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Trigeminal neuropathies (TNp) are a group of well-characterized disorders that involve damage to or infiltration of the trigeminal nerve. The underlying etiology of trigeminal neuropathy can be traumatic, inflammatory, autoimmune, paraneoplastic, malignant, and very rarely infectious. We present a case of trigeminal neuropathy due to local malignant invasion of the mandibular nerve with mandibular nerve enhancement at the foramen ovale and foramen rotundum. In the process, we review various etiologies of trigeminal neuropathy associated with trigeminal nerve involvement at the foramina. We emphasize the importance of a comprehensive evaluation in patients with trigeminal neuropathy, which includes searching for perineural spread or invasion by a local head and neck malignancy, as well as ruling out an inflammatory or autoimmune etiology. Our case also demonstrates that a higher field strength magnet can reveal pathology unseen with a lower field strength magnet.

The trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve V, is the largest of the 12 cranial nerves and has mixed sensory and motor functions. Its origin is in the brainstem and includes three sensory nuclei (mesencephalic, principal sensory, and spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve) and one motor nucleus (motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve). Sensory information travels via afferent neurons from the face to the trigeminal ganglion and distributes via the various sensory trigeminal nuclei. Sensory information, such as pain and temperature, is then relayed to the contralateral thalamus and eventually synapses in the postcentral gyrus. Motor information travels via efferent neurons from the motor nucleus directly to its targets: masseters, temporalis, and pterygoid muscles [1,2].

The trigeminal nerve divides into three branches at the Gasserian ganglion in Meckels cave [3]. The three branches consist of the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2), and the mandibular nerve (V3). The ophthalmic nerve (V1) travels through the cavernous sinus, exits the base of the skull, and enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure. The maxillary nerve (V2) accompanies the ophthalmic nerve in the cavernous sinus as it makes its way to the pterygopalatine fossa by exiting the skull base via the foramen rotundum. At the pterygopalatine fossa, the maxillary nerve splits into many branches. A trigeminal nerve deficit (V1 and V2) and a sixth nerve palsy localize a lesion to the cavernous sinus. The mandibular nerve (V3) does not traverse the cavernous sinus but runs along and eventually exits the base of the skull via the foramen ovale into the masticator space [4].

The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve. The ophthalmic division branches into the frontal, lacrimal, nasociliary, tentorial, and dural nerves. These nerves provide sensory innervation to the cutaneous surfaces of the upper eyelids, forehead, and sides of the nose. The nasociliary nerve specifically innervates the tip and the sides of the nose, and its involvement in herpes zoster ophthalmicus is known as Hutchinsons sign. The ophthalmic branches also innervate the mucosa of the frontal sinus, lacrimal glands, cornea, conjunctiva, ciliary body, and dura mater [5]. Damage to some of these branches, more specifically to the parasympathetic efferent nerves of the lacrimal glands, can manifest as dry eyes in Sjogrens syndrome. The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve branches into the infraorbital, zygomatic, greater palatine, lesser palatine, posterior superior alveolar, and meningeal nerves. These nerves provide sensory innervation to the region below the orbit and above the mouth, the maxillary teeth, and the maxillary sinus.

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve is unique in that it branches into both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory nerves include meningeal, lingual, auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, buccal, and mental nerves. A mental neuropathy with numbness of the chin is a sinister sign of local malignant invasion. These nerves provide sensory information to the region below the mouth, the mandibular teeth, and the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The motor nerves include the masseteric, deep temporal, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, and mylohyoid branches. A motor nerve root supplies the tensor veli palatini, a lesion of which causes palatal myoclonus. Another motor twig goes to the tensor tympani, and injury here leads to hyperacusis [2,5]. It should also be emphasized that the mandibular branches, with the ophthalmic branches, supply the dura mater of the anterior and middle cranial fossa.

Neoplastic, autoimmune, paraneoplastic, and autoimmune processes can damage the trigeminal nerve, leading to trigeminal neuropathy (TNp) [6,7]. The characteristic findings of TNp include facial numbness and weakness of the muscles of mastication. TNp is different from trigeminal neuralgia (TN), which is characterized by episodes of sudden, very brief, severe, sharp, shooting facial pain. The initial presentation of TNp can include pain; however, with disease progression, facial numbness and masticatory muscle weakness may predominate [8]. As TNp may be the initial presentation, malignancies of the head and neck should always be in the differential diagnosis, and a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and skull base with and without gadolinium enhancement is paramount [9].

We present the case of a relatively healthy 80-year-old female who presented to the clinic with a several month history of recurrent sharp, shooting left midfacial pain. The pain was associated with tingling in the left half of the face and loss of taste. With initial symptom presentation, the patient went to the emergency department and was diagnosed with Bells palsy and was given gabapentin for the pain. At her follow-up at the neurology clinic, she presented with unimproved symptoms in addition to newly developed left lower facial weakness and occasional chewing difficulty. She denied hyperacusis.Twenty years ago, she had presented with a left midface nodule, which was excised and diagnosed as a basal cell carcinoma. She has not had a recurrence since.

Her past medical history is significant for hypertension, for which she takes lisinopril 10 mg once daily. The patient denied any significant family history. She has never smoked, does not consume alcohol, and denies using any illicit or recreational drugs. Constitutional symptoms including weight loss, fever, and malaise were not reported.

Vital signs revealed a blood pressure (BP) of 170/91 mmHg with a pulse of 81 beats per minute and oxygen saturation of 97%. The patients height was 5 feet and 8 inches with a weight of 185 pounds and a body mass index of 28.1 kg/m2. Physical examination showed a well-nourished individualwhowas alert, relaxed, and cooperative. The patient was oriented to person, place, situation, and time. Gait was steady with a normal base, arm swing, and turning. Heel- and toe-walking was normal with an absent Romberg sign. Speech was of normal tone, volume, and prosody.

Cranial nerve examination revealed normal extraocular motion with symmetric pupils and preserved accommodation, and visual fields were full to confrontation. There was a striking decrease insensationto touch and pinprick over the left V2 and V3 distribution. The corneal reflex was brisk bilaterally. No masseter or temporal muscle atrophy was noted bilaterally. Left lower facial weakness was noted with depressed nasolabial fold, inability to blow the left cheek,andconspicuous sagging of the left lower face. Hearing was intact to finger rub bilaterally. The gag reflex was preserved bilaterally with a tongue that protruded to the midline. The trapezii and sternocleidomastoids were well developed and symmetric, and she executed shoulder shrug and head-turning with adequate power.

Motor examination showed good muscle bulk and tone. No pronator drift or spastic catch of the arms was noted, and the legs were of normal tone. Strength was graded at 5/5 with the Medical Research Council (MRC) rating scale in the upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Sensation to vibration, position, light touch, and pinprick was normal in the fingers and toes. Deep tendon reflexes (biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, patellar, and Achilles) were lively and bilaterally symmetric. Babinski sign was absent bilaterally. Finger-to-nose and heel-to-shin motions were normal bilaterally. An initial 1.5-Tesla MRI of the brain with and without contrast revealed an asymmetrical enhancement of the left mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve as it extended through the foramen ovale(Figure 1).

A second 3-Tesla high-resolution MRI of the brain and skull base with and without contrast showed far more detail than the lower 1.5-Tesla MRI with abnormal enhancement of the left nasolabial fold and perineural tumor spread along the left infraorbital nerve to the left pterygopalatine fossa (Figure 2).

A lumbar puncture was performed; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was negative for malignant cells by flow cytometry, and the CSF findings are summarized in Table 1.

Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and immunoblotting were used to perform oligoclonal banding testing. One paired band and zero nucleated cells were found in both the CSF and serum, which indicates an inflammatory process outside the central nervous system. Zero oligoclonal bands were found in the CSF, which rules out an ongoing central nervous system inflammatory process.

A paraneoplastic panel including anti-acetylcholine receptor ganglionic neuronal antibodies, anti-amphiphysin antibodies, anti-glial nuclear antibody type 1, anti-neuronal nuclear antibody type 2, anti-neuronal nuclear antibody type 3, collapsing response-mediator protein-5 (CRMP-5) immunoglobulin G, neuronal voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies, calcium channel antibody P/Q-type, and Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibodies were negative.A referral to the ear-nose-throat (ENT) specialist revealed no cervical adenopathy or neck masses. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis did not reveal evidence of malignancy. The patient refused a facial nerve biopsy of a facial nerve twig of the parotid gland and other invasive procedures including a skin biopsy over the nasolabial fold. It was determined that the likely source of the malignant perineural spread along the skull base foramina (foramen rotundum and ovale) was dormant basal cell carcinoma cells. The patient received proton beam radiation therapy to the involved sites, including the maxillary region of the face, the involved sinuses, and the skull base.

Neoplastic involvement of the trigeminal nerve can cause TNp and can pathologically be attributed to nerve compression, perineural spread (PNS), and/or perineural invasion (PNI). Metastasis from breast or lung cancer to the Gasserian ganglion is rare, as is leptomeningeal metastasis, which is usually lymphomatous [8,10]. Carcinomatous leptomeningitis can affect other cranial nerves and can rarely present with an isolated TN and/or TNp [11].Most primary tumors of the trigeminal nerve are due to a schwannoma and rarely are due to meningioma, lipoma, or epidermoid tumor [12].

The peripheral and cranial nerves harbor three layers of connective tissue across their diameter: endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium. The perineural space is located between the nerve axon and the perineural layer. This potential space can allow for tumor spread and growth. There are two types of perineural tumor growth: perineural invasion (PNI) and perineural spread (PNS). PNI is defined by malignant cells invading the perineural space and is a histological diagnosis. PNS is a radiological diagnosis of malignant spread along the nerve and is identified by enhancement detected by high-resolution MRI. During the initial stages of the disease, only PNI may be present. As disease progression occurs, PNI can become PNS, which is clinically more aggressive [13,14]. A patient with numbness to the territory innervated by the mental branch of the mandibular nerve should always raise a red flag. The mental branch is purely sensory in function and provides cutaneous innervation to the lower lip and chin. This characteristic numbness is aptly named the numb-chin syndrome. Malignant mental neuropathy can indicate the presence and/or recurrence of a malignant tumor [15]. Facial numbness that spreadsand radiates into the tongue, roof of the mouth, and inside the cheeks should raise a high index of suspicion for an inflammatory or malignant invasion of the trigeminal nerve.

