StemCell Therapy

The Integrative Medicine Program of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center offers two (2) areas of research in which an intern can choose:natural productsandclinical trials.

Interns will receive supervision, mentoring, and feedback fromPeiying Yang, MS, Ph.D.Assistant Professor at the Integrative Medicine Program. Interns will assist the research team with current or forthcoming pre-clinical research or clinical trials on natural products as cancer therapy or preventive approach. The goal of the project is to provide the opportunity for the intern to learn how to conduct evidence-based research in the context of natural products, cancer therapy or cancer prevention. Interns will utilize specific methodologies in order to assess and summarize the information on the current status of anti-inflammatory or anti-angiogenic research using natural products or nutritional supplements.

Lorenzo Cohen, Ph.D., Professor, Director of the Integrative Medicine Program, encourages and provides training and guidance to our Interns by serving as the primary program mentor. Amy Spelman, PhD, Research Program Director, provides the Interns with supervision, mentoring, and feedback. Interns are given the opportunity to experience the development and/or implementation of mind-body and acupuncture clinical trials conducted within the Integrative Medicine Program and the Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine. They will be exposed to and learn all aspects of running a clinical trial, including study participant recruitment and follow-up, data collection and entry, and basic data analysis.

Appointments are solely for the purpose of research, and no patient care activities are permitted.

Research Internsmayattend conferences and lectures, observe clinics, the OR, and rounds, in accordance with appropriate medical staff policy.

Research traineesmay notperform a primary medical evaluation or a history and physical examination; participate in decisions concerning management of a patient; render treatment or other patient services; order tests or service; or write in the medical record.

Integrative Medicine Program offers three (3) intern sessions per calendar year. Up to 12 interns are approved for each session. Interns work varied schedules, Monday through Friday and, usually work between 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Generally, Interns are not compensated; however, some financial opportunities are available (seeR25E Grant Funding Information).

*If an education credit is required, it can take up to 120 days to process your application through the office of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center's Academic and VISA Administration (AVA).

Step 1 Submit Initial Application to the Integrative Medicine Education Committee

Interested applicants must complete theResearch Intern General Information Form(doc) for review by the Integrative Medicine Education Committee. The completed form along with a copy of your curriculum vitae or resume must be submitted to Anthony Sturm, Senior Administrative Assistant, via email atASturm1@mdanderson.org.All documentation must be received by the deadline for the desired session.

Step 2 Integrative Medicine Education Committee Review

All requests will be processed within a 30-day period following the application deadline by the Integrative Medicine Education Committee. A personal and/or telephone interview with a member of the Integrative Medicine Education Committee may be required. An email confirming or denying your intern request will be sent as soon as a determination is made.

Step 3 AVA Review if Accepted by the Integrative Medicine Education Committee

If a candidate is selected, the applicant will receive notification along with an electronic link to AVAs formal online application process called DISCOVER. Be prepared to provide numerous documents to AVA as part of the vetting process. The AVA can take up to 45 days to process the required paperwork or 120 days if an education credit is required.

For more information about the internship program please contact Anthony Sturm at (713) 745-3051, via email at: ASturm1@mdanderson.orgor via mail at the following address:

Integrative Medicine ProgramMDAnderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1416Houston, Texas 77030, USAAttn: Anthony Sturm

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Integrative Medicine Program | MD Anderson Cancer Center

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Jersey Integrative Health & Wellness

Jersey City, NJ

Integrative Medicine

New York, NY

This position is located at 789 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA Primary Responsibilities: The Patient Registrar is an integral member of the team and is...

Bergen Acupuncture and Integrative Medicine

Simplex Health

Armonk Integrative Medicine

Advanced Medicine Integration of Maryland

Newbridge Health & Wellness

Heller Healthcare

Brunswick, GA

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Scheduling Coordinator salaries in United States

$14.80 per hour

Indeed Salary Estimate

Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to Indeed. These figures are given to the Indeed users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.

