue is removed, infected with the virus, and then implanted again. The viruses are modified such that the vast majority are not capable of independent self-replication - providing little chance for pathogenic infection. The virus introduced the new DNA into the genome of human cells, much in the same way normal viruses introduce their own genetic material into human cells, hijacking the cellular machinery.

After the new DNA is integrated into the target cell, the cell begins to manufacture proteins specified by the new genetic material, which in some instances, can be lifesaving. For example, patients with severe diabetes may be given the cellular machinery to produce insulin, obviating the need for regular injections. The benefits of the therapy can last for weeks, months, or even years or a lifetime.

Gene therapy has been used successfully to treat inherited retinal disease, thalassaemia, cystic fibrosis, severe combined immunodeficiency, and some cancers. Medical miracles not possible with any other approach have been demonstrated by gene therapy, such as reprogramming the body's natural sentinels, T-cells, to attack cancer cells. Gene therapy shows promise for treating afflictions such as Huntington's disease and sickle cell anemia. As the therapy continues to mature, it could save millions of lives.

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Gene – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

This article is about the heritable unit for transmission of biological traits. For other uses, see Gene (disambiguation).

A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity.[1][2]:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the geneenvironment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.

The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered.[3] For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.[4][5]

The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (18221884).[6] From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2ncombinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term gene, he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured the distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the visible traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.

Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, from Greek pan ("all, whole") and genesis ("birth") / genos ("origin").[7][8] Darwin used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction.

Mendel's work went largely unnoticed after its first publication in 1866, but was rediscovered in the late 19th-century by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who (claimed to have) reached similar conclusions in their own research.[9] Specifically, in 1889, Hugo de Vries published his book Intracellular Pangenesis,[10] in which he postulated that different characters have individual hereditary carriers and that inheritance of specific traits in organisms comes in particles. De Vries called these units "pangenes" (Pangens in German), after Darwin's 1868 pangenesis theory.

Sixteen years later, in 1905, the word genetics was first used by William Bateson,[11] while Eduard Strasburger, amongst others, still used the term pangene for the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.[12] In 1909 the Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen shortened the name to "gene".[13]

Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s.[14][15] The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication.[16][17] Collectively, this body of research established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses. The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics.

In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.[18] The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool.[19] An automated version of the Sanger method was used in early phases of the Human Genome Project.[20]

The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley.[21] Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency."[22]:24 In this view, the molecular gene transcribes as a unit, and the evolutionary gene inherits as a unit. Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.[23][24]

The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.[2]:2.1

Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align to form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary, with their sequence of bases matching such that the adenines of one strand are paired with the thymines of the other strand, and so on.[2]:4.1

Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3'end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5'end. The two strands of a double-helix run in opposite directions. Nucleic acid synthesis, including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5'3'direction, because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3'hydroxyl as a nucleophile.[25]:27.2

The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically single-stranded. Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three-nucleotide sequences called codons, which serve as the "words" in the genetic "language". The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids. The genetic code is nearly the same for all known organisms.[2]:4.1

The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.[2]:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.

The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.[2]:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the histones, as well as chemical modifications of the histone itself, regulate whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression. In addition to genes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain sequences involved in ensuring that the DNA is copied without degradation of end regions and sorted into daughter cells during cell division: replication origins, telomeres and the centromere.[2]:4.2 Replication origins are the sequence regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome. Telomeres are long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes and prevent degradation of coding and regulatory regions during DNA replication. The length of the telomeres decreases each time the genome is replicated and has been implicated in the aging process.[27] The centromere is required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division.[2]:18.2

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.[2]:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer.[28]

Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function.[29] This DNA has often been referred to as "junk DNA". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up barely 2% of the human genome, about 80% of the bases in the genome may be expressed, so the term "junk DNA" may be a misnomer.[5]

The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.

Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.[2]:7.1 A gene can have more than one promoter, resulting in messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5'end.[30] Promoter regions have a consensus sequence, however highly transcribed genes have "strong" promoter sequences that bind the transcription machinery well, whereas others have "weak" promoters that bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently.[2]:7.2Eukaryotic promoter regions are much more complex and difficult to identify than prokaryotic promoters.[2]:7.3

Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site.[31] For example, enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase.[32]

The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons.[33] In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the introns, dictate the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA which encodes the protein or RNA product.[34]

Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit.[35][36] The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.[2]:7.3

Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult.[3]Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Similarly, a gene's introns can be much larger than its exons. Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate in trans to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome.[37][38]

Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing.[5][39][40]

A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products.[11] This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather than their specific DNA loci, with regulatory elements classified as gene-associated regions.[11]

In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).[2]:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.[2]:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated into protein.[41] The process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein is called gene expression, and the resulting molecule is called a gene product.

The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.[2]:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. There are 64possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43possible codons) and only 20standard amino acids; hence the code is redundant and multiple codons can specify the same amino acid. The correspondence between codons and amino acids is nearly universal among all known living organisms.[42]

Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.[2]:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA. The mRNA matches the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand. Transcription is performed by an enzyme called an RNA polymerase, which reads the template strand in the 3' to 5'direction and synthesizes the RNA from 5' to 3'. To initiate transcription, the polymerase first recognizes and binds a promoter region of the gene. Thus, a major mechanism of gene regulation is the blocking or sequestering the promoter region, either by tight binding by repressor molecules that physically block the polymerase, or by organizing the DNA so that the promoter region is not accessible.[2]:7

In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5'end of the RNA while the 3'end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the primary transcript and undergoes post-transcriptional modifications before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. One of the modifications performed is the splicing of introns which are sequences in the transcribed region that do not encode protein. Alternative splicing mechanisms can result in mature transcripts from the same gene having different sequences and thus coding for different proteins. This is a major form of regulation in eukaryotic cells and also occurs in some prokaryotes.[2]:7.5[43]

Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.[2]:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds. The genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time, in units called codons, via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). Each tRNA has three unpaired bases known as the anticodon that are complementary to the codon it reads on the mRNA. The tRNA is also covalently attached to the amino acid specified by the complementary codon. When the tRNA binds to its complementary codon in an mRNA strand, the ribosome attaches its amino acid cargo to the new polypeptide chain, which is synthesized from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus. During and after synthesis, most new proteins must folds to their active three-dimensional structure before they can carry out their cellular functions.[2]:3

Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.[2]:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status), and its specific role if in a multicellular organism. Gene expression can be regulated at any step: from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, to post-translational modification of the protein. The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli (lac operon) was the first such mechanism to be described in 1961.[44]

A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.[2]:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and microRNA has a regulatory role. The DNA sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as non-coding RNA genes.[41]

Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all.[45][46] Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription.[47] On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the reverse transcription of their genome from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized. RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance has also been observed in plants and very rarely in animals.[48]

Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.[2]:1

According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. Most eukaryotic organisms (such as the pea plants Mendel worked on) have two alleles for each trait, one inherited from each parent.[2]:20

Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele specifying tall stems in pea plants is dominant over the allele specifying short stems, then pea plants that inherit one tall allele from one parent and one short allele from the other parent will also have tall stems. Mendel's work demonstrated that alleles assort independently in the production of gametes, or germ cells, ensuring variation in the next generation. Although Mendelian inheritance remains a good model for many traits determined by single genes (including a number of well-known genetic disorders) it does not include the physical processes of DNA replication and cell division.[49][50]

The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.[2]:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enzymes known as DNA polymerases, which "read" one strand of the double-helical DNA, known as the template strand, and synthesize a new complementary strand. Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing, the sequence of one strand completely specifies the sequence of its complement; hence only one strand needs to be read by the enzyme to produce a faithful copy. The process of DNA replication is semiconservative; that is, the copy of the genome inherited by each daughter cell contains one original and one newly synthesized strand of DNA.[2]:5.2

After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.[2]:18.2 In prokaryotes(bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions. Binary fission is extremely fast compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cell division is a more complex process known as the cell cycle; DNA replication occurs during a phase of this cycle known as S phase, whereas the process of segregating chromosomes and splitting the cytoplasm occurs during M phase.[2]:18.1

The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells. In asexually reproducing organisms, the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism. In sexually reproducing organisms, a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid, or contain only one copy of each gene.[2]:20.2 The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova, and those produced by males are called sperm. Two gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg, a single cell that has two sets of genes, with one copy of each gene from the mother and one from the father.[2]:20

During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles if they are different.[2]:5.5 The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait. This is in fact only true for genes that do not reside on the same chromosome, or are located very far from one another on the same chromosome. The closer two genes lie on the same chromosome, the more closely they will be associated in gametes and the more often they will appear together; genes that are very close are essentially never separated because it is extremely unlikely that a crossover point will occur between them. This is known as genetic linkage.[51]

DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.[2]:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 108 per nucleotide per replication,[52][53] whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 103.[54] This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 12 new mutations.[54] Small mutations can be caused by DNA replication and the aftermath of DNA damage and include point mutations in which a single base is altered and frameshift mutations in which a single base is inserted or deleted. Either of these mutations can change the gene by missense (change a codon to encode a different amino acid) or nonsense (a premature stop codon).[55] Larger mutations can be caused by errors in recombination to cause chromosomal abnormalities including the duplication, deletion, rearrangement or inversion of large sections of a chromosome. Additionally, the DNA repair mechanisms that normally revert mutations can introduce errors when repairing the physical damage to the molecule is more important than restoring an exact copy, for example when repairing double-strand breaks.[2]:5.4

When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population is due to both natural selection and genetic drift.[56] The wild-type allele is not necessarily the ancestor of less common alleles, nor is it necessarily fitter.

Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the protein still functions similarly with the new amino acid (e.g. conservative mutations). Many mutations, however, are deleterious or even lethal, and are removed from populations by natural selection. Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited. Finally, a small fraction of mutations are beneficial, improving the organism's fitness and are extremely important for evolution, since their directional selection leads to adaptive evolution.[2]:7.6

Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs.[57] These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as orthologous genes,[2]:7.6 and often perform the same or similar functions in related organisms. It is often assumed that the functions of orthologous genes are more similar than those of paralogous genes, although the difference is minimal.[58][59]

The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.[2]:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evolution. Additionally, any selection on a gene will cause its sequence to diverge at a different rate. Genes under stabilizing selection are constrained and so change more slowly whereas genes under directional selection change sequence more rapidly.[60] The sequence differences between genes can be used for phylogenetic analyses to study how those genes have evolved and how the organisms they come from are related.[61][62]

The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome.[63][64] The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way comprise a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within a family are common and represent a major source of evolutionary biodiversity.[65] Sometimes, gene duplication may result in a nonfunctional copy of a gene, or a functional copy may be subject to mutations that result in loss of function; such nonfunctional genes are called pseudogenes.[2]:7.6

De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18[66] to 60.[67] Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns.[63] Two primary sources of orphan protein-coding genes are gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change, such that the original relationship is undetectable by sequence comparisons, and formation through mutation of "cryptic" transcription start sites that introduce a new open reading frame in a region of the genome that did not previously code for a protein.[68][69]

Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication.[70] It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virulence, and adaptive metabolic functions.[28][71] Although horizontal gene transfer is rare in eukaryotes, likely examples have been identified of protist and alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin.[72][73]

The genome is the total genetic material of an organism and includes both the genes and non-coding sequences.[74]

The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes),[83] and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene).[84] Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes,[85] with rice containing >46,000 protein-coding genes.[86] The total number of protein-coding genes (the Earth's proteome) is estimated to be 5million sequences.[87]

Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000.[88] Early experimental measures indicated there to be 50,000100,000 transcribed genes (expressed sequence tags).[89] Subsequently, the sequencing in the Human Genome Project indicated that many of these transcripts were alternative variants of the same genes, and the total number of protein-coding genes was revised down to ~20,000[82] with 13 genes encoded on the mitochondrial genome.[80] Of the human genome, only 12% consists of protein-coding genes,[90] with the remainder being 'noncoding' DNA such as introns, retrotransposons, and noncoding RNAs.[90][91]Every organism has all his genes in all cells of his body but it is not important that every gene must function in every cell .

Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival.[93] This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250400 genes are essential for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, which is less than 10% of their genes.[94][95][96] Half of these genes are orthologs in both organisms and are largely involved in protein synthesis.[96] In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the number of essential genes is slightly higher, at 1000 genes (~20% of their genes).[97] Although the number is more difficult to measure in higher eukaryotes, mice and humans are estimated to have around 2000 essential genes (~10% of their genes).[98] The synthetic organism, Syn 3, has a minimal genome of 473 essential genes and quasi-essential genes (necessary for fast growth), although 149 have unknown function.[92]

Essential genes include Housekeeping genes (critical for basic cell functions)[99] as well as genes that are expressed at different times in the organisms development or life cycle.[100] Housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression, since they are constitutively expressed at a relatively constant level.

Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism.[101]

Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove and edit genes in an organism.[102] Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in a chromosome to either disrupt or edit a gene when the break is repaired.[103][104][105][106] The related term synthetic biology is sometimes used to refer to extensive genetic engineering of an organism.[107]

Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. For example, genes are easily added to bacteria[108] and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function.[109][110] Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine.

For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism.[111] However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases.

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (Fourth ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN978-0-8153-3218-3. A molecular biology textbook available free online through NCBI Bookshelf.

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Physical Therapy First

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Dry Needling Course presented by Myopain Seminars

Dates: March 15-17, May 3-5, Sept 27-29, and Dec 6-8, 2013

Location: Physical Therapy First 5005 Signal Bell Lane #202 Clarksville, MD 21029

Click here for more information.

Click here for map and directions.

Jan Dommerholt, PT, DPT, MPS, DAAPM, is a Dutch-trained physical therapist who holds a Master of Professional Studies degree with a concentration in biomechanical trauma and health care administration, and a Doctorate in Physical Therapy from the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences. Dr. Dommerholt has taught many courses and lectured at conferences throughout the United States, Europe, South America, and the Middle East while maintaining an active clinical practice. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain (editor Dr. I. Jon Russell), the Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies (editor Dr. Leon Chaitow), the Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy (editor Chad Cook, PT, PhD), and Cuestiones de Fisioterapia.

He has authored many chapters and articles on myofascial pain, fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome, and performing arts physical therapy, and prepares a quarterly literature review column on myofascial pain for the Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. Read "Treating the Trigger" (PDF), a 2008 interview with Dr. Dommerholt published in Advance magazine. Dr. Dommerholt is the president of Bethesda Physiocare and editor of several books on myofascial trigger points.

Robert Gerwin, MD, FAAN, is Co-Founder, Vice President, and Co-Director of Myopain Seminars. He is a Board Certified Neurologist and a Fellow of the American Academy of Neurology. He is also a Diplomate of the American Board of Pain Medicine and a member of the American Academy of Pain Medicine. Dr. Gerwin graduated from the University of Chicago School of Medicine. He had two years of Internal Medicine post-graduate training at New York University--Bellevue Hospital and did his Neurology Residency at Case-Western Reserve University/Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio. He had a two year special fellowship at NIH in neurology and immunology. He has been in private practice in the Washington DC area for many years. Dr. Gerwin has been working in the area of Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia for many years. Dr. Janet G. Travell was his mentor while she lived in Washington DC. Dr. Gerwin is former President of the International Myopain Society. He was the Scientific Program Chairman for the 2007 International Congress of the Myopain Society.

He is the author of over 30 peer reviewed articles, reviews, book chapters and consensus statements. He reviews articles for over a dozen medical journals. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. He is co-editor of the books Tension-Type and Cervicogenic Headache: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management and Clinical Mastery in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain (see Books). He has been teaching courses and seminars worldwide in the field of neuromuscular and myofascial pain for many years. He founded the Focus on Pain series of neuromuscular and myofascial pain conferences in 1990. His interests lie in the area of Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia, and in the related issues of chronic headache, low back pain, and pelvic region pain, in addition to practicing neurological medicine. He is particularly concerned with the problem of persistent or chronic pain, and why some persons do not recover as expected. Dr. Gerwin is the Medical Director of Pain and Rehabilitation Medicine in Bethesda, MD and is an associate professor in the Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

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Personalized medicine: The way forward? – Medical News Today

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Everyone is different. Research suggests that humans have somewhere between 99 and 99.9 percent in common with each other. The remaining 1 percent can make a big difference when it comes to health, whether it is resistance or susceptibility to disease, or treatment.

Being different, our bodies react differently to treatment.

Variations in chemical and genetic composition mean that one person's response to a therapy will not necessarily be the same as the next.

As developments in the fields of genetics and technology advance, the conventional, one-size-fits-all approach to medicine starts to look outdated.

Instead, we are seeing a growing range of strategies that take into consideration the quirks of the individual.

This article will look at some of the strategies already available to help healthcare professionals meet individual patient needs, in the multifaceted field of personalized medicine.

Research suggests that around 50 percent of patients with depression do not respond to first-line antidepressants. What can explain this, and how can it be solved?

Current treatment is often a case of trial and error. A patient may take one medication after another, often for 12 weeks or more each time, while symptoms remain the same, or worsen.

A team from King's College London in the United Kingdom recently announced a blood test that can predict with accuracy and reliability whether an individual patient will respond to common antidepressants.

This, they say, "could herald a new era of personalized treatment for patients with depression."

High levels of blood inflammation have been linked to a lower response to antidepressants, so the team designed a test to distinguish levels of blood inflammation.

It evaluates the levels of two biomarkers: macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and interleukin (IL)-1.

Results showed that none of the patients with levels of MIF and IL-1 above a certain threshold responded to conventional antidepressants, while with inflammation levels below this threshold did tend to respond. The findings indicate that patients with higher levels of inflammation should use a combination of antidepressants from the early stages to stop their condition from getting worse.

The two biomarkers affect a number of brain mechanisms involved in depression, including the birth of new brain cells, connections between them, and the death of brain cells as a result of oxidative stress, related to the processing of free radicals.

Depression can result when chemical signaling is disrupted, and the function of the brain's protective mechanisms is reduced.

"The identification of biomarkers that predict treatment response is crucial in reducing the social and economic burden of depression, and improving quality of life of patients."

Prof. Carmine Pariante, King's College London

Getting the right medication from the start would enhance the well-being of patients, and it would also save on healthcare costs, in terms of time and money.

In 2012, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF), a serious, genetic condition that affects the respiratory and digestive systems. The drug is ivacaftor, known by the trade name of Kalydeco.

People with CF have a fault in the flow of salt and water on the surface of the lungs. It leads to a buildup of sticky mucus that can be life-threatening.

In 4 percent of patients with CF, this problem comes from a mutation in the gene G551D, which regulates the transport of salt and water in the body.

Ivacaftor can help around 1,200 people in the U.S., but more significantly, it is the first therapy to target the underlying cause of CF rather than the symptoms.

Genomic science enabled scientists to pinpoint the root of the problem, to develop a repair strategy, and to establish which patients it might benefit.

Cancer treatment is well suited to a genomic and individual approach.

In 1979, scientists discovered the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer: TP53, or p53. The BRCA1 gene mutation was discovered in 1994, and BRCA2 in 1995.

Targeted therapy for women with ovarian cancer caused by BRCA1 and BRCA2 are already in use. Targeted therapies aim to attack the tumor without harming healthy cells. The drugs work on DNA repair pathways that are blocked in women with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2.

In 2011, the Wall Street Journal published an infographic indicating what percentage of different cancers were likely to stem from genetic mutations that could be targeted by specific drugs. The figures ranged from 21 percent of people with cancers relating to the head or neck to 73 percent of melanoma cases.

Jen Trowbridge, researching how genomics affects cancer at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, foresees that instead of telling a person that they have brain cancer or lung cancer, doctors will be saying, "you have cancer that's caused by this mutation, and we have a drug that targets that mutation."

People's genetic makeup affects their future health and longevity. Genetic information can help scientists to predict what diseases people are likely to get, and how their bodies are likely to react.

Fast facts about BRCA1

Learn more about breast cancer.

In April 2016, scientists from the Scripps Translational Science Institute (STSI) found that in a group of over 1,400 healthy 80-105-year-olds, there was a "higher-than-normal presence of genetic variants offering protection from cognitive decline."

In particular, they found an absence of the coding variant for COL25A1, a gene that has been associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Gene-editing techniques, such as "CRISPR," that modify DNA by "snipping" it, could prevent the onset of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's in later years.

Women with a family history of breast cancer can undergo screening for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to decide whether to take preventive action, such as a mastectomy, to minimize the risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer in future.

Recent research has suggested that women with the BRCA1 mutation should consider having children earlier, because the fault may affect the number of eggs in the ovaries.

Jen Trowbridge puts it this way: "Conventional medicine continues to treat the symptoms, but genetic scientists are now working to get right to the roots of diseases, the 'birth of a cancer,' starting from cell one."

Advances in biotechnology also contribute to personalized medicine.

New imaging technology means that assessments of a patient's condition and needs can be ever more precise.

The data gathered can lead to tailor-made devices, and even regenerative medicine.

One example is the personalized tinnitus masker, with custom-tailored audio signals that can be configured to meet the needs of the individual patient.