Hence, perineural tumor spread of carcinoma may be seen along the maxillary and mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Nerve enhancement is one of the radiological findings in perineural tumor spread and can serve as a dependable sign. High-resolution MRI is the imaging modality of choice due to its ability to demonstrate soft tissue in high detail. MRI enhancement of the mandibular nerve in asymptomatic patients is very uncommon and was only seen in 3% of patient cases without symptoms of TNp. Therefore, when symptomatic maxillary or mandibular nerve enhancement is discovered on MRI, a high index of suspicion for an underlying disease process should be raised [16,17].

Perineural spread of head and neck cancers is a well-described phenomenon. At the cellular level, neural secretion of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) may allow perineural spread. GDNF phosphorylates the rearranged during transfection (RET) tyrosine kinase receptor that triggers downstream signaling pathways that allow malignant cell migration [18]. Adenoid cystic carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common malignancies that can spread perineurally [3]. Although not the most common, basal cell carcinoma has been described in the literature. However, very few cases exist where the only clinical manifestation of basal cell carcinoma recurrence is trigeminal neuropathy [19].

Additional etiologies of TNp include inflammatory, autoimmune, paraneoplastic, and infectious disorders. Inflammatory/autoimmune etiologies include sarcoidosis, Lymes disease, Sjogrens syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus [8]. Malignancies that can cause paraneoplastic syndrome include, but are not limited to, small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic cancer. TNp can be one of the first clinical manifestations of a paraneoplastic syndrome [20]. Infectious causes include leprosy, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, actinomycosis, and aspergillus [8].

In conclusion, the diagnosis of trigeminal neuropathy should evoke a specific set of differential diagnoses. Since trigeminal neuropathy can be one of the first and only manifestations of a head and neck tumor, local malignant perineural invasion should be seriously considered. A high-resolution MRI of the skull base with and without gadolinium contrast enhancement should be ordered as our case demonstrates that a higher magnetic field strength can highlight pathology not seen with lower magnetic field strength MRI.

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A Case of Secondary Trigeminal Neuropathy Due to Local Malignant Invasion of the Maxillary and Mandibular Nerves at the Skull Base: A Case Report With...

Marketreports.info has released a report titled Global Lebers Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Drug Market that includes industry growth factors for the projected period of 2022-2030. The information looks at a significant global Lebers Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Drug market, the dynamics driving it, the factors restraining it, and the opportunities for growing demand.

The full report appropriately depicts the geographic coverage of the global Lebers Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Drug market. This study provides a benchmark analysis based on corporate insights, distribution channels, market share, regional presence, business strategy, leveraged buyouts, technological advances, recent news, joint projects, agreements, SWOT analysis, and critical financial data.

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The regions and countries are discussed in the global Lebers Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Drug market report:

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)

Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)

Segments covered in this report are:

Segment by Type Elamipretide GS-011 IXC-201 KH-176 OthersSegment by Application Hospital Clinic Others

They are the key players profiled in the global market report:

Alkeus Pharmaceuticals Inc., Biovista Inc., GenSight Biologics S.A., Ixchel Pharma LLC, Khondrion BV, Spark Therapeutics Inc., Stealth BioTherapeutics Inc.

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Global Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Drug Market 2022 to 2031 Analysis themobility.club - themobility.club

Vitamin B12 is an important B vitamin. It is one of the most important vitamins in maintaining the nervous system, and also plays a crucial role in a variety of bodily processes, including:

However, despite its importance, in the United States and United Kingdom, approximately six per cent of adults aged 60 or younger have a vitamin B12 deficiency. The rate jumps to 20 per cent in people older than 60.

The danger with this, according to the NHS, is that consistently low levels of B12 can cause "damage" to parts of the nervous system, and can even progress to irreversible neurological issues if left untreated. For example, a b12 deficiency can lead to peripheral neuropathy.

According to the NHS, the main symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in your feet include:

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"These symptoms are usually constant, but may come and go," explains the health body. As MyLondon reported recently, it's important to see your GP if you're experiencing any of the above symptoms.

Pernicious anaemia is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in the UK. Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune condition whereby your immune system attacks the cells in your stomach that produce the intrinsic factor, which means your body is unable to absorb vitamin B12.

B12 is naturally found in:

Plant-based sources of vitamin B12 include yeast extract (such as Marmite) fortified plant milks and fortified breakfast cereals.

"If youre following a plant-based diet, taking a vitamin B12 supplement can help prevent a deficiency," says Holland and Barrett. "Breast-feeding mothers could also consider a supplement, as they need an extra 0.5mcg a day."

As it explains, older people, or those taking medication to reduce production of stomach acid, may need a B12 supplement to boost absorption. Most cases of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency can be easily treated with injections or tablets to replace the missing vitamins, the NHS says.

Vitamin B12 supplements are usually given by injection at first. Then, depending on whether your B12 deficiency is related to your diet, you'll either require B12 tablets between meals or regular injections.

These treatments may be needed for the rest of your life. In some cases, improving your diet can help treat the condition and prevent it coming back.

For more stories from where you live, visit InYourArea.

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Risks of vitamin B12 deficiency and the symptoms to look out for - My London

NeuraLace Medical has announced the expansion of its global patent portfolio with the issuance of two new patents: US Patent No. 11,305,130for Devices, systems, and methods for non-invasive chronic pain therapy (issued19 April 2022) and US Patent No. 11,273,317 for Portable transcutaneous magnetic stimulator and systems and methods of use thereof (issued15 March 2022).

The new patents include system and method claims for treating peripheral nerve pain using low-frequency transcutaneous magnetic stimulation, including advanced applications in wearable pain therapy technology, as per a NeuraLace press release.

The patents, which last until 2039 and 2033, respectively, are part of a global patent portfolio protecting the companys non-invasive, non-pharmacological Axon therapy and advanced applications, such as robotics for applying Axon Therapy, including US Patent No. 10,369,373 issued on 6 August 2019 and US Patent No. 11,058,887 issued on 13 July 2021.

We are pleased to strengthen our intellectual property protection with the addition of these new US patents, saidKeith Warner, CEO of NeuraLace. Along with our robust international IP [intellectual property] portfolio, these patents bolster and expand the protection of our core Axon technology, highlighted by the use of transcutaneous magnetic stimulation as opposed to invasive and/or pharmacologicalsolutions.The companys clinical results thus far have been impressive, and we look forward to this momentum carrying forward to the completion and publication of our formal clinical studies.

The company details in the release that it is in the process of expanding sites of its ongoing randomised clinical trial focusing on the application of Axon therapy to treat neuropathic pain broadly, while also initiating a large study focusing on peripheral diabetic neuropathy.

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NeuraLace announces two new patents for Axon neuropathic pain therapies - NeuroNews International

Neuropathic pain Growth 2021-2030, Covid19 Outbreak Impactresearch report added by Report Ocean, is an in-depth analysis of market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the markets historic and forecast market growth by geography. It places the market within the context of the wider neuropathic pain, and compares it with other markets., market definition, regional market opportunity, sales and revenue by region, manufacturing cost analysis, Industrial Chain, market effect factors analysis, neuropathic pain size forecast, market data & Graphs and Statistics, Tables, Bar &Pie Charts, and many more for business intelligence.Getcomplete Report (Including Full TOC, 100+ Tables & Figures, and Chart). In-depth Analysis Pre & Post COVID-19 MarketOutbreak Impact Analysis &Situation by Region

The global neuropathic pain market is expected to exhibit a growth rate of 6.06% CAGR during the forecast period 2018- 2023.

A release on June 8th, 2021, by the Bureau and Economic Analysis and U.S. The Census Bureau reports the recovery of the U.S. market. The report also described the recovery of U.S. International Trade in July 2021.In April 2021, exports in the country reached $300 billion, an increase of $13.4 billion. In April 2021, imports amounted to $294.5 billion, increasing by $17.4 billion. COVID19 is still a significant issue for economies around the globe, as evidenced by the year-over-year decline in exports in the U.S. between April 2020 and April 2021 and the increase in imports over that same period of time. The market is clearly trying to recover. Despite this, it means there will be a direct impact on the Healthcare/ICT/Chemical industries, resulting in a large market forNeuropathic pain.

Neuropathic pain is generally caused by the peripheral nerve disorder. The higher demand for better treatment methods for pain is hopefully expected to augment the growth of the global neuropathic pain market during the forecast period 2018- 2023. Also, factors such as the introduction of the pain management centers along with higher demand for generic drugs for eliminating the higher levels of pain is anticipated to boost the growth of the global neuropathic pain market.

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Market segmentation

Based on its type, the global neuropathic pain market is bifurcated into entrapment neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, post traumatic neuropathy, post herpetic neuralgia (PHN), phantom limb pain, and trigeminal neuralgia. On the basis of its indication, the market is divided into diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, and spinal stenosis. Based on its diagnosis, the market is segmented into blood tests, imaging, and physical examination. On the basis of its treatment, the market is classified into medication type and multimodal therapy. Major end-users include clinics, hospitals, and research organizations. Lastly, on the basis of its distribution channels, the market is divided into online pharmacies and retail pharmacies & drug stores.

Regional analysis

Geographically, the global neuropathic pain market is divided into global regions like Europe, North America, Asia- Pacific, Middle East, LATAM, and Africa.