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Integrative Medicine Jobs, Employment | Indeed.com

What Is Regenerative Medicine? If youre suffering from ongoing, nagging chronic pain that hasnt benefited from other treatments, you could benefit from an exciting new area of pain management known as regenerative medicine. These minimally-invasive treatments offer patients pain relief, while reducing the likelihood of infection and avoiding the need for surgery. For many patients, regenerative medicines can help them get their lives back by jump-starting their bodys own natural healing processes.

Regenerative medicine includes treatments like PRP therapy and stem cell therapy. The most common conditions that have been successfully treated using regenerative medical procedures include arthritis andinjuries to cartilage, tendons, muscle, bone, spinal discs, and other tissue types. For many patients, it can help them:

In this post, we talk about how these treatments work and if they could relieve your pain.

For these patients, regenerative medicine may be able to help. Regenerative medicines are cutting-edge therapies that use chemistry, medicine, robotics, biology, computer science, genetics, and engineering to construct a biologically compatible structure for many different tissues found in the body.Although relatively new in the field of acute and chronic pain management, regenerative medical procedures do date back as early as 1962.

Regenerative medicine offers a number of different benefits, including:

The following TED Talk gives a greater overview of the possible future benefits of this therapy.

The vast majority of early regenerative procedures were tissue-based, being developed for skin grafting. The first successful tissue that was engineered for grafting procedures was finalized in the 1970s, a mere eight years after the first synthetic tissue was developed. Howard Green and colleagues from Harvard Medical School began by harvesting a skin biopsy, later perfecting the practice of growing skin epidermis.

Following these advancements, researchers developed regenerative medical improvements in stem cell research, enabling successful bone marrow transplantation for individuals suffering from leukemia.

Having discovered the ability of the body to organize and regenerate tissue after cell death, researchers aimed their future studies at the goal of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to replace tissue that had been damaged, lost through injury, or deteriorating with advanced age. Many diseases and injuries that result from failing tissue could potentially be successfully treated using regenerative medicine therapies.

Symptoms will vary patient to patient, but may include:

Pain is thought to be an indicator of tissue damage or an underlying injury. A number of existing treatments can help a patient cope with chronic pain, but dont fully address the underlying damage or injury. New regenerative medicine therapies can target the underlying problem and promote the bodys natural healing processes. Patients who experience the following list of conditions may be viable candidates for regenerative medicine.

Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint condition that causes degenerative cartilage changes in the joints. It is believed that the damage can be the result of wear and tear on the joint through a number of years or as a direct result of a specific injury. With enough damage to the cartilage that protects the joint, there is a high risk opposing bones will rub directly against each other. This direct contact causes damage to the ends of the bones and a significant inflammatory response and pain.

Traditional treatment approaches only help to manage the pain and not cure the condition. Stem cell therapy is believed to be more fitting since the goal is to repair the condition and reduce the bone-on-bone contact.

This is a degenerative condition of the individual bones of the spine, called vertebrae. Most commonly, spondylolisthesis occurs when the vertebrae slips over one another or becomes dislocated. Patients may experience nonspecific low back pain because a large number of individuals with this anatomical distortion do not present to their physician with related symptoms, including pain.

With spondylolisthesis the nerves around the weakened vertebrae can become compressed, resulting in pain and potentially muscle weakness. These symptoms can include:

Estimates are that 12% of the population has had difficulties with spondylolisthesis.

This common condition is characterized by a narrowing of the spinal canal. With spinal stenosis there is a restriction from this narrowing that results in neurogenic claudication. The spine is a row of 26 bones that allows movement and bending. Through the center is an opening, or canal, that protects the spinal cord. The narrowing with spinal stenosis can occur in the center, in the canals, or the spaces between the vertebrae. This narrowing puts pressure on the nerves in the spinal cord and can result in pain or numbness in the legs or shoulders, depending upon where the restriction is located.