Mobile health (mHealth) solutions include interconnected, wearable medical devices that feed back to the doctor a person's heart rhythms and other vital data, enabling remote monitoring, and any appropriate tweaking of treatment.

3-D printing and regenerative medicine have already provided patients with replacement body parts, including bone and a windpipe.

A CT scan assesses patient needs, computer-aided design plans the structure, and 3-D printing creates the final product. A device that is implanted surgically can then dissolve over time, as the body naturally replaces it with human tissue.

Researchers in the U.K. recently created the prototype of a 3-D-printed bone scaffold. The device would allow tissue to grow around it and new human bone to develop, as the artificial bone dissolves.

The device would match the patient's exact size and shape, and its porous nature would allow blood flow and cell growth to occur.

In 2013, physicians at the University of Michigan and Akron Children's Hospital created a bioresorbable airway splint to treat a critically ill infant. The child's airway walls were so weak that breathing or coughing could cause them to collapse. The device provided a placeholder for cells to grow naturally around it, as the body healed itself.

An FDA report describes this as "a glimpse into a future where truly individualized, anatomically specific devices may become a standard part of patient care."

Until now, diseases have been treated with a relatively narrow range of therapies. Randomized controlled trials have been the most reliable guarantee of safety and efficacy.If the majority of people respond to a treatment in tests, it is considered successful.

But no treatment is 100 percent successful, because everyone is different.

Genome sequencing and advancing technology are shifting the perspective on healthcare, bringing tailor-made treatment further within reach.

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Personalized medicine: The way forward? - Medical News Today

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Stem Cell Network

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

The Stem Cell Network is back and we are moving quickly. In March 2016, the federal government announced an additional $12 million for SCN, and for that we are grateful. This funding will be used to fund innovative ...

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The Stem Cell Networks Annual General Meeting, which metamorphosed into the Till & McCulloch Meetings, is a one-of-a-kind venue for trainees and young scientists to network and gain experience in the competit...

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The multidisciplinary research and training program offered by the Stem Cell Network enriched and accelerated the careers of hundreds of young researchers, many of whom can now be found across industry, government a...

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By prioritizing multidisciplinary research partnerships among stem cell researchers across Canada, the Stem Cell Network integrated the countrys previously fractured landscape into a comprehensive and globally re...

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SCN established and funded a world-leading arms-length research program to examine the key social, legal and ethical implications of stem cell research and, based upon this credible and research-based evidence, has ...

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The Stem Cell Networks catalysis of commercialization of stem cell research has led to 399 patent applications, 60 issued patents, 43 licenses granted, the growth or launch of 11 start-up biotechnology companies ...

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Natural Health & Wellness Center | Integrative Medicine Texas

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Integrative Medicine Some people call it alternative medicine, but at Southlake Vitality Health & Wellness Center, we see it differently. We recognize the value of using integrative medicine in functional diagnostic testing, supportive cancer care, detoxification, nutrition, with additional therapies. This helps us offer The Best of Both Worlds in this new millennium of health care (alternative first then traditional only when needed). We combine old fashioned doctor-patient care with 21st century technology. Southlake Vitality Health & Wellness Center is an Integrative & Functional Health, multidisciplinary medical practice. Our primary focus is health restoration and health balance utilizing the latest technology in integrative medicine and nutritional therapy.

The difference about Southlake Vitality Health & Wellness Center is that our primary commitment is to enable our patients to achieve optimal health and live a life full of vitality and longevity. Our patients will be educated about diseases associated with aging and how to prevent and/or possibly reverse the disease process. Mind Body and Spirit Integrative medicine is healing-oriented medicine that takes into account the whole person mind, body and spirit, including all aspects of lifestyle. It emphasizes the therapeutic relationship between patient and practitioner and makes use of all appropriate therapies, both conventional and alternative. Diseases such as: cardiovascular disease, coronary disease, cancer, hormonal imbalance, weight gain, dementia, diabetes, chronic fatigue, chronic pain and Alzheimers disease. We offer classes on nutrition, weight loss, detoxification and general health. Once educated our patients will be able to take charge of their own health and be able to have well informed and intelligent discussion with their doctors about their health. We understand the importance of your overall wellness. To achieve your wellness objectives, you have come to expect the highest levels of service and patient care. As a result, we continuously commit ourselves to meeting and exceeding your expectations.

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Natural Health & Wellness Center | Integrative Medicine Texas

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Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at Northwestern …

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Specialties

Integrative Medicine has been called the "new medicine" but in many ways, it is a return to the original practice and philosophy of medicine. It emphasizes the relationship between the doctor and patient, the innate healing ability of the body and the importance of addressing all aspects of an individual's life to attain optimal health and healing.

Our physicians and complementary medicine practitioners consciously blend the very best of conventional medicine, cutting-edge diagnosis and treatment with appropriate therapies. We strive to include therapies backed by scientific evidence to improve health and promote healing, while minimizing any side-effects or harm. All factors that affect health, wellness and disease are considered to promote optimal healing of the mind, body and spirit in all their complexity.

Established in 1997.

In 1997 Northwestern Memorial Hospital created an integrative medicine program (the NMPG Center for Integrative Medicine) in response to both patient demand and a clear need in the Chicagoland community for safe and effective integrative and complementary medicine approaches.

In 2008 we moved to our current location, a larger and more convenient space for patients to receive a broad array of services. In addition to growing our staff and clinical offerings, our program expanded to provide services to other areas of Northwestern, such as the cancer center.

We also grew our education initiatives. We have a wide array of public classes/symposiums throughout the year. We educate Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine students and physicians, with the goal of helping the next generation of doctors be knowledgable in integrative therapies. In 2011 our name changed to Northwestern Integrative Medicine to reflect our commitment to the 3 pillars: clinical care, education and research.

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Regenerative medicine consultation service – Mayo Clinic …

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

At Mayo Clinic, an integrated team, including stem cell biologists, bioengineers, doctors and scientists, work together and study regenerative medicine. The goal of the team is to treat diseases using novel therapies, such as stem cell therapy and bioengineering. Doctors in transplant medicine and transplant surgery have pioneered the study of regenerative medicine during the past five decades, and doctors continue to study new innovations in transplant medicine and surgery.

In stem cell therapy, or regenerative medicine, researchers study how stem cells may be used to replace, repair, reprogram or renew your diseased cells. Stem cells are able to grow and develop into many different types of cells in your body. Stem cell therapy may use adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed in the laboratory (induced pluripotent stem cells), your own adult stem cells that have been reprogrammed or cells developed from an embryo (embryonic stem cells).

Researchers also study and test how reprogrammed stem cells may be turned into specialized cells that can repair or regenerate cells in your heart, blood, nerves and other parts of your body. These stem cells have the potential to treat many conditions. Stem cells also may be studied to understand how other conditions occur, to develop and test new medications, and for other research.

Researchers across Mayo Clinic, with coordination through the Center for Regenerative Medicine, are discovering, translating and applying stem cell therapy as a potential treatment for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, degenerative joint conditions, brain and nervous system (neurological) conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, and many other conditions. For example, researchers are studying the possibility of using stem cell therapy to repair or regenerate injured heart tissue to treat many types of cardiovascular diseases, from adult acquired disorders to congenital diseases. Read about regenerative medicine research for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Cardiovascular diseases, neurological conditions and diabetes have been extensively studied in stem cell therapy research. They've been studied because the stem cells affected in these conditions have been the same cell types that have been generated in the laboratory from various types of stem cells. Thus, translating stem cell therapy to a potential treatment for people with these conditions may be a realistic goal for the future of transplant medicine and surgery.

Researchers conduct ongoing studies in stem cell therapy. However, research and development of stem cell therapy is unpredictable and depends on many factors, including regulatory guidelines, funding sources and recent successes in stem cell therapy. Mayo Clinic researchers aim to expand research and development of stem cell therapy in the future, while keeping the safety of patients as their primary concern.

Mayo Clinic offers stem cell transplant (bone marrow transplant) for people who've had leukemia, lymphoma or other conditions that have been treated with chemotherapy.

Mayo Clinic currently offers a specialty consult service for regenerative medicine within the Transplant Center, the first consult service established in the United States to provide guidance for patients and families regarding stem cell-based protocols. This consult service provides medical evaluations for people with many conditions who have questions about the potential use of stem cell therapy. The staff provides guidance to determine whether stem cell clinical trials are appropriate for these individuals. Regenerative medicine staff may be consulted if a doctor or patient has asked about the potential use of stem cell therapies for many conditions, including degenerative or congenital diseases of the heart, liver, pancreas or lungs.

People sometimes have misconceptions about the use and applications of stem cell therapies. This consult service provides people with educational guidance and appropriate referrals to research studies and clinical trials in stem cell therapies for the heart, liver, pancreas and other organs. Also, the consult service supports ongoing regenerative medicine research activities within Mayo Clinic, from basic science to clinical protocols.

Read more about stem cells.

Share your Mayo Clinic transplant experience with others using social media.

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Sanare Center for Integrative Medicine – NJ Integrative …

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Homeadmin2016-04-19T15:19:38+00:00

Integrative Medicine enhances traditional medical care by incorporating medical nutrition, mind body practices, herbal medicine and other complementary treatments. The focus is on health promotion and addressing the root cause of disease.

Non Surgical Orthopedics and Sports Medicine (Physiatry /Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) focuses on the assessment and treatment of musculoskeletal and neurologic conditions.

Interventional Pain Management utilizes a variety of the most up to date and advanced image-guided non-surgical treatment options for a diverse range of conditions.

Myofascial Release Therapy treats the whole person intellectually, emotionally and structurally having a profound effect on the bodys own ability to eliminate pain, restore motion and enhance personal growth and awareness.

Acupuncture is a holistic medical system that activates the bodys Qi energy and promotes natural healing by enhancing recuperative power, immunity and physical and emotional health.

Mindfulness is a conscious decision to pay attention to what is going on in the present moment. This means a moment-to-moment awareness of thoughts, emotions, physical sensations, and the surroundings.

Sanre Center for Integrative Medicine offers a unique blend of Eastern and Western principles and practices in a welcoming, peaceful, and personalized environment. Sanare the Latin word to heal is our singular focus and the common thread that binds all of our practitioners. We emphasize respect for the human capacity for healing, the importance of our relationship with each patient and a collaborative approach to patient care among our practitioners.

At Sanre, our practitioners understand that healing is an integrative process that may require attention to the mind and spirit as well as the body.Our services includeintegrative medicine physician consultations, non-surgical orthopedics, sports medicine, interventional pain management, acupuncture, therapeutic massage andmindfulness mentoring.