Major players

Sanofi S.A. (France), Abbott Laboratories (U.S.), AstraZeneca (U.K.), GlaxoSmithKline plc (U.K.), and Depomed Inc. (U.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (U.S.), Astellas Pharma Inc. (Tokyo), Biogen Inc. (U.S.), Baxter Healthcare Corporation (U.S.), Pfizer, Inc. (U.S.), among others are some of the major players in the global neuropathic pain market.

Table of Contents:Market Overview Market Dynamics Associated Industry Assessment Market Competitive Landscape Analysis of Leading Companies Market Analysis and Forecast, By Product Types Market Analysis and Forecast, By Applications Market Analysis and Forecast, By Regions Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix

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Our market research provides vital intelligence on market size, business trends, industry structure, market share, and market forecasts that are essential to developing business plans and strategy.

A combination of factors, including COVID-19 containment situation, end-use market recovery & Recovery Timeline of 2020/ 2021

Under COVID-19 Outbreak Impact Analysis:We analyzed industry trends in the context of COVID-19. We analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on the product industry chain based on the upstream and downstream markets. We analyze the impact of COVID-19 on various regions and major countries.The impact of COVID-19 on the future development of the industry is pointed out.

The Study ExploreCOVID 19 Outbreak Impact AnalysisWhat should be entry strategies, countermeasures to economic impact, and marketing channels? What are market dynamics? What are challenges and opportunities? What is economic impact on market? What is current market status? Whats market competition in this industry, both company, and country wise? Whats market analysis by taking applications and types in consideration?

Key questions answered:Study ExploreCOVID 19 Outbreak Impact Analysis

The study objectives of this report are:To study and analyse the global market size (value & volume) by company, key regions/countries, products and application, history data, and forecast to 2025. To understand the structure of market by identifying its various subsegments. To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks). Focuses on the key global manufacturers, to define, describe and analyse the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years. To analyse the growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market. To project the value and volume of submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries). To analyse competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market. To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.

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What is the key information extracted from the report?

Geographical Breakdown:The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the impact and recovery path of Covid 19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.

Countries:Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, UAE, UK, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam

In-Depth Qualitative COVID 19 Outbreak Impact Analysis Include Identification And Investigation Of The Following Aspects:Market Structure, Growth Drivers, Restraints and Challenges, Emerging Product Trends & Market Opportunities, Porters Fiver Forces. The report also inspects the financial standing of the leading companies, which includes gross profit, revenue generation, sales volume, sales revenue, manufacturing cost, individual growth rate, and other financial ratios. The report basically gives information about the Market trends, growth factors, limitations, opportunities, challenges, future forecasts, and details about all the key market players.

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Neuropathic pain Market Overview By Share, Size, Industry Players, Revenue and Product Demand 2021-2030 The New York Irish Emgirant - The New York...

An Exeter optometrist whose diagnosis saved a womans sight is raising awareness about the importance of eye tests. Emily Beard, who works at the Specsavers Exeter store, assessed a 33-year-old woman whose sight was deteriorating.

As part of an extensive eye examination Emily used a hospital-grade optical coherence tomography (OCT) machine to look at the womans eyes and what she saw concerned her, so she urgently referred the woman to the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital. They immediately did an MRI scan and found a tumour pressing down on her optic nerves. The woman was transferred to Derriford Hospital in Plymouth, where she underwent a seven-and-a-half-hour operation to remove a tumour behind her eyes.

Emily says: "This is a prime example of the importance of eye tests. Theyre not just about updating the prescription. An eye test can help detect all sorts of issues. In this case, the woman came in complaining of patches of her vision going blurry. Shed been seen elsewhere but they didnt seem to know the problem. She was missing most of her field of vision in her eye, which suggested to me that something was pressing on her optic nerve, which is very serious, so I referred her to hospital straightaway."

The woman, who does not want to be named, presented Emily with flowers and chocolates as a thank you. She says: "I cant express my appreciation to Emily enough for what she did for me. Her diagnosis was spot on and she saved my sight. Without her Id have carried on assuming my symptoms were just stress-related and I would have eventually gone blind. Emily is an absolutely amazing optometrist and I will always remember what she did for me.

"After she referred me, it all happened so fast. It was such a delicate operation and Derriford didnt know what my sight would be like afterwards. If Id gone to Specsavers earlier it wouldnt have been such a long operation. So, of course, if I knew what I know now, I would have gone to Specsavers straightaway, because without their diagnosis I wouldve gone completely blind because the tumour was wrapped around the right optic nerve and was doing the same to the left. I wanted to see my niece grow up I was desperate for that and thanks to Specsavers and the hospitals, I can do that."

Specsavers recommends that everyone should have an eye test at least once every two years, and more often if they notice any changes to their vision or eyes. Emily adds: Its great to hear that the operation all went well. Its outcomes like this that made me want to be an optometrist, knowing what a difference a diagnosis can make to someone. It also shows how important eye tests are, because if something serious is found people can get treatment early, and that can be crucial.

"In this case, the woman wasnt in any pain. Often people can go on thinking theyre fine when really theyre not, so they should get themselves checked out, because the technology we have now can pick up things that even the best optician might not see, and that can save your sight or even your life.

To book an appointment at Specsavers Exeter, visit the store at 247-248 High St, telephone 01392 210604 or go online at http://www.specsavers.co.uk/stores/exeter.

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Blurry vision turned out be tumour behind Exeter woman's eye - Devon Live

Sonia Dawswell's weight loss journey, pictured in 2005 and now. (Collect/PA Real Life)

A woman who lost half her body weight and then put much of it back on due to the debilitating affects of losing her sight and not being able to cook has managed to shed the pounds once again.

Sonia Dawswell, 54, who stands at 5ft 3, was 21st and a UK size 28 when she decided to make a change before a holiday to Tenerife in 2005. "I was getting on a plane with a friend and caught sight of myself in the glass," she says.

"I just thought, 'Oh my god!' I hadn't realised how big I really was.

"I said to my friend there and then that I'd have a great holiday, eat what I wanted, come back and make some changes."

Sonia Dawswell pictured here in 2004. (Collect/PA Real Life)

Upon joining WW (previously Weight Watchers), Dawswell had a BMI of 52, compared to the NHS' suggested healthy range of 18.5-24.9.

Dawswell, a court volunteer from East London, then slimmed down to 10st 7lb and a size 12/14 with a BMI of 26.

Dawswell, who has suffered with sight issues all her life (her mum first noticed problems with her vision when she was just a toddler), gradually began needing stronger and stronger glasses as she grew older, which eventually led her to being registered partially sighted due to cataracts (when the lens in your eye develops cloudy patches) and glaucoma (a common eye condition where the optic nerve becomes damaged).

Read more: Rebel Wilson sets those weight loss rumours straight: 'That was NEVER my diet'

Sonia Dawswell after she lost 10st 7lbs. (Collect/PA Real Life)

Then, one night in 2018, she completely lost sight in her left eye. The scary turn of events meant she was now registered as blind, a disability that affected her every aspect of her life, including not being able to cook.

"I went to bed with sight, woke up completely blind in my left eye," recalls Dawswell, who lives alone.

"As I only have a small amount of sight in my right eye, it made everyday tasks impossible."

She had to rely on pre-packaged or takeaway food and found herself having "endless snacks all day long".

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"There was no end to it," she says. "Id just be picking from morning to night. Crisps, biscuits, sandwiches. Anything I could just buy and eat. I couldnt even see the calories on the back of the pack.

On my way home from work, Id stop off at the chip shop, get chips and eat them at home with a cheese and onion pasty.

Watch: Blind girl scores playing basketball game in front of huge crowd

Dawswell candidly added, "Ive been to lots of support groups for people with sight loss and a lot of us are overweight. I believe were dying sooner because of it.

Nevertheless, Dawswell has never let her visual impairment hold her back. "It doesn't prevent me from socialising, or working, and I wasn't going to let it stop me going to WW." It also never stopped her from enjoying her love of fashion, taking friends shopping with her or asking shop assistants to guide her to clothes in favourite colours.

Sonia Dawswell before her weight loss. (Collect/PA Real Life)

"Back then, I was always the biggest women in the room," she says. "But I'd always be a well-dressed big woman!"

It was during lockdown, when she was also unable to exercise and eating as described, that Dawswell noticed herself putting on weight again.

I never got back to that 21st, but I did gain a lot of weight back. There was nothing to do but sit and eat. No way to exercise.

Coming out of lockdown, she was 15st 7lb and a size 18, giving her a BMI of 38.4. Having confidence in the WW diet which had helped her so well before, Dawswell recommitted to losing the weight again.

Read more: Woman loses 13 stone without ditching carbs: 'I was a heart attack waiting to happen'

Sonia Dawswell after her weight loss. (Collect/PA Real Life)

Dawswell also began walking six miles a day, stopped eating after 7pm and cleverly figured out ways to learn to use some appliances in the kitchen again, like a blender and frying pan, despite the difficulty she faced due to her impaired eyesight. This helped her make herself omelettes and healthy breakfast smoothies, with her diet now also including fruit or porridge, or a butternut squash salad.

Her friends also stepped up to support her determination, dropping off food and giving words of encouragement as she not only set out to lose weight, but look after herself day to day.

Read more: 'I did for for myself and not anyone else': Adele on her body transformation

Sonia Dawswell now has three healthy meals a day, walks 10,000 steps six days a week and snacks on fruit instead of crisps. (Collect/PA Real Life)

"I learnt tricks like using appliances with big, simple buttons," she explained. "I'd go to the supermarket, take pictures of the back of packets and enlarge them on my phone, so I could work out the points."

Dawswell has lost 4st and is 11st 6lb and a size 14 just half a stone from her goal weight since rejoining WW and committing to exercise every day.

As a lover of bright and beautiful colours, she can now buy a wider range of stylish clothing and again and feels healthier and happier though of course 'stylish' clothing should accommodate all sizes.

"I hope my story can encourage other people," she emphasised. "I'm a woman of a certain age and menopausal, but that hasn't stopped me. I have visual impairment but that hasn't stopped me either."