Spinal stenosis is more common in individuals over the age of 50 years, but may occur in younger people who suffer an injury to the spine or are born with a narrowing of the spinal canal. Generally, pain specialists suggest using conservative or lifestyle changes to manage pain from this condition. If that doesnt work, patients may find relief with regenerative medicine techniques.

Spinal deformities are genetically linked issues that are related to the natural curvature of the spine. They generally involve the entire length of the spinal column and are relatively uncommon.

Conditions can affect the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spinal regions and symptoms will vary widely depending upon the location. Some of these conditions are visible at birth, while others are only diagnosed when signs and symptoms develop.

A compression fracture is typically caused by osteoporosis and has a higher prevalence rate among post-menopausal women and in those individuals with a long history of corticosteroid use. These fractures result in a decrease in height of the vertebrae of at least 15 to 20%.

In one study, which examined 7,000 women over the age of 65, researchers found that 5% had suffered a compression fracture over a four-year period. Previous studies have suggested that nearly 4% of adults evaluated in a primary care setting could attribute back pain symptoms to a compression fracture.

Degenerative disc disease is a condition that results in symptoms from changes to the vertebral discs in adults as they age. The aging process increases the risk of tears to the disc, which is a likely cause of this type of pain. Spinal discs are soft and compressible that helps cushion the spinal column, which allows the spine to flex, twist, and bend. Although it can occur anywhere along the spine, it most often occurs in the lower back and neck. The pain can occur throughout the spine but in some instances affects the intervertebral disc.

Treatment modalities include physical therapy, pain medications, spinal fusion surgery, and steroid injections. New advances in regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy can help patients suffering from degenerative disc disease. Following extraction of the patients stem cells, usually from the bone marrow in the hip, the cells are engineered, concentrated, and injected into the site of the injury.

A herniated disc is characterized by damage to the intervertebral discs, which cause them to bulge from the intervertebral space or to rupture completely. The daily stress of movement, poor posture, injuries, and age can cause them to bulge, rupture, or herniate. The expansion of the disc material puts pressure on the surrounding nerves and spinal column, which is believed to be the source of pain. Herniated discs are more commonly found in aging people. Treatments include physical therapy, which has shown promise in relieving pain and improving the ability to function daily, however, it requires a significant time commitment in the therapists office and in daily home exercises.

Surgical treatment options may be suggested to cut out or remove the bulging or herniated material from the spinal column. The removal of the herniated disc carries a number of different risks related to the area of the spinal column where the disc is located and the weakened area of the column following surgery. Surgery is not always successful and there is a slight risk of damage to the spine or nerves, and risk of infection. New techniques from regenerative medicine using a patients own stem cells has shown good results with regeneration and rebuilding of the network of cells that make up the injured disc.

This is a common form of chronic foot pain that occurs between the ball of the foot and the heel. There is a thick connective tissue on the bottom of the foot, called the plantar fascia, which connects the ball of the foot to the heel. This plantar fascia supports the arch of the foot and can become strained from a number of different sources, including overuse, tight calf muscles, and poor foot placement. The damage forms tiny tears along the ligament, which is the likely source of pain. Treatments usually target the underlying condition, and then the symptoms of pain.

Regenerative medical treatments are an ideal choice for patients who have chronic pain in the plantar fascia and have corrected the underlying biomechanical issue that caused the initial condition. These therapies will promote healing of the damaged tissue. In fact, several studies provide realistic support for the use of platelet rich plasma therapy as an effective method of treatment to reduce or eliminate the pain associated with plantar fasciitis.

The sacroiliac joint is a large joint area that is located at the base of the spine. The joint connects the spine to the hip, or pelvis. In many cases, the individual can identify an injury that transpired previous to the onset of pain. Causes of this type of pain include:

There is limited evidence that current treatments are successful. Once a doctor relieves the underlying cause of pain, regenerative medicine may affect some degree of pain relief. This pain relief appears to last longer than that of steroid injections.