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anti-aging stem cells – Lucrece

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Stem Cell Technology represents a major breakthrough in anti-aging and regenerative skin care, by protecting, strengthening, and replenishing our own human skin cells. Where Peptides stimulate different functions acting as messengers to skin cells, stem cell technology improves the life of the core of the cell. Working in synergy with peptides, they enhance the effectiveness of peptides and other active ingredients.

Antiaging effects - The stem cells in our skin have a limited life expectancy due to DNA damage, aging and oxidative stress. As our own skin stem cells age, they become more difficult to repair and replenish. Protection of our stem cells becomes more and more beneficial as our skin ages, and with the advent of stem cells, we are now able to delay the natural aging process even further than before.

Expected benefits of stem cells technology for regenerative skin care:

Stem Cell Replenishing Serum Featuring a potent concentration of apple and edelweiss plant stem cells, state-of-the-art peptides, and other cutting edge ingredients, the Stem Cell Replenishing Serum is thoroughly formulated to produce age defying results, restoring the youthful look and vitality to aging skin.

Stem Cell Moisturizing Cream Also featuring a healthy concentration of apple and edelweiss plant stem cells, peptides, and numerous botanical extracts, the Stem Cell Moisturizing Cream is formulated to produce age defying results while also helping to maintain healthy and youthful looking skin as a daily moisturizer.

Our Stem Cell Applications:

LPAR Stem Cell Products contain a wide variety of stem cells with healthy and potent concentrations in order to deliver the results skin care consumers strive for. The first stem cell ingredient discovered and produced is a liposomal preparation based on the stem cells of a rare Swiss apple. The revolutionary active ingredient, Malus Domestica by PhytoCellTec is based on a high tech plant cell culture technology. It has been proven to protect the longevity of skin stem cells and provide significant anti-wrinkle effects. Since the discovery and the worldwide success of Apple Stem Cells introduction to the cosmetic and skin care marketplace, other new and exciting stem cell ingredients have been discovered to provide extraordinary results for all skin types.

We were proud to be the first skin care line to offer the ground-breaking combination of Apple and Edelweiss stem cells, and are dedicated to formulating the best new and existing stem cell ingredients into our product line as the technology continues to develop.

To inquire about purchasing LPAR Stem Cell products. visit our Retail Locator page.

Featuring a luxurious and potent blend of three major botanical stem cells (Apple, Gardenia Jasminoides, Echinacea Angustifolia) two state-of-the-art peptides (Nutripeptides, Matrixyl synthe6), and numerous botanical extracts and minerals, the Stem Cell Nourishing Mask is thoroughly formulated to nourish, firm, and energize mature skin. Total Stem Cell Concentration: 5.5% - Total Peptide Concentration: 9.0%

Directions: Using fingertips, apply on clean, dry skin twice weekly. Avoid the eye area. The mask can be left on the skin for prolonged periods (during the day or overnight). Allow at least 10-15 minutes for the mask to penetrate the skin before rinsing with water or applying additional product For external use only.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer, Hydrolyzed Rice Protein (Nutripeptides), Sodium Hyaluronate, Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38 (Matrixyl synthe6), Biosaccharide Gum-1, Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, Gardenia Jasminoides Meristem Cell Culture, Xanthan Gum, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture, Lecithin, Porphyridium Polysaccharide, Echinacea Angustifolia Meristem Cell Culture, Carbomer, Triethanolamine, Mentha Pipertita (Peppermint) Extract, Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract, Palmaria Palmata (Dulce) Extract, Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Copper PCA, Zinc PCA, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Fragrance (Parfum)

Featuring a plant and fruit stem cell enhanced blend of three major stem cells (Apple, Edelweiss, Alpine Rose), state-of-the-art peptides (Eyeseryl, Nutripeptides), the Stem Cell Eye Therapy is an advanced eye formula designed to nourish, firm, and increase skin elasticity and skin smoothness around the eye area. Total Stem Cell Concentration: 6.75% - Total Peptide Concentration: 11.0%

Directions: Using fingertips, apply product around both eyes on clean, dry skin once or twice daily before applying a moisturizer or night cream. For external use only.

Ingredients: Water, Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5 (Eyeseryl), Sodium Hyaluronate, Hydrolyzed Rice Protein (Nutripeptides), Glycerin, Leontopodium Alpinum Meristem Cell Culture (Edelweiss Stem Cells), Xanthan Gum, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture (Apple Stem Cells), Lecithin, Porphyridium Polysaccharide, Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract, Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Carbomer, Triethanolamine, Rhododendron Ferrugineum Leaf Cell Culture Extract (Alpine Rose Stem Cells) Isomalt, Sodium Benzoate, Lactic Acid, Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate, Allantoin, Copper PCA, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder

Plant stem cells represent a major breakthrough in skin care, launching the beginning of a new system of treating the skin...by protecting and replenishing the building blocks of what makes up our own skin: Stem Cells. Rather than working around the natural aging process of our skin stem cells, we now have the technology available to improve the life of our skins most important and central component.

Featuring a potent combination of apple, edelweiss, and grape stem cells, state-of-the-art peptides, and other cutting edge ingredients, the Stem Cell Replenishing Serum is thoroughly formulated to produce age defying results, restoring the youthful look and vitality to aging skin.

Directions: Apply with fingertips on clean, dry skin once or twice daily. Avoid the eye area by approximately 1 cm. Suitable for mature skin types. For external use only.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate, Acetyl Octapeptide-3, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture (Apple Stem Cells), Hydrolyzed Ceratonia Siliqua Seed Extract, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5, PEG-8 Dimethicone, Saccharide Isomerate, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Polysorbate 20, Leontopodium Alpinum Meristem Cell Culture (Edelweiss Stem Cells), Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract, Triethanolamine, Carbomer, Xanthan Gum, Vitis Vinifera Fruit Cell Extract (Grape Stem Cells), Isomalt, Sodium Benzoate, Lecithin, Disodium EDTA, Allantoin, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, PEG-8-Carbomer, Fragrance (Parfum)

Plant stem cells represent a major breakthrough in skin care, launching the beginning of a new system of treating the skin...by protecting and replenishing the building blocks of what makes up our own skin: Stem Cells. Rather than working around the natural aging process of our skin stem cells, we now have the technology available to improve the life of our skins most important and central component.

Featuring a healthy concentration and a diverse group of stem cells (apple, edelweiss, grape), peptides, and numerous botanical extracts, the Stem Cell Moisturizing Cream is formulated to produce age-defying results, while also helping to maintain healthy and youthful looking skin as a daily moisturizer.

Directions: For mature skin and/or skin conditioning, apply onto clean, dry skin with fingertips once daily. Avoid the eye. For external use only.

Ingredient Highlights: Plant/Fruit Stem Cells 4% - Malus Domestica (Apple Stem Cells) - Leontopodium Alpinum Cell Culture Extract (Edelweiss Stem Cells) - Vitis Vinifera Fruit Cell Extract (Grape Stem Cells)

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Isopropyl Myristate, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Cetearyl Olivate, Sorbitan Olivate, Sorbitol, Saccharide Isomerate, Sodium Hyaluronate, Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Extract (Apple Stem Cells), Leontopodium Alpinum Meristem Cell Culture (Edelweiss Stem Cells), Vitis Vinifera Fruit Cell Extract (Grape Stem Cells), Crambe Abyssinica Seed Oil, Dimethicone, Cetyl Alcohol, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Acetyl Octapeptide-3 (SNAP-8), Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate(SYN-AKE), Palmitoyl Tripeptide-3 (SYN-COL), Hydrolyzed Ceratonia Siliqua Seed Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract, Glyceryl Stearate, Xantham Gum, Cetyl Palmitate, Sorbitan Palmitate, Bisabolol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Fragrance, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexyglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, PEG-8, Carbomer, Lecithin, Isomalt, Sodium Benzoate, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 5.00 ]

Featuring high concentrations of Vitamin C (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate), Orange Stem Cells, and Peptides, this is a multi-beneficial cream with state-of-the-art actives formulated to deliver significant and lasting results.

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is a stable, oil soluble form of Vitamin C that penetrates deeper into the skin than traditional ascorbic acid based Vitamin C. It's a proven skin lightener, a powerful Anti-Oxidant, DNA protector, and increases collagen synthesis more effectively than ascorbic acid. Orange Stem Cells work to increase elasticity and skin resistance to the dermis, which increase firmness and diminish wrinkles while also working synergistically with peptides to further increase skin elasticity and collagen support.

How to Use: Smooth a pearl sized drop onto the face once daily (morning or evening). Avoid the eye area while applying. Follow with Solar Protection if used during the day.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Vitamin C Ester), Glycerin, Hexyl Laurate, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Butylene Glycol, Sorbitol, Stearic Acid, Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-100 Stearate, Cetyl Alcohol, Sorbitan Stearate, Polysorbate 60, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Sodium Hyaluronate, Squalane, Dimethicone, PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis Callus Culture Extract (Orange Stem Cells), Tocopheryl Acetate, Cetearyl Ethylhexanoate, Linoleic Acid, Glycine Soja (Soybean) Sterols, Phospholipids, Di-PPG-2 Myreth-10 Adipate, Retinol, Polysorbate 20, Hydrolyzed Glycosaminoglycans, Alcohol, Ectoin, Lecithin, Cyclotetrapeptide-24 Aminocyclohexane Carboxylate, Glucosamine HCl, Algae Extract, Yeast Extract, Urea, Micrococcus Lysate, Plankton Extract, Arabidopsis Thaliana Extract, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Xanthan Gum, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Disodium EDTA, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil

[ pH: 4.7 ]

The Vitamin C Stem Cell Mask combines a potent blend of Vitamin C Ester (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate), highly concentrated plant and fruit stem cells (Argan, Sea Fennel), and Aldenine, a unique peptide that acts as a cellular detoxifier and a collagen III booster.

Directions: Apply on clean, dry skin. Avoid the eye area. The mask may be left on the skin (i.e. during the day or overnight), or it may be rinsed off with lukewarm water after 10 - 15 minutes. Suitable for mature skin types.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate, Kaolin, Glycerin, Glyceryl Stearate, Sorbitan Olivate, Cetearyl Olivate, Cetyl Palmitate, Sorbitol, Sorbitan Palmitate, Stearic Acid, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Cyclopentasiloxane, Cyclhexasiloxane, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil, Punica Granatum Extract, Butylene Glycol, Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Extract, Carica Papaya Fruit Extract, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, Tripeptide-1, Argania Spinosa (Argan Stem Cells) Sprout Cell Extract, Crithmum Maritimum (Sea Fennel Stem Cells) Callus Culture Filtrate, Oligopeptide-68, Sodium Oleate, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Polyacrylamide, C13-14 Isoparaffin, Laureth-7, Isomalt, Hydrogenated Lecithin, Lecithin, Sodium Benzoate, Allantoin, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Xanthan Gum, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 6.00 ]

Originally designed to prepare and increase the skins receptiveness to our Professional Peptide Peel, the Premier Peptide Serum has gone on to become our most powerful anti-wrinkle product for year-round home care due to its high concentration and diversity of peptides. Composed of a total concentration of 65% peptides, the Premier Peptide Serum is a state of the art facial serum expertly formulated to reduce the signs of aging, energizing mature skin.