"I want people to realise you can have a life with a disability and still watch your weight. It's not easy but keep knocking on those doors until they open for you."

Sonia Dawswell now wears a size 14. (Collect/PA Real Life)

Additional reporting PA.

Link:
Woman who lost half her body weight sheds the stones for second time after sight loss - Yahoo News

A high-school student who experienced nausea was later diagnosed with an aggressive and deadly brain tumor.

The boy, who has only been identified by his first name, Tom, was told by doctors that he had glioblastoma multiforme (GMB) when he was just 13 years old, the Liverpool Echo reported.

Glioblastoma multiforme is an aggressive form of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord. It forms from star-shaped cell cells known as astrocytes that are found in the nervous system.

While this cancer affects people of any age, it occurs more frequently in older adults and is uncommon in children, according to the Mayo Clinic.

Figures from a 2017 publication show that the incident rate of GMB is just over 3 per 100,000 people in the United States, with the median age of cases being 64.

Among the symptoms of GMB are nausea, vomiting, persistent headaches, seizures, double or blurred vision, and changes in mood or personality.

This form of cancer can be very difficult to treat, with the average survival time being 12-18 months, according to U.K.-based The Brain Tumour Charity. Only a quarter of glioblastoma patients survive more than one year, while only 5 percent survive more than five years.

Treatments may be able to slow the progression of the disease. These can include surgery, followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Tom, now 14, who lives in Ellesmere Port, northwestern England, began feeling sick in September 2020 after returning to school following the U.K.'s first national COVID lockdown.

The boy's mother told the Echo she first thought her son's health problems were linked to his return to school. But he began to experience further complications.

"I contacted doctors a few times. When he was off for school holidays in October he said he had double-vision," the 47-year-old, who was only identified by her first name, Karen, told the Echo.

"He had a doctor's appointment at the end of October and they said physically he was OK. He suffered a really bad migraine at the beginning of November so I contacted the opticians thinking it was his eyes due to being on computer a lot more," she said.

The boy underwent an eye test, during which the optician spotted a swelling behind his eye. He was sent to hospital where an MRI scan revealed that he had a brain tumor.

"Tom was physically shocked, I was in pieces," the mother said.

The boy was transferred by ambulance to Alder Hey Children's Hospital, where he underwent surgery, although doctors told the family that they would not be able to remove the whole tumor. A week after the surgery, Tom was diagnosed with grade 4 glioblastoma multiforme.

In December 2020, the boy began radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but he lost his peripheral eyesight due to pressure on his optical nerve.

After six weeks of radiotherapy and chemotherapy once a month for a year, doctors told the family that treatments were no longer working and there is nothing more they could do, according to a GoFundMe page set up by the mother.

"Tom has always been a positive person and the way he has handled this devastating news at such a young age is absolutely amazing and he is my hero," the mother said on the GoFundMe page.

"We are as a family determined to fight this as hard as we can and be in the 2 percent that survive this horrible aggressive cancer," she said.

The mother said she was trying to raise money to try and get her son onto a clinical trial in Germany or the U.S. to give him the "the best fighting chance at life."

See the rest here:
High Schooler's Nausea Turned Out To Be Aggressive and Deadly Brain Tumor - Newsweek

Prevent Blindness provides free, dedicated resources to encourage proper eye protection from negative effects of UV

CHICAGO, April 25, 2022 /PRNewswire-PRWeb/ -- As the warmer weather begins to encourage more outdoor activities, Prevent Blindness, the nation's oldest eye health and safety organization, has declared May as Ultraviolet (UV) Awareness Month. The nonprofit group is seeking to educate the public on the negative effects of UV exposure to the eyes and vision, offering a dedicated webpage, PreventBlindness.org/sun-and-vision, downloadable fact sheets and shareable social media infographics.

There are two types of UV rays: UV-A and UV-B. Over time, the effects of UV rays may help cause a number of eye problems. UV-A rays may affect central vision. They can damage the macula, a part of the retina at the back of the eye. The front part of the eye (the cornea and the lens) absorbs most UV-B rays, but these rays may cause even more damage to the eyes than UV-A rays.

According to the Wilmer Eye Institute and Johns Hopkins Medicine, corneal damage, cataracts and macular degeneration are all possible chronic effects from UV exposure and can ultimately lead to decreased vision. Additionally, UV light is associated with skin cancers including squamous cell carcinomas, basal cell carcinomas, and cutaneous melanoma. Squamous cell carcinoma can occur not just on the skin, but on the conjunctiva and invade the cornea and inside of the eye, in some cases necessitating removal of the entire eye.

The Hidden Dangers of UV: Keeping Your Eyes Safe report from The Vision Council lists factors that put people's eyes at greater risk of damage from UV exposure, including:

Prevent Blindness strongly recommends wearing UV-blocking sunglasses as well as a brimmed hat to provide the best protection against UV rays. Sunglasses should:

"Spending time outdoors offers many health benefits. We encourage adults and children to wear the proper UV protection for their eyes to keep them safe and healthy today, and in the years to come," said Jeff Todd, president and CEO of Prevent Blindness.

For more information on UV eye protection, please visit the Prevent Blindness dedicated webpage at PreventBlindness.org/sun-and-vision, or call (800) 331-2020.

About Prevent Blindness

Founded in 1908, Prevent Blindness is the nation's leading volunteer eye health and safety organization dedicated to fighting blindness and saving sight. Focused on promoting a continuum of vision care, Prevent Blindness touches the lives of millions of people each year through public and professional education, advocacy, certified vision screening and training, community and patient service programs and research. These services are made possible through the generous support of the American public. Together with a network of affiliates, Prevent Blindness is committed to eliminating preventable blindness in America. For more information, visit us at preventblindness.org, and follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn.

Media Contact

Sarah Hecker, Prevent Blindness, 312.363.6035, shecker@preventblindness.org

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SOURCE Prevent Blindness

Excerpt from:
May is Ultraviolet Awareness (UV) Month at Prevent Blindness, Designed to Educate the Public on the Best Ways to Keep Eyes Safe from UV Damage -...

ANN ARBOR, MI -Irreversible blindness affects at least 11 million Americans and 170 million across the world, according Michigan Medicine officials.

One of the leading factors of this condition is a disease called age-related macular degeneration, and an $11.5-million gift to the health system seeks to make the irreversible reversible.

The philanthropy from James Grosfeld, former chairman and CEO of PulteGroup Inc., goes toward research at the University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center to develop effective treatments for the dry version of AMD, which affects up to 90% of those affected, officials said.

Grosfelds gift will support two endowed professorships at UM dedicated to dry AMD research, as well as increased laboratory staff. Other funded items include:

Increasing the speed and the breadth of discovery in dry AMD can make a significant difference in peoples lives, Grosfeld said in a statement.

Grosfelds enthusiasm and generosity has been greatly appreciated, said Dr. Paul Lee, director of the Kellogg Eye Center. The AMD research initiative will be led by Dr. Jason Miller, who will assume the title of the Grosfeld Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.

We have made several discoveries that have given us a clear direction toward potential treatments, Miller said in a statement. At the same time, we have been building partnerships that will both accelerate our work and enable us to translate our efforts into clinical applications.

The AMD disease specifically attacks the part of the eye that houses the retinas light-sensitive photoreceptors. Millers research addresses how to limit the accumulation of lipids that affect these areas of the eye.

In catalyzing work across disciplines, we are enabling the creative application of a wide range of scientific techniques and approaches to the challenges of dry AMD, Dr. Marschall S. Runge, CEO of Michigan Medicine, said. Mr. Grosfelds visionary support will enable us to make important advances toward saving sight today and will create a legacy of sight-saving achievement.

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Read this article:
An end to blindness? $11M gift to Michigan Medicine researches eye treatments - MLive.com

Dynamic Culturing Process Developed by Lineage Offers Path to Clinical- and Industrial-Scale Production of Photoreceptors

CARLSBAD, Calif., April 25, 2022--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (NYSE American and TASE: LCTX), a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing allogeneic cell therapies for unmet medical needs, today announced a new cell therapy development program: photoreceptor neural cell (PNC) transplants for the treatment of vision loss due to photoreceptor dysfunction or damage. Similar to the companys recently announced pipeline expansion into auditory neurons for the treatment of hearing loss, Lineage has filed for intellectual property protection covering the composition and methods for generating PNCs. Based on recent in vivo data generated using the companys PNCs, these cells may be capable of forming reconstructed retina with high survivability and neural connectivity to surrounding functional layers. Notably, Lineage has demonstrated feasibility which could support a large-scale method for producing both types of photoreceptors, known as rods and cones.

"It is natural that, on the heels of the announcement of our alliance with Roche and Genentech for our RPE cell therapy, a deal worth up to $670 million dollars plus double-digit royalties if certain development, approval, and sales milestones are achieved and other conditions are met, that we also would pursue treatments for vision loss through the other major cell type of the retina, the photoreceptors," stated Brian Culley, Lineages CEO. "Our fundamental technology and accumulated know-how give us the opportunity to make many different cell types, and we have demonstrated our ability to create new programs rapidly and efficiently in two distinct areas, expanding our cell therapy pipeline to five separate preclinical and clinical programs, while still maintaining what we believe is an appropriate and responsible rate of investment for a company of our size. This latest program is part of our long-term planning for clinical and commercial success and serves as another example of the capability of our technology platform. We believe our ability to, in just a matter of months, advance from a product concept to generating new intellectual property and manufacturing the desired cell types, is illustrative of the power and efficiency of our platform. We believe the combination of our capital discipline and current balance sheet will support multiple years of further progress, during which we anticipate reaching achievements with each of our clinical and preclinical programs."

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Dr. Rami Skaliter, who leads the manufacturing function for Lineage, added, "Im exceptionally proud of the teams success at overcoming obstacles related to the limited scale of photoreceptor production. Building upon our experience with other cell lineages, we have developed intellectual property, and filed for patent protections, on a manufacturing process which is compatible with large-scale production of photoreceptors in a closed system, improvements which could enable industrial manufacturing. We believe this accomplishment will provide new opportunities for clinical, and ultimately commercial, production of photoreceptors in areas of large unmet need such as Retinitis Pigmentosa, Stargardts Macular Dystrophy, and retinal detachments, either independently or through strategic alliances."