Also known as sciatica, lumbar radiculopathy occurs when a herniated disc, often between L5 and S1, pushes against the nerve. Patients experience pain that travels down the leg. The primary goal is to reduce the size of the disc and reduce the compression on the nerve root, thus reducing the pain.

There are a number of different treatment options for patients who suffer from lumbar radiculopathy. However, if they are unsuccessful, or if patients do not receive relief from their pain, they can be a candidate for stem cell injections.

In cervical radiculopathy, patients experience chronic pain originating from the cervical spine, or the neck area. When a disc in the neck pushes against a nerve root exiting the cervical spine, it causes pain to travel down the arms.

Radiculopathy in younger individuals can be from a herniated disc or neck injury. Older adults may suffer but physicians expect to also find osteophyte formation causing narrowing of the foramen, a reduced disc height and degenerative changes in the intervertebral joints.

Some patients who experience severe, unremitting back pain choose to undergo surgery to gain relief. Unfortunately, some patients may continue to suffer pain following surgical repair, which is recognized as a failed back surgery. Causes include:

Individuals with a history of other emotional disturbances, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, depression, or anxiety are at an increased risk of developing chronic pain conditions following a back surgery.

Pain symptoms of a failed back surgery are usually dull, aching pain that is diffuse across the back and legs. Some patients do suffer from stabbing, pricking, or sharp pain in the limbs. When other treatments have failed to relieve pain following a failed back surgery, regenerative medicine treatment options might be considered.

Further, regenerative medicine therapies are relatively new and historically have very few studies documenting their effectiveness on different types of pain conditions. The FDA has not approved the use of adult stem cells to treat aging or to prevent, treat, or cure any disease or medical condition mentioned. Because of this, your insurance may not cover the cost of these procedures.

In addition, many regenerative medicine studies and treatments involve the use of living stem cells.Both legal and ethical issues are inherent in the use of embryonic stem cells. Although stem cell research holds great promise for the development of successful treatment modalities for conditions that thus far have no permanent treatment, research also raises both ethical and political controversies. However, reprogramming adult stem cells to produce pluripotent stem cells avoids these ethical issues that are specific to embryonic stem cell research. Adult or pluripotent stem cells are used for the majority of all regenerative pain medicine approaches, but always talk to your doctor if you have further questions.

To learn more about regenerative medicine for your pain condition, you can find a pain doctor in your area by clicking the button below or looking for one in your area by using the tips here: https://paindoctor.com/pain-management-doctors/.

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Regenerative Medicine Uses And Future Potential | PainDoctor.com

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Veterinarians tend to the healthcare needs of animals, including pets, livestock, and zoo and laboratory animals. Commonly called vets, most work in private clinics, treating companion animals, such as dogs and cats. They diagnose illnesses and perform medical procedures.

A small number of people who work in this field are equine veterinarians who treat horses, and food animal vets who work with farm animals who are raised to become food sources.

Some vets specialize in food safety and inspection. They check livestock for illnesses that animals can transmit to humans. Others are research veterinarians who study human and animal health conditions.

To learn about typical job duties in this field, we perused job listings onIndeed.com.

They listed the following tasks:

To become a veterinarianyou will have to earn a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M. or V.M.D.) degree from an accredited college of veterinary medicine. Although many schools admit applicants who don't have a bachelor's degree, earning one will increase your odds of gaining admission. There is keen competition for entry into this four-year program.

You will need a state-issued professionallicenseto practice. Every state requires candidates for licensure to pass the North American Veterinary Licensing Exam (NAVLE) administered by the International Council for Veterinary Assessment.

Many states also give their own exams.

Although it is not mandatory, many veterinarians choose to become certified in a specialty, for example, surgery or internal medicine. Requirements vary for eachbut may include getting experience in that area, passing an examination, spending additional time in school, or completing a three- to four-year residency program.