The Intensive Clarifying Peptide Cream is a unique and high potency moisturizing cream formulated with an abundance of natural skin lighteners, peptides, and botanical extracts that combine to clarify and firm mature skin, while effectively minimizing fine lines and wrinkles.

The Collagen Peptide Complex builds off of our original Collagen Copper Activating Complex, and includes an advanced formulation of peptides, including Syn-Coll, a small but powerful peptide that stimulates collagen synthesis at a cellular level, helping to compensate for any collagen deficit in the skin.

Boasting a remarkable collection of natural and innovative ingredients from exotic plants and enhanced peptides, the neck firming cream has been designed & tested to firm and energize mature skin, while providing increased smoothness and elasticity to the often neglected neck area.

Providing sufficient hydration is the most essential way to keep our skin healthy and youthful. While many of our products assist in hydrating the skin, hydration is the main focus of the Nano-Peptide B5 Complex, acting as the foundation for your home care regimen. Fortified with Sodium Hyaluronate (30%) and Pantothenic acid, it provides an especially deep and complete hydration. Because of the presence of peptides, it also assists in tightening and firming the skin while allowing for maximum absorption and effectiveness.

Designed for mature skin, this sophisticated moisturizer promotes cell renewal, stimulating the dermis layer of the skin with a high potency blend of peptides (Argireline, Matrixyl, & Biopeptide-CLTM) and botanical extracts that make it a particularly refined and effective moisturizing cream for age management.

The A&M Eye Recovery Therapy is an advanced age management treatment, applying the most tried and true peptides and delivery systems; Argireline & Matrixyl, to the highly wrinkle prone and fragile eye area, providing diminished wrinkle depth, and increased firmness and elasticity. The peptide Eyeliss is added to further enhance this treatment by counteracting skin slackening, puffiness, and decreasing irritation.

The A&M Facial Recovery Therapy is an advanced age-management treatment that blends the most tried and true peptides and delivery systems; Argireline & Matrixyl. Stimulating the deeper layers of the skin, the A&M Facial Recovery Therapy provides diminished wrinkle depth, as well as an increase in skin elasticity and firmness.

Originally designed to prepare and increase the skins receptiveness to our Professional Peptide Peel, the Premier Peptide Serum has gone on to become our most powerful anti-wrinkle product for year-round home care due to its high concentration and diversity of peptides. Composed of a total concentration of 65% peptides, the Premier Peptide Serum is a state of the art facial serum expertly formulated to reduce the signs of aging, energizing mature skin.

Directions: For mature skin types; apply at least three weeks before beginning the Lucrece Professional Peptide Peel treatment, and use twice a day leading up to the Peel. For year round application, apply once per day after the Collagen Peptide Complex. Avoid the eye area by at least 1 cm during application.

Peptides: SYN-AKE: A small peptide (Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate) that mimics the activity of Waglerin 1, a polypeptide that is found in the venom of the Temple Viper, Tropidolaemus wagleri. Clinical trials have shown SYN-AKE is capable of reducing wrinkle depth by inhibiting muscle contractions. SNAP-8: An anti-wrinkle (Acetyl Octapeptide-3) elongation of the famous Hexapeptide Argireline. The study of the basic biochemical mechanisms of anti-wrinkle activity led to the revolutionary Hexapeptide which has taken the cosmetic world by storm. ARGIRELINE: (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8) MATRIXYL: (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4) REGU-AGE: (Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein - Oxido Reductases - Soybean Protein) BIOPEPTIDE CL: (Palmitoyl Oligopeptide) RIGIN: (Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7) EYELISS: (Dipeptide-2 & Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7) INYLINE: (Acetyl Hexapeptide 30)

Other Ingredients: Water, Sodium Hyaluronate, Spiraea Ulmaria Flower Extract & Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Phenoxyethanol & Benzyl Alcohol & Potassium Sorbate & Tocopherol, Meadowsweet, Hydrocotyl Extract, Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract, Amino Acids, Diazolidinyl Urea, Imperata Cylindrica Extract, SMDI Copolymer, Hydroxyethylcellulose

[ pH: 5.00 ]

This unique and high potency moisturizing cream is formulated with an abundance of natural skin lighteners, peptides, and botanical extracts that combine to help clarify and energize mature skin.

Directions: Smooth a pearl size drop onto the face, gently massaging in with fingertips once per day (morning), avoiding the eye area. Follow with solar protection if applicable.

Skin Lightening Agents: Mulberry Bark, Saxifrage Extract, Grape Extract, Scutellaria Root Extracts, Vitamin C Ester (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate), Emblica Fruit Extract, Licorice Root Extract.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Saxifrage Extract & Grape Extract & Butylene Glycol & Water & Mulberry Bark Extract & Scutellaria Root Extract, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil, Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil, Cetearyl Olivate & Sorbitan Olivate, Glycerin, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl), Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (C-Ester), Glyceryl Stearate & PEG 100 Stearate, Stearic Acid, Theobroma Cocao (Cocoa) Seed Butter, PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E), Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 (Syn-Coll), Triethanolamine, Phenoxyethanol, Mangifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter, Darutoside, Tricholoma Matsutake Singer (Mushroom) Extract, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Fragrance (Parfum), Glucosamine HCL & Algae Extract & Yeast Extract & Urea, Retinyl Palmitate (Vitamin A), Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Xanthan Gum, Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 5.75 ]

Specializing in firming the skin, the Collagen Peptide Complex builds off of our original Collagen Copper Activating Complex, and adds a combination of (5) major peptides, helping to keep the skin looking its youngest and most alive, as it works to firm, and add elasticity & texture to the skin. For best results, apply directly after the Nano-Peptide B5 Complex.

Directions: Apply a liberal amount on clean, dry face using fingertips, and massage into the skin. Let dry, and follow with a moisturizer and sun-block if used during the day, or the Vitamin A Facial Cream + III if used at night. Warning: For mature skin only. If redness occurs, lessen use to once or twice per week. If reactions persist, discontinue use.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Dipalmitoylhydroxyproline, Glycerin, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 (Rigin), Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (Biopeptide-CL), Butylene Glycol, Yeast (Faex Extract), Hydrocotyl Extract & Coneflower Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 (Syn-Coll), Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 (Argireline), Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl), Panthenol, Phenoxyethanol & Caprylyl Glycol & Ethylhexylglycerin & Hexylene Glycol, Triethanolamine, Carbomer, Decarboxy Carsonine HCI, Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Seed Extract, Copper PCA, Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 5.50 ]

Boasting a remarkable collection of natural and innovative ingredients from exotic plants and enhanced peptides, the neck firming cream has been designed & tested to firm and energize mature skin, while providing increased smoothness and elasticity to the often neglected neck area.

Directions: On clean dry skin, apply onto the neck area with fingertips in an upward motion. Apply twice a day, or as needed.

Key Ingredients: Bio-Bustyl: Stimulates cell metabolism, promotes collagen synthesis, and enhances fibroblast (collagen-producing cell) proliferation. INCI: Glyceryl Polymethacrylate, Soy Protein Ferment, PEG-8, & Palmitoyl Oligopeptide Polylift: Using a cross-linking technology, biopolymerization, Polylift reinforces the natural lifting effect of sweet almond proteins, providing a smooth firmness & radiance to the surface of the skin. INCI: Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Seed Extract.

Ingredients: Deionized Water, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond Oil), Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil, Simmondsia (Jojoba) Seed Oil/ Buxus Chinensis, Cetearyl Alcohol, Dicetyl Phosphate, Ceteth-10 Phosphate, Palmitoyl Oligopeptide, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Seed Extract, Terminalia Catappa Leaf Extract & Sambucus Nigra Flower Extract & PVP & Tannic Acid, Glyceryl Polymethacrylate & Rahnella/ Soy Protein Ferment & PEG-8 & Palmitoyl Oligopeptide, Glycerin, Glyceryl Stearate & PEG 100 Stearate, Biosaccharide Gim-1, PPG-12/ SMDI Copolymer, Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract, Stearic Acid, Centella Asiatica Extract & Darutosidetriethanolamine, Tocopheryl Acetate, Magnifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter, Glycerin & Aqua & Lysolecithin & Perilla Frutescens Seed Oil, Xantham Gum, Retinyl Palmitate, Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Vitamin C Ester), Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract, Magnesium, Aluminum Silicate, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 6.25 ]

Hydration is the most essential way to keep our skin healthy feeling and healthy looking. While many of our products assist in hydrating the skin, hydration is the main focus for this product, making it an essential for all skin types. Fortified with Hyaluronic (30%) and Panthenol (Vitamin B5), the Nano-Peptide B5 Complex provides an especially deep and complete hydration. With the addition of peptides, it also assists in tightening and firming the skin while allowing for maximum absorption and effectiveness.

The Nano-Peptide B5 Complex should be applied directly after cleansing the skin, as the 2nd step in skin care regimens for all skin types (morning & night). For best results, age management regimens should follow with the Stem Cell Replenishing Serum and/or the Collagen Peptide Complex before moisturizing.

Directions: Apply a healthy amount on clean, dry skin. May be used around the eye area.

Key Ingredients: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4: Stimulates the skins fibroblasts to rebuild the extra-cellular matrix, including the synthesis of Collagen I and Collagen IV, fibronectin and of Glycosaminoglycans. It also stimulates the production of the dermal matrix (Collagen I & III) resulting in a significant reduction of wrinkles and fine lines. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8: Reduces facial wrinkle depth and the signs of skin aging resulting from facial movements and facial muscle contraction by halting the release of neurotransmitters from SNARE and catecholamine complexes, (which can also induce formation of wrinkles and fine lines to the skin). Hyaluronic Acid (30%): Penetrates deep into the skin, providing ample moisture Panthenol: Enhances formation of skin pigments for younger looking skin, and contains deep penetrating properties that allow a more complete hydration.

Other Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Hyaluronic Acid, Panthenol (Vitamin B5), MDI Complex, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Phenoxyethanol, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Butylene Glycol, Hydrocotyl & Coneflower Extract, Glycosaminoglycans.