As part of a scientific collaboration with Professors Benjamin Reubinoff, M.D., Ph.D. and Eyal Banin, M.D., Ph.D., of the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, the differentiation of pluripotent cells into photoreceptors with clinically compatible characteristics was established utilizing a novel differentiation protocol which generated positive identity of key markers of both rods and cones photoreceptor populations. The data generated by the company further demonstrated that a single cell suspension of photoreceptor precursor cells has the potential to survive and mature post-transplantation in a rodent model of retinal degeneration.

About Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc.

Lineage Cell Therapeutics is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing novel cell therapies for unmet medical needs. Lineages programs are based on its robust proprietary cell-based therapy platform and associated in-house development and manufacturing capabilities. With this platform Lineage develops and manufactures specialized, terminally differentiated human cells from its pluripotent and progenitor cell starting materials. These differentiated cells are developed to either replace or support cells that are dysfunctional or absent due to degenerative disease or traumatic injury or administered as a means of helping the body mount an effective immune response to cancer. Lineages clinical programs are in markets with billion dollar opportunities and include five allogeneic ("off-the-shelf") product candidates: (i) OpRegen, a retinal pigment epithelium transplant therapy in Phase 1/2a development for the treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration, which is now being developed under a worldwide collaboration with Roche and Genentech, a member of the Roche Group; (ii) OPC1, an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell therapy in Phase 1/2a development for the treatment of acute spinal cord injuries; (iii) VAC2, a dendritic cell therapy produced from Lineages VAC technology platform for immuno-oncology and infectious disease, currently in Phase 1 clinical development for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (iv) ANP1, an auditory neuronal progenitor cell therapy for the potential treatment of auditory neuropathy, and (v) PNC1, a photoreceptor neural cell therapy for the treatment of vision loss due to photoreceptor dysfunction or damage. For more information, please visit http://www.lineagecell.com or follow the company on Twitter @LineageCell.

Forward-Looking Statements

Lineage cautions you that all statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this press release, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements, in some cases, can be identified by terms such as "believe," "aim," "may," "will," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "design," "intend," "expect," "could," "can," "plan," "potential," "predict," "seek," "should," "would," "contemplate," "project," "target," "tend to," or the negative version of these words and similar expressions. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements relating to (i) the potential amount of payments to Lineage under the alliance with Hoffman-La Roche Ltd. ("Roche") and Genentech, Inc., (ii) the potential for new opportunities for clinical, and ultimately commercial, production of photoreceptors in areas of large unmet need, (iii) Lineages position to become a leader in the emerging field of regenerative medicine and anti-aging technology, and (iv) future areas of potential treatment using PNC transplant. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause Lineages actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements in this press release, including, but not limited to, the risk that competing alternative therapies may adversely impact the commercial potential of OpRegen, which could materially adversely affect the payments payable to Lineage under the Roche/Genentech collaboration and license agreement, the risk that Roche/Genentech may not be successful in completing further clinical trials for OpRegen and/or obtaining regulatory approval for OpRegen in any particular jurisdiction; the risk that Lineage might not succeed in developing products and technologies that are useful in medicine and demonstrate the requisite safety and efficacy to achieve regulatory approval in accordance with its projected timing, or at all; the risk that Lineages intellectual property may be insufficient to protect its assets; risks and uncertainties inherent in Lineages business and other risks discussed in Lineages filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Lineages forward-looking statements are based upon its current expectations and involve assumptions that may never materialize or may prove to be incorrect. All forward-looking statements are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements. Further information regarding these and other risks is included under the heading "Risk Factors" in Lineages periodic reports with the SEC, including Lineages most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC and its other reports, which are available from the SECs website. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date on which they were made. Lineage undertakes no obligation to update such statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made, except as required by law.

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220425005336/en/

Contacts

Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. IR Ioana C. Hone(ir@lineagecell.com)(442) 287-8963

Solebury Trout IR Mike Biega(Mbiega@soleburytrout.com)(617) 221-9660

Russo Partners Media Relations Nic Johnson or David SchullNic.johnson@russopartnersllc.com David.schull@russopartnersllc.com (212) 845-4242

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Lineage Announces a Fifth Cell Therapy Program: Allogeneic Photoreceptor Transplants for the Treatment of Diseases Which May Lead to Blindness - Yahoo...

The Russian invasion of Ukraine appears, on the surface, to be a land war. Newspapers lead with photographs of burned-out tanks, and on television and online we hear about the Belorussian border and truck convoys and listen to the expert commentary of generals. But this is a naval war as well.

Fighting has taken place both around the inland capitol of Kyiv, but also on the coast and over control of key port cities. While Russian explanation for new drive in the east focuses on the Russian-speaking population and territorial expansion, there is also a second and more strategic reason: the desire for a land bridge to Crimea, which would reduce the vulnerability of the Russian naval base at Sevastopol. When examining the maritime elements of the war, three points of analysis are worth consideration: first, the nature of conflict at sea and its existence out of sight of land and in a different domain which confounds our understanding; second, how the Russian navy pursued the basic elements of naval strategy reflects their continued relevance in this century; and third, the ways in which Ukraine has adapted to the conflict, and how it might make future adjustments, requires understanding of the naval past and creative thinking about the naval future.

Sea Blindness in Theory and in Practice

Over a decade ago, Butch Brakenel and James Kraska wrote that the United States suffers from a kind of sea blindness an inability to appreciate the central role the oceans and naval power have played in securing our strategic security and economic prosperity. Most use of sea blindness has tended to be metaphorical or focused on the grand economic and security connections between nations and the sea. Yet, in the Russo-Ukrainian war, the United States is experiencing sea blindness in a literal sense.

As various observers scroll through social media in search of open-source intelligence on the war, we are presented with a wealth of information that we then assess for validity and usefulness. However, very little of it is focused on the seas. Photos of burned-out T-72 tanks and trucks, video clips from targeting drones, or after-action threads that summarize changes in the fighting fill our feeds. For the most part, those of us who rely on open sources are blind to what is happening on the Ukrainian coast and in the Black Sea. The exceptions, like the final stand on Snake Island or the sinking of a Russian Alligator-class LST at the pier in Berdyansk, prove the rule. The early reports of the events surrounding the sinking of the cruiser Moskva illustrate this point also. These were based on the reposting of dueling press releases or online press reports rather than imagery, video, or on-scene information, which did not start to come until well after the fact.

A handful of media outlets and online trackers are trying to keep up with the maritime war. H.I. Sutton has been keeping the Covert Shores maritime open-source intelligence outlet going with information and writes reports for USNI News when they can confirm details. But an accurate picture of what is happening at sea is difficult. Truly actionable intelligence requires more than an occasional commercial satellite image or screenshots of maritime transponders. They involve electronic intercepts, radar, sonar, and elaborate collation and analysis efforts. All of these realities mean that while the NATO navies and Russian navy are actively producing their own maritime awareness, most of the rest of us are left in the dark about the conflict at sea.

But the fact that our Twitter feeds and Instagram scrolls are not filled with naval or maritime news does not mean that nothing is happening. It is important to remember that any war which takes place in a coastal territory (and many which take place in landlocked territory) have naval elements. The Russian invasion and Ukrainian defense of their sovereignty are no different, regardless of our sea blindness.

Retrospect: Naval Strategy in Action

As Bernard Brodie reminded us, boiled down to its simplest ideas, naval strategy can be described in a clear way. It begins with the need to establish command of the sea. It is taken further by determining what to do with the control that command of the sea offers.

Establishing command of the sea does not have to be global or even regional, but could simply be local to the area of operations. There tend to be two main ways to establish command. The first is to defeat the opponents navy or main battle fleet. By sinking the enemy, you keep them from being able to stop your use of the sea. But theres a second way to establish command, and that is to keep your opponents navy from ever putting to sea. Whether through blockade or by conducting strikes that sink them or limit their mobility while still in port, this can be equally effective.

Using the control created when you gain command of the sea is generally done in three ways. These operations are what I have previously called the 3 Bs of naval strategy: blockade, bombardment, or putting boots on the ground via amphibious landing. Naval strategy is the mixing and matching of these operations to achieve the political ends which are the purpose of the war. This effort to establish command of the sea, and then to use it, can offer us a good way to look at Russian naval operations in the first phase of the current war.

From the earliest days of the Russian invasion, the Russian navy has largely followed a classical strategy. When Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and retook complete control of the then divided naval base at Sevastopol, where they leased facilities from Ukraine. It also took possession of nearly three quarters of the Ukrainian navy. When the Russian invasion began earlier this year, there was little more than a mosquito fleet of patrol boats to stand in their way. Russian naval forces out of Sevastopol include missile corvettes and frigates as well as some Kilo-class submarines, joined by the old Slava-class cruiser Moskva as the flagship. These were reinforced by amphibious ships from the Baltic Fleet and Northern Fleets before the invasion began. These ships largely bottled up the smaller Ukrainian patrol forces in port at the start of the war and established command of sea via blockade and strikes on Ukraines ports.

Russians quickly created a blockade of Ukraine by closing the Kerch Strait, which connects the smaller Sea of Azov to the Black Sea and established complete control of the Sea of Azov, and stationing ships off Odessa and other Ukrainian ports. The blockade remains unannounced, and therefore legally unofficial, but is in force with a de facto status. This status quo has remained unchallenged, though the wider maritime community has pointed out the negative effects on trapped neutral vessels and ships that have come under fire in the Black Sea. The resulting commercial blockade has ensured that Ukraine is cut off from the economic lifelines necessary to support its war, making the country entirely reliant on direct financial support from the West. Secondly, it eliminated the ability to resupply the Ukrainian military via the sea, which could have moved far more material far more quickly toward the fighting in the east than trucking it from the Polish border across the entire length of the country.