In addition to formal training, to be successful as a veterinarian, you need specific qualities you won't learn in school. Number one on this list is compassion, both toward the animals you will be treating and their owners. You will also need outstandingcritical thinking skills to aid in choosing appropriate treatment methods. Excellent interpersonal skills are also a mustsince you will spend time communicating with animal owners, staff members, and colleagues.

Manual dexterity and strong problem-solving skills are essential as well.

We again took a look at Indeed.com to find out what qualities employers are looking for in job candidates. This is what we learned:

Yourinterests,personality type, andwork-related valuesmust be a good match for any career you are considering. If you have the following traits, you could excel as a veterinarian:

Varies by specialty:

$208,560(general practitioners); $251,890+(surgeons)

Nurse Practitioner

Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook; Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor,O*NETOnline(visited October 12, 2018).

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What You Need to Know About Being a Veterinarian

There are 30 veterinary schools accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) in the U.S. There were nearly 6,800 applicants competing for approximately 2,700 openings in 2013. In other words, it is very competitive to gain admission to a veterinary school.

Admission requirements for veterinary schools have many things in common; however the specific requirements may vary among schools. It is therefore advisable to become familiar with the entrance requirements (PDF) early in your career as this may affect course selection especially after your first year of college.

Most U.S. veterinary schools utilize the centralized application service operated by the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (Veterinary Medical College Application Service-VMCAS). This application service accepts your application and your letters of evaluation and distributes them to each school you indicate. Applicants should make sure to submit their transcripts to VMCAS. Many schools have a supplemental application as well and require that this information be sent directly to the school.

Take all the mathematics, chemistry, biology, and physics courses which are available to you in middle and high school; they will open up many career opportunities in college including veterinary medicine.

Choose a degree program which will provide you a strong grounding in the biological and physical sciences. Make a list of degree programs at various universities and colleges and visit them individually. Find a program that will suit your needs the best. There are various undergraduate pathways to study prior to be admitted to vet schools.

All the required courses for you to get admitted to most vet schools are required in the Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Program at Penn State.

Criteria that you should accomplish during your undergraduate degree before your application to Veterinary Colleges

Make sure to have a back-up plan!

Most U.S. veterinary schools require the following college courses (specific Penn State courses are listed in parentheses):

Most college students traditionally apply to vet schools in the fall of their senior year to meet the deadline of September 15 (generally speaking). Hopefully you will have the entire junior year to prepare to take GRE test and decide on which vet schools and how many vet schools to apply.

There are many factors to consider when choosing which schools to apply. While all 30 veterinary schools are good quality schools, there are different strength(s) that each school has to offer. You just need to match your strengths and desire with theirs when making a decision. We recommend you apply to 5 to 7 schools.

Take time to evaluate schools to determine the best schools for you and save on application costs. Start your VMCAS online application as soon as it becomes available. Ask your recommendation letters on a timely fashion. Utilize VMCASs check-list to send a complete package to them.

After receiving interview offers from the vet schools, you start preparing for the each interview. Consult with your academic adviser, pre-vet club advisers, and career counseling advisers on your campus to prepare for your interviews. Usually Pre-Vet club holds sessions on previous years applicants about general dos and donts on veterinary school applications/interviews. April 15 is a general deadline to "accept" or "decline" on admission.

Veterinary Medical Education in the U.S. is 4 years beyond undergraduate degree. After completing the D.V.M. (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine) or V.M.D. (Veterinariae Medicinae Doctoris) degree, candidates have to take the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE) in order to practice in the U.S. Each state has its own licensing procedures and requirements which are listed online.

There are currently 22 AVMA-recognized veterinary specialties. Applicants may pursue board certification in a particular specialty or two after obtaining a DVM/VMD degree. You may visit the website of any of the AVMA-recognized veterinary specialty organizations by visiting the AVMA American Board of Veterinary Specialties website.

Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the benefit of society through the protection of animal health, the relief of animal suffering, the conservation of livestock resources, the promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical knowledge. I will practice my profession conscientiously, with dignity, and in keeping with the principles of veterinary medical ethics. I accept as a lifelong obligation the continual improvement of my professional knowledge and competence.