[ pH: 5.5 ]

Designed for mature, sun damaged, and/or dehydrated skin, the Anti-Wrinkle Facial Cream is a peptide enriched moisturizer focused on increasing skin firmness & elasticity, and fortifying the skin with anti-oxidants & botanical extracts to facilitate healthy feeling and healthy looking skin.

Directions: Smooth a pearl size drop onto the face, massage into skin thoroughly. For use in the morning (recommended), follow with solar protection.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Dimethicone, Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, Linoleic Acid & Glycine Soja (Soybean) Sterols & Phospholipids, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Butylene Glycol & Carbomer & Polysorbate 20 & Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, Cetearyl Alcohol & Dicetyl Phosphate & Ceteth-10 Phosphate, Glyceryl Stearate & PEG 100 Stearate, PPG-12/ SMDI Copolymer, Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract, Darutoside, Cocoa Butter, Cetyl Alcohol, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter), Saccharomyces/Xylinum Black Tea Ferment & Glycerin & Hydroxyethylcellulose, Glucoseamine HCL & Algae Extract & Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (Yeast Extract) & Urea, Steareth-20 & Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7, Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract & PEG-8 & Carbomer, Phenoxyethanol & Caprylyl Glycol & Ethylhexylglycerin & Hexylene Glycol, Polyglyceryl Methacrylate & Propylene Glycol & Palmitoyl Oligopeptide, Cyclopentasiloxane & Dimethicone, Stearic Acid, Mangifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter, Tocopheryl Acetate, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract, Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, Chlorella Vulgaris Extract, Corallina Officinalis Extract, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, PEG-8 & Tocopherol & Ascorbyl Palmitate & Ascorbic Acid & Citric Acid, Disodium EDTA, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Xanthan Gum, Triethanolamine, Retinyl Palmitate, Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil

[ pH: 5.75 ]

This advanced eye care treatment is expertly formulated to diminish the depth, increase firmness & elasticity, and to counteract skin slackening to the highly wrinkle prone and fragile eye area. Featuring (4) major peptides (Argireline, Matrixyl, Eyeliss, & Regu-age), the A&M Eye Recovery Therapy is our most potent eye treatment, and is recommended for mature skin.

Directions: Using fingertips, massage to surrounding eye areas affected by wrinkles due to muscle contractions. Also use in the nasal labial area. For best results, apply once per evening, followed by the A&M Facial Recovery Therapy, and/or the Vitamin A Facial Cream + III.

Ingredients Highlights: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl): Stimulates the skins fibroblasts to rebuild the extra-cellular matrix, including the synthesis of Collagen I and Collagen IV, fibronectin and of Glycosaminoglycans. It also stimulates the production of dermal matrix (Collagen I & III) resulting in a significant reduction of wrinkles and fine lines of the skin. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 (Argireline): Reduces facial wrinkle depth and the signs of skin aging resulting from facial movements and facial muscle contraction by halting the release of neurotransmitters from SNARE and catecholamine complexes, (which can also induce formation of wrinkles and fine lines to the skin). Dipeptide-2 & Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 (Eyeliss): Combats the effect of tiredness and hypertension, as well as the natural effects of aging, which contribute to the formation of bags under the eyes, Eyeliss is an outstanding anti-aging ingredient. Soy Peptides & Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Extract (Regu-Age): A highly active complex of specially purified soy and rice peptides and biotechnologically derived yeast protein, Regu-Age effectively addresses dark circles and puffiness around the eyes.

Other Ingredients: Water, Sodium Hyaluronate, Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Xanthan Gum-Chondrus Crispus & Glucose, Lecithin & Dipalmitoyl Hydroxyproline, Imperata Cylindrica Extract, PEG-8 Dimethicone, Cyclomethicone

[ pH: 6.25 ]

An advanced age management treatment that blends the most tried and true peptides and delivery systems, Argireline & Matrixyl, helping to prevent skin aging induced by repeated facial movement caused by excessive catecholamine release. Stimulating the deeper layers of the skin, the A&M Facial Recovery Therapy provides diminished wrinkle depth, as well as an increase in the elasticity and firmness of the skin. Recommend for mature skin types.

Directions: Using fingertips apply to facial areas and massage into skin once per evening, allowing it to absorb into the skin. Apply directly after the A&M Eye Recovery Therapy.

Ingredients Highlights: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4: Stimulates the skins fibroblasts to rebuild the extra-cellular matrix, including the synthesis of Collagen I and Collagen IV, fibronectin and of Glycosaminoglycans. It also stimulates the production of dermal matrix (Collagen I & III) resulting in a significant reduction of wrinkles and fine lines of the skin. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8: Reduces facial wrinkle depth and the signs of skin aging resulting from facial movements and facial muscle contraction by halting the release of neurotransmitters from SNARE and catecholamine complexes, (which can also induce formation of wrinkles and fine lines to the skin).

Other Ingredients: Deionized Water, Sodium Hyaluronate, Lecithin & Dipalmitoyl Hydroxyproline, Hydrocotyl & Coneflower Extracts, Glycosaminoglycans, Glucosamine HCI & Alagae Extract & Yeast Extract & Urea, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Glycine HCL, Retinyl Palmitate

[ pH: 6.25 ]

Addressing the multiple problems of sun and age damaged skin, the Intensive Clarifying Facial Cream + III is a glycolic acid based moisturizer featuring three potent skin lighteners; Kojic Acid, Licorice, and Hydro- quinone (2%), which quickly & effectively treat hyperpigmentation & discolorations.

Vitamin C Ester (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate) is a stable, oil-soluble form of Vitamin C, providing high level skin lightening, enhanced collagen synthesis, and increased DNA & UV protection with higher absorption capabilities and less irritating than Ascorbic Acid.

Because of how well it protects the skins collagen fibers, ascorbic acid based Vitamin C is widely considered one of the most effective antioxidants for skin rejuvenation & revitalization. The 20% Vitamin C Lightening drops combine a potent concentration of ascorbic acid with aloe, green tea leaf extract, and mushroom extract. *Also available is our original Vitamin C Serum, containing a milder blend of ascorbic acid (14%).

The Anti-Wrinkle Eye Cream contains a high potency blend of peptides, including EyelissTM & Regu-age (in addition to Argireline & Matrixyl) which work synergistically to improve firmness, elasticity, and reduce puffiness & dark circles around the eye area.

Addressing the multiple problems of sun and age damaged skin, the Intensive Clarifying Facial Cream + III moisturizer combines three powerful lightening. Agents: Hydroquinone, Kojic Acid, & Licorice, with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin C, & Co-enzyme Q10, minimizing fine lines, evening skin tone, and naturally exfoliating the outer layer of the skin while providing a 15 sun protection factor (SPF).

Directions: Smooth a pearl sized drop onto the face once or twice daily. Avoid eye area. If used during the day, apply additional sun protection if skin is in contact with the sun for an extended period (twenty minutes or more).

Active Ingredients: Octyl Methoxycinnamate - 7.5% Octyl Salcylate - 5% Glycolic Acid - 4% Benzophenone - 3% Hydroquinone - 2%

Inactive Ingredients: Deionized Water, Glyceryl Stearate & PEG-100 Stearate, Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), Alpha Lipoic Acid, Co-enzyme Q 10, Kojic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol, Licorice, Palmitic Acid, Octyl Salcylate, Phenoxyethanol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Essential Oil of Rosewood, Disodium tEDTA

[ pH: 4.5 ]

Vitamin C Ester is a stable, oil-soluble form of Vitamin C, providing high level Skin Lightening, enhanced Collagen Synthesis, and increased DNA & UV protection with higher absorption capabilities than Ascorbic Acid.

Directions: On clean, dry skin, apply four to five drops directly onto the face once a day, avoiding the eye area.

Ingredients: Cyclomethicone, Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Vitamin C Ester 10%), PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer, Santalum Album Extract, Phellodendrone Amurense Bark Extract, Barley Extract, Jojoba Seed Oil/Buxus Chinensis, Tocopheryl Acetate, Phenoxyethanol, Tricholoma Matsutake Singer (Mushroom Extract), Ascorbyl Palmitate, Bisabolol

[ pH: 7.0 ]

Ascorbic acid based Vitamin C is widely considered one of the most effective antioxidants for rejuvenating mature skin due to its ability to protect the skins collagen fibers, and for its ability to help inhibit melanin production, creating a lightening effect to the skin. The 20% Vitamin C Lightening Drops combine a potent concentration of ascorbic acid with aloe, green tea extract, and an exotic mushroom extract (Tricholoma Matsutake Singer) for additional lightening.

Directions: On clean, dry skin apply four to five drops directly onto the face once daily. Avoid the eye area. Thoroughly wash hands after use. Though a light tingling sensation is normal, if irritation (redness) results after application, discontinue or reduce the frequency of use of the product.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Ascorbic Acid -20%, Ethoxydiglycol, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Phenoxyethanol, Polysorbate 20, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Mushroom Extract (Tricholoma Matsutake Singer)-Enzymes- Alcohol, Sodium Sulfite, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 3.00 ]

The Anti-Wrinkle Eye Cream is formulated to reduce puffiness, enhances firmness, strengthens connective tissues, and to help diminish dark circles around the eye area. In contrast to the A&M Eye Recovery Therapy, the Anti-Wrinkle Eye Cream concentrates on the upper layers of the skin, making it a great day moisturizer for the eyes.

Directions: Apply around the eye area with the ring finger once daily. For best results, follow with a moisturizer and solar protection.

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anti-aging stem cells - Lucrece

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Biotechnology | Home

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

ARE YOU READY FOR A JOB IN BIOTECHNOLOGY? Associate in Applied Science (AAS) Certificate of Specialization (CS)

Hands-on lab experience: Earn a new degree, enhance your current degree, or upgrade your professional skills.

Internship opportunities: Working for cutting-edge biotechnology companies.

A working professional? The entire program is available in evening classes over the course of two years.

State-of-the-art facilities that surpass most four-year universities:

Two degree options to choose from: Associate in Applied Science:

Certificate of Specialization:

Hands-on: Students practice lab techniques on millions of dollars worth of equipment covering a variety of bioscience niches the same equipment used by researchers at BRDG Park.

Workplace learning: Students benefit from the opportunity to gain real-world experience, and often want to extend beyond the 150-hour minimum per semester. Workplace learning is a requirement in the AAS program, but is also available to students pursuing a certificate. Youll be placed with a company based upon your research interests and current industry needs. On many occasions the companies requesting interns are interested in finding permanent employees, and internships often lead to full-time jobs.