With total control of the Sea of Azov and the blockade holding, the Russian navy launched its first amphibious landings as a part of the offensive against Mariupol. Russian naval doctrine is designed to avoid contested amphibious landings, instead looking for a safe place to insert troops and equipment. This landing was no different, occurring approximately 30 miles southwest of the port city, away from defenders and closer to the safety of the Crimean Peninsula.

Amphibious assaults, landings made in the face of enemy defenses, are enormously difficult. The small craft used to connect amphibious ships to the shore, as well as amphibious ships like tank landing ships which can steam right up onto the beach, are enormously vulnerable to the kinds of light anti-tank weapons which have become ubiquitous in the Ukrainian defenses. Additionally, Russian amphibious forces are designed around surface landings and do not involve vertical envelopment doctrine with helicopters like many western naval services. With these limitations in mind, Russians began making pier-side reinforcement of their ground forces until the Ukrainians sank the Alligator-class amphibious ship Saratov while she was offloading at a pier in Berdyansk. The results of this attack may have made the Russians more cautious about these kinds of amphibious reinforcements, though the Pentagon spokesman has suggested resupply via sea continues.

Mariupol represents two elements that made it a key maritime target for the Russians. First, it is a significant port on the Sea of Azov and controlling it would continue to solidify that sea as a Russian lake. Second, control of Mariupol is vital to establishing a land bridge between Russian territory and the island of Crimea which is surrounded by Ukrainian territory. The Sevastopol naval base, which has been fought over for centuries as the key to the northern Black Sea, remains vulnerable so long as it is cut off from Russia itself. Annexing not only the Crimean Peninsula, but also the territory that connects it with the rest of Russia, is a classical naval mission since it secures the safety of Sevastopol.

In addition to the blockade and putting boots on the ground, from the earliest days of the invasion, Kaliber land-attack cruise missiles launched from Black Sea Fleet were a part of the bombardment. With over a thousand missiles launched into Ukraine by Russian forces it is safe to say that several hundred of those were naval strike missions, particularly around Odessa and coastal targets. Questions remain about Russian magazines of the missiles, and their ability to reload them. The loss of the Moskva, armed entirely with anti-ship and anti-air missiles, is far less significant in this regard than the Turkish closing of the Bosporus to warships, which keeps the Russians from reinforcing their fleet.

The establishment of command of the sea was followed rapidly by using the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea for operations affecting events ashore. The Sea of Azov was closed off and Ukrainian ports were blockaded, sealing off both military and commercial traffic. The Russian navy used the Sea of Azov to reinforce operations ashore and contributed to the brutal and ongoing assault on Mariupol. And the Black Sea Fleet fired hundreds of missiles in a wide-ranging bombardment that contributed to both tactical effects but also the indiscriminate destruction of civilian targets. Regardless of the legitimacy of the Russian aggression, the legality of the maritime operations, and clear movement toward war crimes, through the lens of naval strategy and in dramatic comparison to the failures of the Russian army, the Russian navy did its job effectively.

Prospect: Sea Denial and Contesting Command of the Sea

And yet, the relative success of the Russians at sea does not mean that their naval strategy is complete. Strategy is an activity that never ends. The realities of war, the contingency of human interactions, and the shifting context of conflict in an international space, all mean that the successful execution of a navys strategy can shift rudder in an instant. More often than not, that comes from a change in the enemys approach.

The trouble with command of the sea is that while it ideally would be complete and at the very least regionally enforceable, it is never totally achieved. Alfred Thayer Mahan and Julian Corbett were clear on this in their writing. They explained that while navies and naval strategists were right to aspire to a complete or total establishment of a general command of the sea, it would almost never happen in reality. In the particular case of a coastal nation fighting an expeditionary navy on its own shores, a country like Ukraine does not need to establish command of the sea for itself, it only needs to deny it to the enemy.

Despite his reputation for being focused exclusively on battleships and the battle fleet, a caricature of his actual naval writing, Mahan wrote extensively on the need for solid coastal defense as a joint army and navy mission as a part of any nations naval strategy. He broke coastal defense down into three key capabilities: shore-based gunnery, the use of mines, and small attack craft which meant torpedo boats at the dawn of the 20th century. As Jason Lancaster has written elsewhere, our modern versions of these remain available avenues of operations for Ukrainian forces as the Russian invasion shifts phases.

Today, coastal defense gunnery comes in many forms. The most obvious modern version of what used to be heavy artillery guns built into coastal fortifications are coastal defense cruise-missile systems. Rather than fixed weapons built into the stone or concrete of a coastal fort, they are often mobile and tied into a network of targeting data from radars and manned and unmanned intelligence collection systems. On April 13, 2022, Ukrainian forces reported their first successful cruise missile attacks on the Moskva. Details are unconfirmed, but we do know that the ship sank hours later while being towed to Sevastopol. While the Ukraine has a limited number of the indigenously produced Neptune missile systems, the United Kingdom has promised coastal defense cruise missiles as part of their most recent aid package. And cruise missiles are not the only weapons available for taking enemy ships under fire. The Bayraktar drones which have been used successfully against Russian armor also exist in a maritime version used by the Ukrainian navy and represent a capability that can be used against Russian warships. Additionally, munitions like the American Switchblade drones and laser-guided mortars have a more limited range but could be useful in the near littoral.

Mine warfare remains available to the Ukrainian navy as well. It is unclear to what extent it may have been used already to close off Russian operations close to shore. Russians have claimed that Ukrainians are using mines, and some have been found drifting in the Black Sea. Yet the source of those weapons is unclear, and the Russians could be using mines themselves to enhance their blockade, keeping ships from leaving port just as easily as they keep ships from entering. Mine warfare is a double-edged sword, because mining your own waters will require you to sweep them back up to make your harbors safe for commerce again, or to make them safe for resupply via sea. Ukraine may elect to use sea mines, but will likely do so in specific ways and in particular maritime geography where they are more likely to help than hurt.

Finally, coastal defense small craft remain an open question for Ukraine. The patrol vessels in its navy have already been targeted by the Russians, sinking the Solviansk in the first week of March. However, when it comes to small craft, the conversion of civilian vessels to military purposes is far easier than with medium to larger vessels. While it would likely be too difficult to mount British-supplied Harpoon missiles on small craft, the mortar tubes used to launch Switchblade drones and laser-guided mortars would be rather easy to bolt onto the aft deck of a civilian fishing or pleasure craft repurposed as naval raiders. Additionally, a recent list of new security assistance assets from the U.S. government includes Unmanned Coastal Defense Vessels. What these vessels look like, or their capabilities, are not clear since the U.S. Navy does not actively deploy anything that fits that description. It appears that the sinking of the Moskva has caused Russian warships to push themselves further offshore in order to avoid missile attacks. This transitions what had been a relatively close blockade to a far blockade and potentially opens up the seas for Ukrainian small craft to begin operating.

Naval Warfare in the Black Sea

In the first phase of the Russian war on Ukraine, the Russian navy largely succeeded in the basics of establishing a coherent naval strategy. It quickly established command of the sea by keeping Ukrainian ships from sailing. Once control of the waters of the southern coast of Ukraine and the Sea of Azov was established, the Russians began using it for their military purposes by blockading the coast, launching naval bombardments of targets both on the coast and well inland, and by landing boots on the ground with amphibious reinforcements of existing operations. Attempts to resupply Russian forces via the sea have been a mixed bag, with some success and some spectacular failures like the sinking of a Russian amphibious ship pier-side at Berdyansk. But the war on shore has entered a second phase. As Ukraine begins amassing more sophisticated and capable weapons, Russian forces face limitations due to the limited Turkish closure of the Bosporus under the terms of the Montreux Convention. The war at sea can shift as well.

The adoption of the classical methods of coastal defense, through the use of coastal gunnery and strike capabilities, careful employment of mine warfare, and adopting a creative approach to small craft, might allow Ukrainian forces to challenge Russian command of the sea. While they do not need to gain command for themselves, the ability to deny Russia easy and open use of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov could provide Kyiv with major benefits. The stunning sinking of the Moskva may be the turning point: As the Russian warships pull back from the coast to better protect themselves, they open more littoral maneuver space for Ukrainian forces. The adoption of greater coastal defense measures, combined with a limited guerre de razzia strategy that might even put the facilities as Sevastopol at risk, offers a clear naval strategy that will both limit the advantages the Russians established in the early weeks of the war while at the same time giving Ukrainian naval forces the opportunity to impose costs on Russian forces.

BJ Armstrong is a contributing editor with War on the Rocks and is the principal associate of the Forum on Integrated Naval History and Seapower Studies. His fourth book, Developing the Naval Mind, coauthored with John Freymann, was published in November. Opinions expressed in his article are offered in his personal and academic capacity, and do not reflect the positions or policies of the U.S. Naval Academy, the Department of Defense, or any other agency.

Image: Government of Ukraine

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The Russo-Ukrainian War at Sea: Retrospect and Prospect - War on the Rocks

Museum guests who are red-green colour blind can now borrow special EnChroma glasses from the Chau Chak Wing Museum and experience exhibitions for example the vast array of blue hues in theCoastlines exhibition in clear, vibrant colour for the first time.

The accessibility of art and design is always top of mind at the Chau Chak Wing Museum and we are very pleased to be the first venue in Australia to offer this technology through EnChromas Colour Accessibility Program, said DrPaul Donnelly, Deputy Director of the Museum.

This partnership is another important step forward in our inclusivity goals, helping people who are colour blind to experience the full wonder and vibrancy of the exhibitions we have on offer.

One in 12 men (8 percent) and one in 200 women (0.5 percent) arecolour vision deficient; an estimated 350 million people worldwide.More than one million Australians are colour blind, as are over 3,500 of the 83,000 students and staff at the University of Sydney.