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Steps to Becoming a Veterinarian Veterinary and Biomedical ...

A Veterinary Medicine degree in the UK will give students an excellent base to begin their veterinary career, equipping them with the knowledge and ability to help with the surgical treatment and care of animals. Transferrable skills will also see graduates move into sectors such as food safety, research and pharmaceuticals.

A typical Veterinary Medicine undergraduate degree lasts five years and modules generally cover anatomy and physiology, animal husbandry, microbiology, public health, parasitology and pathology. The first two years of the programme are classed as the foundation phase, with the third and fourth clinical and fifth professional.

Your Veterinary Medicine Application

SI-UK can help you apply to study Veterinary Medicine in the UK. Arrange your free consultationat our officesin London or Manchester or via Skype.

The number of placesavailable to study Veterinary Medicine each year is limited, and the application procedure is extremely competitive. In 2014, Edinburgh received approximately 2,150 applications for 190 Home/EUplaces and 500 overseas applications for 17 places, meaning there is about one place for every 14 Home/EUapplicants and one place for every 42 overseas applicants.

Veterinary Medicine graduates are in demand and will move into private animal welfare practices, as well as working at charities, laboratories, abattoirs and within the public health sector. If a student chooses to continue study at postgraduate level, careers can be forged in more specialist areas of the profession.

IELTS Preparation Classes

If you need to improve your IELTS score ahead of beginning a Veterinary Medicine degree,learn more about low cost andflexible part-time IELTS classes in Londonor Manchestertoday.

Please note that entry requirements vary for each UK university.

To learn more aboutthe best Veterinary Medicinecourses in the UK, find details on the top ranking Veterinary Science universities in theGuardian University Guide 2019below:

Do you need assistance in applying to Cambridge? TheOxbridge Servicewill fully prepare you in your application to some of the best universities in the world with intense interview practice and expert personal statement advice.

If you are interested in studyingVeterinary Medicine in the UK, arrange yourfree consultationtoday.Don't forget thePremium Servicewillguarantee you at least one offer from a UK university!

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Veterinary Medicine courses in the UK

AboutMetabolic Consultation

Recently, the State of Ohio Department of Health enacted an expansion of our Newborn Screening Program that now screens babies for 36 different inherited disorders. Many of these conditions are exceedingly rare and require specialized testing and restricted diets or medications that are usually outside the realm of expertise for a typical pediatric practice.

The Metabolic Clinic at Children's Hospital is uniquely positioned to provide detailed and comprehensive diagnostic evaluations as well as long-term management for disorders of amino acid, carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism. The clinic is staffed by two Board-certified Biochemical Geneticists, a Metabolic nurse and two dietitians with extensive experience in the treatment of metabolic disease. On-site laboratory support includes capabilities for measuring amino acids, organic acids, and acylcarnitines, using state-of-the-art technology including tandem mass spectrometry. Patients with a wide variety of disorders including PKU, MUSD, galactosemia, glocogen storage diseases, mucopolysacharidoses, and urea cycle defects receive genetic counseling and coordinated care using a team approach in this clinic.

The Metabolic Clinic is held on Monday afternoons in Suite T4D at Nationwide Children's Hospital. For further information, or to make an appointment, please call (614) 722-3543

We currently have a two-year Medical Genetics and four-year combined Pediatrics/Medical Genetics residency program at our institution. For more information about the program, feel free to visit the Medical Genetics Residency webpage.