Biotechnologists utilize cellular and molecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet. If you enjoy biology, this program adds a technological aspect to your studies, preparing you for a job that will heal, fuel or feed the world:

Youll learn how to:

Faculty: Our instructors worked for industry giants like Monsanto and Sigma-Aldrich, and bring that experience to the classroom. Youll learn from seasoned professionals who offer one-on-one coaching, extended office hours, and opportunities for extra lab practice.

Stackable: If youve earned your LSLA certificate of specialization youve also earned six credit hours that will apply towards your AAS degree in Biotechnology.

Professional Networking: The BRDG Park bio-research incubator houses more than a dozen exciting start-up companies top innovators in the field and students regularly interact with industry leaders. In addition, as part of the technical skills assessment, students showcase their ability by presenting the findings of a laboratory experiment they performed in one of their courses and defending their skills to a panel of industry professionals.

More than one million students have attended STLCC. Its the largest institute of higher education in the region, and the second largest in Missouri.

To find out if STLCC is right for you, we invite you to visit. You can meet with one of our faculty members, tour the campus, and get answers to any questions you might have.CLICK HERE

Companies that have hired STLCC grads:

Monsanto Covidien Sigma-Aldrich

MOgene LC Benson Hill Biosystems Arvegenix

NewLeaf Symbiotics Gallus BioPharmaceuticals

STLCC Career and Employment Services (CES):On each campus CES offices provide services and resources to assist students and alumni in finding full-time or part-time, on-campus or off-campus, internship or co-op, permanent, seasonal or temporary employment. CES also assists employers who are looking for qualified applicants.Click Here

Job Resources

STLCC provides a top quality education at a much more affordable cost than other institutions.

Jennifer Hill, M.S. Program Coordinator Phone: 314-513-4953 Email:jhill330@stlcc.edu

Please note: Fundamentals of Chemistry I or high school chemistry with a grade of A or B within the past three years is required for entry into this program.

Credits transfer: Students who have completed the AAS also qualify for transfer to the following programs:

We invite you to meet with an STLCC advisor for one-on-one help in planning your career pathway in this growing industry. CLICK HERE

Related Programs Life Science Laboratory Assistant

STLCCs Biotechnology Advisory Committeebrings together top industry professionals. Members serve for two-year renewable terms, and STLCCS faculty works hand-in-hand with this elite group to evaluate and update our curriculum, stay up-to-date on the latest innovations, and promote networking.

Resources STEM Scholarship The St. Louis STEM Scholars (S3) Academy of St. Louis Community College-Florissant Valley (STLCC-FV) provides financial and academic support for students in challenging STEM disciplines. The purpose is to increase the number of students completing associate degrees, matriculating to four-year universities, and entering the STEM workforce.

The STLCC-FV Biology and Biotechnology Users Site Provides description of equipment, standard operating procedures, and protocols for a variety of instrumentation used in the courses at FV. Additional training and educational aids are provided for interfaces to other key applications.

Bio-linkwas created to improve and expand educational programs that prepare skilled technicians to work in high-tech fields.

TheMissouri Biotechnology Associationis an organization composed of individuals from industry, education and the private sector who are interested in the growing field of life sciences and are committed to helping educate the general public as to the importance of the scientific discoveries being made.

Location

Biotechnology classes are offered at our BRDG Park site. Students may take general education classes toward this degree at any of our four campuses, our five education centers, and online.

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Biotechnology | Programs & Degrees | Mesa Community College

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

The ancient Egyptians used biotechnology to develop beer. Others used it to breed basset hounds, Boston terriers, and bull dogs. More recently, biotechnology has been used to design bleaches that battle the bacteria of major diseases.

Biotechnology is the manipulation of biology for some human end. Its the use of microorganisms or biological substances, such as enzymes, to solve problems, make useful products, and perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes. Biotechnology merges biological information with computer technology to advance research in nanotechnology, regenerative medicine, agriculture, and ecology. Applications of biotechnology include the production of pharmaceuticals, synthetic hormones, and bulk foodstuffs, as well as the bioconversion of organic waste and the use of genetically altered bacteria in the cleanup of oil spills.

The Biotechnology program at MCC provides you with a working knowledge of biotechnology by focusing on competency and technical expertise with state-of-the-art laboratory protocol and with critical consideration of current topics in biotechnology. Our courses prepare you for a career as a technical assistant in laboratories. The program includes practical experience through an internship.

The relatively new biotechnology field is booming. Because of this growth, graduates with the necessary biology and chemistry skills and practical hands-on training will be in demand for careers as technical assistants in places such as governmental laboratories, pharmaceutical firms, and bioengineering laboratories. Graduates qualify for these positions with their working knowledge of laboratory protocols, core competencies, and technical expertise.

Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians can become technologists if they get additional training and experience. They can also become sales representatives or product testers for lab equipment manufacturers.

Laboratory Technicians:

Before signing up for classes, youll want to meet with an academic advisor. Together, youll lay out an academic plan that suits you best. This step is essential to your academic success.

Advising for the Biotechnology program is available through the Life Science department. They will help you determine the exact courses you need to get the education youre looking for.

For more information about our graduation rates, the median debt of students who completed the program, and other important information, please review the links below:

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Biology: MS in Biotechnology – California State University …

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

The Master's in Biotechnology Program is a Professional Science Master's Program, approved by the Council of Graduate Schools. This application focused graduate program is designed to train students in biotechnology. We are preparing the next generation of leaders in biotechnology.

This Section Contains

Our graduates are:

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Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary endeavor that increasingly requires employees fluent in both science and business to enable the development of new technologies and products based on the unique applications of the cellular and molecular life sciences. The Master's Degree in Biotechnology at the California State University, Fresno offers students, who are fundamentally educated in various scientific disciplines, the opportunities to acquire the knowledge and skills required to comprehend and commercialize these emerging technologies and/or their products.

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As a leading university in the Central Valley, California State University, Fresno will lead the way for new and innovative applications of biotechnology both in the state and throughout the nation.

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Biotechnology | Wolf Greenfield

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

G R O U P S T A T S

When it comes to advanced scientific degrees, we field the largest biotechnology group in New England 36 members, over 80% of whom have PhDs or MDs. We aggressively recruit people who develop advanced technology, and who speak the language of inventors and scientists, quickly grasping complex biotechnology matters.

Our clients include both large and emerging biotech companies such as Biogen, Dyax Corporation, and Lantheus Medical Imaging, privately financed startup companies,and prestigious academic and research institutions, including MIT, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School. We understand the different needs of each client and bring practical solutions to the table.

Our expertise is broadand deep, covering areas from antibodies to transgenic technologiesand everything inbetween. We also call on members of our other practice groups includingChemical & Materials Technologies and Pharmaceuticalwhen their specialized expertise will benefit a clients project. In addition, our teams routinely include support from our paralegal group and our International Filing Department to contain costs and deliver value.

Our group's services include: IP strategic planning; patent portfolio development, acquisition, and enforcement; studies on patentability, infringement, and validity; IP audits and due diligence; licensing and technology transfer; defending and challenging patent validity, including post-grant proceedings; and freedom to operate and competitor analyses.

Representative clients:

For older news items, please go to News & Events.

Laura Vogel presents at ACI Conference

Wolf Greenfield and Client Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Prevail in 4 IPRs

A.J. Tibbetts and Ed Walsh Present at BBA's 16th Annual Intellectual Property Year in Review

Wolf Greenfield Welcomes Counsel Laura Vogel

Wolf Greenfield and Client BTG Reach Favorable Outcome in IPR for CroFab Rattlesnake Antivenom Patent

LMG Life Sciences Recognizes Wolf Greenfield

Wolf Greenfield Welcomes Shareholder Jeffrey Hsi, Expert in Technology Commercialization

Wolf Greenfield Recognized in 2016 "Best Law Firms" Rankings

23 Wolf Greenfield Attorneys Named to 2015 Massachusetts Super Lawyers List

24 Wolf Greenfield Lawyers Named to 2015 Massachusetts Rising Stars List

Oona Johnstone interviewed by ASHG for Featured Chat Fridays

Managing IP Magazine Recognizes Wolf Greenfield

Favorable Outcome for BTG in Snake Antivenom ITC Investigation

Chelsea Loughran talks about CRISPR in Xconomy

20 Wolf Greenfield Lawyers Named to 2014 Massachusetts Rising Stars List

22 Wolf Greenfield Attorneys Named to 2014 Massachusetts Super Lawyers List

Pat Granahan comments on the battle to own CRISPR

Pat Granahan and Chelsea Loughran quoted on CRISPR-Cas in Nature Biotechnology

Patrick Waller interviewed by Radio Entrepreneurs

GenomeWeb quotes Chelsea Loughran on IP landscape surrounding CRISPR-Cas9

Wolf Greenfield Recognized by Managing IP Magazine

Chelsea Loughran quoted in The Scientist on first awarded CRISPR-Cas9 patent

Chelsea Loughran quoted in MIT Tech Review on first awarded patent for engineered CRISPR-Cas9 system

Doug Wolf featured as the Entrepreneur.com expert for the month of March

G R O U P S T A T S

When it comes to advanced scientific degrees, we field the largest biotechnology group in New England 36 members, over 80% of whom have PhDs or MDs. We aggressively recruit people who develop advanced technology, and who speak the language of inventors and scientists, quickly grasping complex biotechnology matters.

Our clients include both large and emerging biotech companies such as Biogen, Dyax Corporation, and Lantheus Medical Imaging, privately financed startup companies,and prestigious academic and research institutions, including MIT, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School. We understand the different needs of each client and bring practical solutions to the table.

Our expertise is broadand deep, covering areas from antibodies to transgenic technologiesand everything inbetween. We also call on members of our other practice groups includingChemical & Materials Technologies and Pharmaceuticalwhen their specialized expertise will benefit a clients project. In addition, our teams routinely include support from our paralegal group and our International Filing Department to contain costs and deliver value.

Our group's services include: IP strategic planning; patent portfolio development, acquisition, and enforcement; studies on patentability, infringement, and validity; IP audits and due diligence; licensing and technology transfer; defending and challenging patent validity, including post-grant proceedings; and freedom to operate and competitor analyses.

Representative clients:

For older news items, please go to News & Events.