While people with normal colour vision see overone million shades of colour, those with colour visiondeficiencyonly see an estimated 10 percent of hues and shades.As a result, colours can appear dull, indistinct, and difficult to discern.

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Glasses bring colour to the museum - University of Sydney

life-style,

As they age, animals can experience a decline in their eyesight, but occasionally, some animals lose their vision altogether. This can be particularly distressing for the animal and owner if it occurs suddenly, as animals do not have time to adapt. Sudden, total vision loss is not typical of ageing and often indicates underlying disease that needs treatment. Animals that become blind suddenly may exhibit obvious behavioural changes, and appear disoriented. There are many causes of blindness. These include diseases that affect the surface of the eye (like dry-eye), the front chamber of the eye (like cataracts), the retina (like glaucoma or retinal detachment), the optic nerves (like infection or inflammation), and those impacting the brain (like stroke or organ failure). Blindness can also occur secondary to ingestion of toxins (for example, an overdose of ivermectin) or certain cancers (particularly eye and brain tumours). Some conditions, such as diabetes, predispose animals to developing cataracts. If you suspect that your pet has gone blind, it is important to seek veterinary attention as soon as possible. It is useful for your veterinarian to know whether you have observed a change in the appearance of the eyes, any changes in the overall health of your pet, and any recent medications they have been on, as well as any changes you have noted in their behaviour. Your veterinarian will conduct a physical examination and may perform additional tests, such as blood tests and blood pressure measurement. Your pet may be referred to a veterinary ophthalmologist for further evaluation and treatment. In some cases, blindness can be reversed with treatment. For example, it is possible for detached retinas to be surgically reattached. Similarly, cataracts may be removed. My late dog Phil was almost entirely blind when cataract surgery restored his vision. Interestingly, the first thing he did with his brand new eyes was walk up to the cat's food bowl and pee in it, as if he had been waiting for the opportunity to do so for some time. Because some conditions must be treated in a narrow window of time to ensure vision can be restored, it is important to see your veterinarian early if you suspect that your pet's vision has deteriorated. Dogs and cats can adapt well to loss of vision over time, with most able to successfully navigate their way around their home. If you do live with a blind or vision-impaired dog or cat, there are a number of steps that you can take to make life easier for them: REFERENCE BIONDI, V., PUGLIESE, M., VOSLAROVA, E., LANDI, A. & PASSANTINO, A. 2022. Animal Welfare Considerations and Ethical Dilemmas Inherent in the Euthanasia of Blind Canine Patients. Animals, 12. DOI: 10.3390/ani12070913 Dr Anne Quain BVSc (Hons), MANZCVS (Animal Welfare), Dip ECAWBM (AWSEL) is a lecturer at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science and a practising veterinarian.

/images/transform/v1/crop/frm/32UQzXcwHuv6EtT6StXJwQK/f5cdfb26-d7bf-421e-a6ef-6b0d68dd2bc5.jpg/r12_0_5108_2879_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg

As they age, animals can experience a decline in their eyesight, but occasionally, some animals lose their vision altogether.

This can be particularly distressing for the animal and owner if it occurs suddenly, as animals do not have time to adapt.

Sudden, total vision loss is not typical of ageing and often indicates underlying disease that needs treatment.

Animals that become blind suddenly may exhibit obvious behavioural changes, and appear disoriented.

There are many causes of blindness.

These include diseases that affect the surface of the eye (like dry-eye), the front chamber of the eye (like cataracts), the retina (like glaucoma or retinal detachment), the optic nerves (like infection or inflammation), and those impacting the brain (like stroke or organ failure).

Blindness can also occur secondary to ingestion of toxins (for example, an overdose of ivermectin) or certain cancers (particularly eye and brain tumours).

Some conditions, such as diabetes, predispose animals to developing cataracts.

If you suspect that your pet has gone blind, it is important to seek veterinary attention as soon as possible.

It is useful for your veterinarian to know whether you have observed a change in the appearance of the eyes, any changes in the overall health of your pet, and any recent medications they have been on, as well as any changes you have noted in their behaviour.

Your veterinarian will conduct a physical examination and may perform additional tests, such as blood tests and blood pressure measurement.

Your pet may be referred to a veterinary ophthalmologist for further evaluation and treatment.

In some cases, blindness can be reversed with treatment.

For example, it is possible for detached retinas to be surgically reattached. Similarly, cataracts may be removed.

My late dog Phil was almost entirely blind when cataract surgery restored his vision.

Interestingly, the first thing he did with his brand new eyes was walk up to the cat's food bowl and pee in it, as if he had been waiting for the opportunity to do so for some time.

Because some conditions must be treated in a narrow window of time to ensure vision can be restored, it is important to see your veterinarian early if you suspect that your pet's vision has deteriorated.

Dogs and cats can adapt well to loss of vision over time, with most able to successfully navigate their way around their home.

If you do live with a blind or vision-impaired dog or cat, there are a number of steps that you can take to make life easier for them:

BIONDI, V., PUGLIESE, M., VOSLAROVA, E., LANDI, A. & PASSANTINO, A. 2022. Animal Welfare Considerations and Ethical Dilemmas Inherent in the Euthanasia of Blind Canine Patients. Animals, 12. DOI: 10.3390/ani12070913

Dr Anne Quain BVSc (Hons), MANZCVS (Animal Welfare), Dip ECAWBM (AWSEL)is a lecturer at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science and a practising veterinarian.

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Lifting the lid on eye health and sight loss in your pets - Daily Liberal

Equities analysts expect LianBio (NASDAQ:LIAN Get Rating) to announce earnings per share (EPS) of ($0.26) for the current fiscal quarter, according to Zacks Investment Research. Zero analysts have provided estimates for LianBios earnings, with the highest EPS estimate coming in at ($0.22) and the lowest estimate coming in at ($0.31). The firm is expected to issue its next earnings report on Monday, January 1st.

According to Zacks, analysts expect that LianBio will report full-year earnings of ($1.32) per share for the current fiscal year, with EPS estimates ranging from ($1.65) to ($1.07). For the next year, analysts expect that the business will report earnings of ($1.73) per share, with EPS estimates ranging from ($2.20) to ($1.44). Zacks Investment Researchs EPS averages are an average based on a survey of sell-side research analysts that that provide coverage for LianBio.

LianBio (NASDAQ:LIAN Get Rating) last posted its earnings results on Wednesday, March 30th. The company reported ($0.28) earnings per share (EPS) for the quarter, beating analysts consensus estimates of ($0.72) by $0.44.

Several institutional investors have recently modified their holdings of LIAN. Victory Capital Management Inc. acquired a new stake in LianBio during the 4th quarter worth $1,069,000. Bank of America Corp DE acquired a new stake in LianBio during the 4th quarter worth $519,000. Alps Advisors Inc. acquired a new stake in LianBio during the 4th quarter worth $750,000. Element Capital Management LLC acquired a new stake in LianBio during the 4th quarter worth $124,000. Finally, TD Asset Management Inc. acquired a new position in shares of LianBio in the 4th quarter valued at $954,000. 62.99% of the stock is owned by institutional investors and hedge funds.

Shares of LianBio stock traded down $0.26 during midday trading on Thursday, reaching $4.91. The company had a trading volume of 435,320 shares, compared to its average volume of 411,834. The companys fifty day moving average is $4.19. LianBio has a 1-year low of $2.61 and a 1-year high of $16.37.

About LianBio (Get Rating)

Lianbio, a biopharmaceutical company, engages in developing and commercializing medicines for cardiovascular, oncology, respiratory, opthalmology, and inflammatory diseases in China and other Asian countries. The company develops mavacamten for the treatment of obstructive and non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; TP-03 for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis; NBTXR3 for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and solid tumor IO combinations; Infigratinib for the treatment of second-line and first-line cholangiocarcinoma, and gastric and other cancers; BBP-398 for solid tumors; Omilancor for ulcerative and Crohn's disease; NH-13 for ulcerative colitis; LYR-210 for chronic rhinosinusitis; and Sisunatovir for respiratory syncytical virus.

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LianBio (NASDAQ:LIAN) Expected to Post Earnings of -$0.26 Per Share - Defense World

Scientists from the United Kingdom have analyzed the full genetic blueprints of more than 18,000 cancer samples, finding new patterns of mutations that could help doctors provide better, more personalized treatment

By LAURA UNGAR AP Science Writer

April 21, 2022, 6:02 PM

3 min read

Scientists have analyzed the full genetic blueprints of more than 18,000 cancer samples, finding new patterns of mutations that could help doctors provide better, more personalized treatment.

Their study, published Thursday in the journal Science, isnt the first to do such comprehensive whole genome analyses of cancer samples. But no one has ever done so many.

This is the largest cohort in the world. It is extraordinary, said Serena Nik-Zainal of the University of Cambridge, who was part of the team.

Just over 12,200 surgical specimens came from patients recruited from the U.K. National Health Service as part of a project to study whole genomes from people with common cancers and rare diseases. The rest came from existing cancer data sets.

Researchers were able to analyze such a large number because of the same improvements in genetic sequencing technology that recently allowed scientists to finally finish decoding the entire human genome more capable, accurate machines.

We can really begin to tease out the underpinnings of the erosive sort of forces that go to sort of generate cancer," said Andrew Futreal, a genomic medicine expert at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston who was not involved in the study.

Cancer is a disease of the genome, or full set of instructions for running cells, that occurs when changes in a persons DNA cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably. In 2020, there were about 19 million new cancer cases worldwide.

For the study, researchers looked at 19 different types breast, colorectal, prostate, brain and others and identified 58 new clues to the causes of cancer called mutational signatures" that contribute to the development of the disease. They also confirmed 51 of more than 70 previously reported mutation patterns, Nik-Zainal said.

Some arise because of problems within a persons cells; others are sparked by environmental exposures such as ultraviolet radiation, tobacco smoke or chemicals.

Knowing more of them helps us to understand each persons cancer more precisely, which can help guide treatment, Nik-Zainal said.

Genetic sequencing is already being woven into cancer care as part of the growing trend of personalized medicine, or care based on a patients genes and specific disease. Now doctors will have much more information to draw from when they look at individual cancers.

To help doctors use this information, researchers developed a computer algorithm that will allow them to find common mutation patterns and seek out rare ones. Based on a particular pattern, Nik-Zainal said a doctor may suggest a certain course of action, such as getting immunotherapy.

Futreal said the data can also show doctors what tends to happen over time when a patient develops a cancer with a certain mutation pattern helping them intervene earlier and hopefully stop the developing disease in its tracks.

The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institutes Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

Read the original post:
Study mines cancer genetics to help with targeted treatment - ABC News

Pregnancy for women marks the beginning of a new stage in their lives. Like any other parent, Juhi (namechanged) was excited when she learned about her pregnancy. She had suffered a miscarriage previouslyas her foetus was affected by down syndrome. While consulting with a geneticist, she was advised of a few options that included a non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT) to help screen for down syndrome and a fewother chromosomal disorders. She chose NIPT and waited anxiously for the results. The results arrived soon enough, and it was observed that Juhis baby had a very low or negligible risk ofhaving a serious chromosomal disorder. A few months later she delivered a healthy baby girl. Juhi was elated with the outcome and also understood the value of a genetic test and now advises all herrelatives to undergo a prenatal screening test. A non-invasive prenatal screening test provides expecting parents with reliable information about theirbabys genetic makeup. Such information is vital to expectant parents for thought-through earlypregnancy decisions and to avoid the distress caused by the birth of an abnormal baby unexpectedly.

What are chromosomaldisorders?

The human genetic material consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes. Therefore, any change in this number,wherein extra gain or loss of chromosome can lead to a serious disorder. The most common of thesedisorders are, Trisomy 21, Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13, in the population.The estimated risk incidence of a baby with a chromosomal disorder is 1:166 births.Therefore, standard pregnancy care involves early screening for serious chromosomal abnormalities.

Genetic screening tests allow for identifying the genetic disorders or potential risks that the unborn babymay carry.NIPT (Non-Invasive Prenatal Test) has brought precision to the practice of diagnosis. With the advancement in technology, tests have been developed that are safe for the foetus and non-invasive. The non-invasive prenatal screening test can screen for common chromosomal abnormalitiessuch as Trisomy 21(Down syndrome), Trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome), Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) andcertain other abnormalities like monosomy X (Turners syndrome). There are three main reasons why couples should opt for a test:

It helps identify foetuses at risk of serious chromosomal abnormality.

Leads to better management by providing early information.

Prepares for birth and early intervention wherever possible.

Who needs to get tested?

Non-invasive prenatal testing can be recommended to any pregnant woman but is usually recommendedwhen:

The woman is above 30 years of age. Maternal serum screening provides abnormal results.

Certain abnormalities during the ultrasound are identified.

There is a family history of chromosomal conditions or congenital disabilities.

Couples have had a child with a chromosomal disorder.

A couple has a history of infertility or pregnancy loss.

Genetic testing of the pregnancy remains important as pregnancy is a time-sensitive period. When the general pregnant population is screened, most pregnancies eventually have a low risk of theseconditions. However, about 2-3% of the tested population by NIPT, receive a highrisk result whichrequires follow up confirmatory testing through invasive procedures.

(The author is an expert atreproductive genomics.)

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It's in the genetics - Deccan Herald

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Genetic, clinic and histopathologic characterization of BRCA-associated hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in southwestern Finland | Scientific...

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If we understand the causes of cancer, then we can start highlighting the known causes, the lifestyle issues that introduce or increase our risk

Environmental and metabolic factors not just genetics are growing considerations in the fight against cancer, concludes a research review by a leading expert at the University of Alberta.

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Cancer as a genetic disease, focusing on the set of genetic instructions every person is born with; it is also an environmental disease, focusing on the exposome, which includes everything a persons body has been exposed to; and cancer is a metabolic disease, focusing on the metabolome, or all the chemical byproducts of the process of metabolism, explains David Wishart, professor in the departments of biological sciences and computing science, in a Thursday news release.

But that metabolic perspective hasnt had much research until now, as more scientists begin to understand the metabolomes role in cancer.

Heritable cancers account for just five to 10 per cent of all cancers, Wishart said, with the other 90 to 95 per cent initiated by factors in the exposome, which in turn trigger genetic mutations.

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Thats an important thing to consider, because it says that cancer isnt inevitable.

As cancer develops and spreads in the body, it creates its own environment and introduces certain metabolites, becoming a self-fuelled disease. And thats where cancer as a metabolic disorder becomes really important.

Considering the genome, exposome and metabolome together when thinking about cancer shows more promise for finding treatments.

Researchers who focus only on the genetic perspective are looking to address particular mutations but there are around 1,000 genes that can become cancerous when mutated, and it typically takes two different mutations within these cells for cancer to grow, notes Wishart, meaning there are a million potential mutation pairs. Then it can become hopeless to narrow down possibilities when seeking new treatments.

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But considering cancer from the metabolic perspective, there are just four major metabolic types, said Wishart, so determining the patients cancer type can immediately guide doctors on the best treatment for their specific cancer.

It really doesnt make a difference where the cancer is its something youve got to get rid of. Its how it thrives or grows that matters, said Wishart. It becomes a question of, Whats the fuel that powers this engine?

Wishart cautions that health-care providers still need a mix of therapeutics for cancer, and a deeper understanding of the metabolome and its role in the cancer feedback loop is also critical to preventing cancer.

If we understand the causes of cancer, then we can start highlighting the known causes, the lifestyle issues that introduce or increase our risk, he said.

From the prevention side, changing our metabolism through lifestyle adjustments will make a huge difference in the incidence of cancer.

The research review was funded by Genome Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Canada Foundation for Innovation.

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Treating, preventing cancer beyond genetics: U of A researcher - Edmonton Journal

Photo provided by Lionheart Cannabis

Chris Fanuzzi calls it his genetic library.

Seed descriptions, batch logistics and references to growers and cultivators who supplied some of the seeds are all noted in the heaps of pages of mostly handwritten notes in his trusty binder.

There are more than 400 recipes for Fanuzzis renowned rotating cannabis menu items, including the famous original Montana Silvertip, a hybrid strain. In the cannabis industry, the term strain refers to a variety of the cannabis plant and can include characteristics such as chemical profile, appearance and effects on consumers.

Maintaining the integrity of the original seeds over time is incredibly difficult for any cultivator, said Fanuzzi, owner and founder of Lionheart Cannabis, Montanas leading medical and recreational cannabis provider. Its an art to be able to sustain a particular genetic makeup of any one plant, especially when you consider these plants are growing alongside one another with the ability to pick up characteristics of the plant strains located, literally, right next to them. And that doesnt even take into account trying to maintain a completely stable environment from year to year, all against a backdrop of legislation that is constantly changing.

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But Fanuzzi has made it work. His company is renowned for its focus on quality, top-of-the-line products, compassionate patient care and educational awareness among clients.

Lionheart currently produces myriad oils, edibles and tinctures in a variety of flavors, strengths and price ranges. In addition to its headquarters in Bozeman, the company has five cultivation facilities throughout the state, as well as dispensaries in Billings, Butte, Helena, Great Falls (Herbal Bliss), Kalispell, Livingston andMissoula.

With 50 to 60 strains on the shelves at any one time, Lionheart is set to roll out scrolling digital menus that will provide customers with real-time product availability and pricing. The company is also enhancing its on-site customer experience by redesigning retail space to include more open floor plans and visual product display areas.

We want to encourage our customers to spend as much time as they want with our budtenders when they are onsite, to look at every jar to find that bud that is really going to work for them, he said. The online menu will only complement that experience.

But back to Montana Silvertip. A genetic cross between Purple Urkel (also known as Granddaddy Purple) and Super Silver Haze, the sativa-dominant bud has a THC level anywhere from 20% to 30%, with an earthy pine and blueberry taste.

Its an absolutely beautiful strain with hues of bright lavender and frosty white, Fanuzzi said. We continue to cross-pollinate its seeds with some of our other renowned strains such as Wedding Crasher, Mandarin Cookie, Purple Punch and Meathead, resulting in some really incredibly viable genetics with lots of different properties that are very popular with our customers.

Other favored staff picks include Do Si Dos, Kimbo Kush, Blue Dream, Lucky Charms, Key Lime Pie and Ginger Tea. And while consumers should note the THC potency levels listed on the product packaging, Fanuzzi said other things to consider include terpene profiles, how the buds are stored (glass jars and turkey bags are best), the smell (too much moisture results in a moldy odor) and feel (should feel spongy like a marshmallow when squeezed). If the bud is too dry, it will crumble. Also, buds stored in sunlight lose their potency more quickly.

Fanuzzi said as his recipe library for strains continues to grow, it also includes notations for those strains that have been bred out over time, including one of his most legendary" strains, the Papaya. Unfortunately, I developed it back in 2007 and never cloned it. So once it was gone, it was gone, recalled Fanuzzi.

Strains today represent combinations and cross-breeding of some of the best products and varieties people like. There are only so many families of land-raised genetics out there, so you continue to fine-tune until you achieve what you think is the perfect combination.

At that point, Fanuzzi adds another page to his binder.

Visit lionheartcannabis.com for more information.

Information provided is for educational and informational purposes only and does not supersede any medical advice given by a physician. Cannabis is still considered a schedule 1 controlled substance and is illegal under federal law. Adults who consume cannabis must keep cannabis products away from animals and out of reach of children. Note that the intoxicating effects of cannabis can sometimes be delayed, so do not operate a vehicle or machinery after consumption. Use of cannabis during pregnancy or while breastfeeding may be harmful. By purchasing cannabis from a dispensary, you are assuming the risk of any damage or loss that occurs during its use.

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Lionheart Cannabis' genetic strains stand the test of time - Billings Gazette