Laura Vogel presents at ACI Conference

Wolf Greenfield and Client Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Prevail in 4 IPRs

A.J. Tibbetts and Ed Walsh Present at BBA's 16th Annual Intellectual Property Year in Review

Wolf Greenfield Welcomes Counsel Laura Vogel

Wolf Greenfield and Client BTG Reach Favorable Outcome in IPR for CroFab Rattlesnake Antivenom Patent

LMG Life Sciences Recognizes Wolf Greenfield

Wolf Greenfield Welcomes Shareholder Jeffrey Hsi, Expert in Technology Commercialization

Wolf Greenfield Recognized in 2016 "Best Law Firms" Rankings

23 Wolf Greenfield Attorneys Named to 2015 Massachusetts Super Lawyers List

24 Wolf Greenfield Lawyers Named to 2015 Massachusetts Rising Stars List

Oona Johnstone interviewed by ASHG for Featured Chat Fridays

Managing IP Magazine Recognizes Wolf Greenfield

Favorable Outcome for BTG in Snake Antivenom ITC Investigation

Chelsea Loughran talks about CRISPR in Xconomy

20 Wolf Greenfield Lawyers Named to 2014 Massachusetts Rising Stars List

22 Wolf Greenfield Attorneys Named to 2014 Massachusetts Super Lawyers List

Pat Granahan comments on the battle to own CRISPR

Pat Granahan and Chelsea Loughran quoted on CRISPR-Cas in Nature Biotechnology

Patrick Waller interviewed by Radio Entrepreneurs

GenomeWeb quotes Chelsea Loughran on IP landscape surrounding CRISPR-Cas9

Wolf Greenfield Recognized by Managing IP Magazine

Chelsea Loughran quoted in The Scientist on first awarded CRISPR-Cas9 patent

Chelsea Loughran quoted in MIT Tech Review on first awarded patent for engineered CRISPR-Cas9 system

Doug Wolf featured as the Entrepreneur.com expert for the month of March

Some areas of expertise

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Biotechnology | Wolf Greenfield

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Stem Cell Worx News

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Source: http://www.abc57.com By: Vahid Sadrzadeh

Video Link Here: ABC57 News See the Difference Michiana

An unprecedented stem cell procedure was performed today at a veterinary clinic in Michiana. [Click link above to watch video].

The surgery was for5-year-old German Shepherd, Nike, and set anexample of how stem cell therapy is changing modern medicine.

Although it took merely 30 minutes, it was toughfor Jayne Stommel to watch,Nikes owner and trainer.

Stommel traveled from Indianapolis to South Bend hoping the operation would relieve her 5-year-old super dog of arthritic pain and ensure Nike could continue working for many more years.

Stommelslove for training rescue dogs began long before Guinness and Nike came along.

After seeing the devastation of 9/11 firsthand, Stommel says shediscovered her calling.

With a little bit of research and the right dog,that dream became a reality.

Nike, is one of only 150 certified FEMA trained rescue dogs in the nation that actively works to find survivors of fires, building collapses and natural disasters.

While training at only a year old, Nike was in an accident which ultimately led to arthritis in her hips.

Nike is mid-career, she just turned five. If she doesnt have to stop because the pain in her hips, she should be able to go another four or five years, saidStommel.

Stommel knew in order to prolong Nikes career as long as possible, the stem cell procedure, which was affordable and minimally invasive, was necessary.

It takes a lot of work and training and thats after you find the right dog. They are very unique dogs. Being able to keep her working longer, is very important, saidStommel.

Noticing that Nike was favoring her hip during recent training, Stommelwas recommended to and then sought the help of Dr. Chris Persing and the team at Western Veterinary Clinic on the edge of South Bend.

The treatment was divided into two operations, the first was this morning.

We opened up her abdomen; we found a good healthy layer of fat that we pulled out. I handed that over to a staff so that she could prepare that tissue. To extrude the stem cells, to incubate them, to excite them, to get them ready for a job to do. Later on in the day, we went ahead and used those stem cells to inject in to Nikes hips, says Persing, Associate Veterinarian.

The injection went well and hopes are high for a full recovery.

After a two or three week period, she should be pretty much back to her normal activity and doing the things that she needs to for training again, saidPersing.

And in just two monthsStommels other German Shepherd, Guinness, will be joining that exclusive list of certified FEMA trained rescue K9s.

Until then the two train together, waiting for Nike to join the pack again.

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Contact us | Stem Cell Of America

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

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Contact us | Stem Cell Of America

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Stem cells from cattle, placentas, and fat are used in …

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Topping the list of predatory business schemes, direct-to-consumer clinics peddling unproven stem cell therapies may be right up there with payday loans and Shkreli-esque drug pricing. Such clinics can tout dangerous, often exorbitantly priced treatments. They frequently target the vulnerable and desperate, including terminal cancer patients, parents of autistic children, and grown children of parents with Alzheimers or Parkinsons disease. And the results can range from placebos to bones in eyelids and scary growths on spinal cords.

We tend to think this kind of quackery only thrives in countries with lax regulations like China, India, or Mexico. The phrase stem cell tourism usually evokes a plane trip. But stem cell therapies are unexpectedly flourishing in the US and may only require a short car trip.

In an analysis published this week in Cell Stem Cell, researchers identified a startling 351 businesses, encompassing 570 clinics across the US, that offer stem cell therapies largely unproven and unapproved by the Food and Drug Administration. Without peer-reviewed evidence, these businesses and clinics claim their therapies can treat dozens of diseases, injuries, and cosmetic indications, including joint pain, autism, spinal cord injuries, muscular dystrophy, and breast augmentation. Costs can reach into tens if not hundreds of thousands of dollars for treatments.

Our analysis should serve as a valuable resource for contemporary debate concerning whether the US marketplace for stem cell interventions is adequately monitored and regulated by the FDA, the Federal Trade Commission, state medical boards, and other agencies tasked with promoting patient safety and accurate advertising, the authors conclude.

Stem cells, some of which can differentiate into nearly any type of cell in the body, do hold enormous promise for many types of treatments. But so far, the only type of stem cell treatment that has been scientifically verified and approved by the FDA involves stem cells from bone marrow or blood that are used in transplants to treat cancers or other disorders that affect the immune system and blood. Clinics using these approved treatments may be safe and fall in line with FDA rules.

However, many clinics are likely not in that category. Seizing the scientific excitement, these clinics have made overblown or bogus claims that stem cells can treat or cure a wide variety of other ailments. And they have strayed into using several cell types. In their analysis, Leigh Turner, a bioethicist at the University of Minnesota, and Paul Knoepfler, a stem cell researcher at University of California, Davis, found clinics advertising stem cells made from patients fat, placental stem cells (of origins unknown), and cells that are likely not stem cells of any kind, as well as bovine amniotic cells.

So far, many of these clinics have largely escaped regulatory wrath, perhaps because in the past they mostly extracted patient cells, did some insignificant manipulation to them, and then returned them to the same patient. Procedures like these may have relatively few hazards. However, with the apparent boom of the stem cell industry, the FDA is now moving forward with a draft guidance that would classify most stem cells used in clinics as drugs, which require a tough approval process.

By spotlighting the breadth of the stem cell industry currently in the US, Turner and Knoepfler hope to help the FDA and other regulatory agencies curb the dangerous effects of unproven treatments. For instance, just last week The New York Times wrote about the case of Jim Gass, who spent hundreds of thousands of dollars to get stem cell treatments from Mexico, China, and Argentina that were said to help him recover from a stroke. When he returned to the US, surgeons found a large bloody mass of primitive cells aggressively taking over his lower spinal column. The cells did not belong to Gass. And in another case several years ago, a woman who received a stem cell-based facelift treatment from a clinic in California had to have bone fragments surgically removed from her eyelid months later.

Editor's Note: This story has been updated to clarify that not all stem cells can differentiate into nearly every type of cell in the body.

Cell Stem Cell, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.06.007

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Unapproved stem cell companies thriving in America – cnn.com

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Marketing directly to consumers -- in some cases desperate patients in failing health -- most advertised types of stem cell treatments do not fit within the Food and Drug Administration's regulations.

"When you go on the Internet, what comes up, the first thing you see are these businesses," said Leigh Turner, co-author of the study. He added that many sites appear to intentionally blur the distinctions between approved, evidence-based scientific practices and quack procedures. "The websites are well-done, with links to scientific studies and patient testimonials."

However, the only stem cell treatments explicitly approved for use in the United States are versions of bone marrow transplants or hematopoietic stem cell (isolated from blood or bone marrow) transplants. According to Knoepfler, the FDA considers stem cells "drugs" in most cases. However, unlike other drugs, stem cells consist of living cells that often behave in unpredictable ways that may not be controlled or reversible. They can grow inside your body, move around and change.

To address what they called an urgent need for information about stem cell research in the United States, Turner and Knoepfler performed keyword searches, text mining and content analysis of the websites they discovered.

They found 570 stem cell clinics distributed across the country, though with some clustering. "Hot spot" cities included Beverly Hills, California (18); New York (14); San Antonio (13); Los Angeles (12); Austin, Texas (11); Scottsdale, Arizona (11); and Phoenix (10).

Most of the businesses marketed autologous stem cell-based interventions, using cells derived from the patient's own body. About one in five advertised allogeneic stem cell interventions, using cells derived from someone else. Some clinics marketed both.

The clinics marketing allogenic treatments sourced their cells from amniotic material (17%), placental tissue (3.4%) and umbilical cords (0.6%).

Most of the autologous treatments use fat adipose-derived stem cells. "The fat cell stem cell area is really complicated," said Knoepfler, a professor at the UC Davis School of Medicine, explaining that the clinics tend to use these cells for conditions that have nothing to do with fat -- such as neurological conditions -- and so these interventions are higher-risk.

Some clinics advertise treatments for cosmetic applications, including "stem cell facelifts," "stem cell breast augmentation" and sexual enhancement procedures. Other centers offer interventions for 30 or more diseases and injuries, including popular orthopedic conditions, neurological disorders, degenerative conditions, spinal cord injuries and cardiac diseases. Sometimes, the doctors involved are working in an unfamiliar field; a dermatologist, say, presenting a stem cell therapy for a neurological condition.

"What a lot of us are wondering is: What's going on with the FDA?" Knoepfler said, explaining how he and Turner have emailed and talked with people at some of the clinics. A common reply was, "You can say we are not compliant, but the FDA hasn't contacted us or done anything in that area ... and absent of warning letters from the FDA, we think we're fine."

According to Turner, an associate professor in the Center for Bioethics at the University of Minnesota, the harm is that often people are not making a choice to participate in research; they don't even know that what they'll be receiving is something that should be deemed experimental. It's easy to imagine people with a mixture of desperation, hope and willingness to try anything to save their lives.

"The people we're talking about are just like us. They're us; we're them," Turner said. "How loose and immoral a marketplace are we willing to allow?"

CNN contacted the FDA to learn how many people have complained about adverse events or bad outcomes following a stem cell procedure. However, a Freedom of Information Act application is required to learn the number of medical complications reported to the agency.

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Unapproved stem cell companies thriving in America - cnn.com

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