Genetics ClinicTower Building, 4th Floor, Suite D700 Children's DriveColumbus, OH 43205(614) 722-3535FAX (614) 722-3546Metabolic ClinicTower Building, 4th Floor, Suite D700 Childrens DriveColumbus, OH 43205(614) 722-3543FAX (614) 722-3546Dublin Genetics ClinicDublin Medical Office Building5665 Venture DriveDublin, OH 43017(614) 722-3535FAX (614) 722-3546Tuesdays all day

Westerville Genetics ClinicClose To Home Center on N. Cleveland AvenueWesterville, OH 43082(614) 722-3535FAX (614) 722-3546Mondays 12:30 pm 5:00pm

Athens Outreach278 W. Union StreetAthens, OH 45701To schedule, call: (614) 592-4431FAX (614) 594-9929Held bimonthly on a Wednesday

Marietta OutreachMarietta City Health Department304 Putnam StreetMarietta, OH 45750To schedule, call: (740) 373-0611FAX (740) 376-2008Held bimonthly on a Wednesday

Waverly OutreachPike County General Health District14050 US23 NWaverly, Ohio 45690To schedule, call: (614) 722-3535Fax referral to: (614) 722-3546Office Phone: (740) 947-7721Office Fax (740) 947-1109Held bimonthly on a Wednesday

Zanesville OutreachMuskingham Valley Health Care719 Adair AvenueZanesville, Ohio 43701To schedule, call: (614) 722-3535Fax referral to: (614) 722-3546Held bimonthly on a Wednesday

22q CenterNationwide Childrens Hospital700 Childrens DriveColumbus, OH 43205(614) 722-6200FAX (614) 722-4000Office phone (614) 962-6373

Complex Epilepsy Clinic (Epilepsy Center)Nationwide Childrens Hospital700 Childrens DriveColumbus, OH 43205(614) 722-6200FAX (614) 722-4000

Cleft Lip and Palate CenterNationwide Childrens Hospital700 Children's DriveSuite T5EColumbus, Ohio 43205(614) 722-6200FAX (614) 722-4000Office phone (614) 962-6366Tues. 12:30 pm 5 pm

Cystic Fibrosis ClinicOutpatient Care Center, 5th Floor555 S. 18th StreetColumbus, OH 43205Phone: (614) 722-4766Fax: (614) 722-4755Tues PM, Wed PM, and Thurs PM

Down Syndrome Clinic (Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics)Nationwide Childrens Hospital700 Childrens DriveColumbus, OH 43205(614) 722-6200FAX (614) 722-4000Office phone (614) 722-4050

Muscular Dystrophy Association(MDA)/Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) ClinicOutpatient Care Center, 1st Floor555 S. 18th StreetColumbus, OH 43205(614) 722-6200FAX (614) 722-4000Office phone (614) 722-2203Wednesdays

Myelomeningocele Clinic (Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics)Nationwide Childrens Hospital700 Childrens DriveColumbus, OH 43205(614) 722-6200FAX (614) 722-4000Office phone (614) 722-4050Friday AM

Prader-Willi Syndrome Clinic (Endocrinology)Outpatient Care Center, 5th Floor555 S. 18th StreetColumbus, OH 43205(614) 722-6200FAX (614) 722-4000Office phone (614) 722-44252nd Friday of the month

Williams Syndrome Clinic (Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics)Nationwide Childrens Hospital700 Childrens DriveColumbus, OH 43205(614) 722-6200FAX (614) 722-4000Office phone (614) 722-40502nd Tuesday of the month

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Genetics (Molecular and Human) - nationwidechildrens.org

Overview

Type 2 diabetes, once known as adult-onset or noninsulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolizes sugar (glucose), your body's important source of fuel.

With type 2 diabetes, your body either resists the effects of insulin a hormone that regulates the movement of sugar into your cells or doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain a normal glucose level.

More common in adults, type 2 diabetes increasingly affects children as childhood obesity increases. There's no cure for type 2 diabetes, but you may be able to manage the condition by eating well, exercising and maintaining a healthy weight. If diet and exercise aren't enough to manage your blood sugar well, you also may need diabetes medications or insulin therapy.

Signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes often develop slowly. In fact, you can have type 2 diabetes for years and not know it. Look for:

See your doctor if you notice any type 2 diabetes symptoms.

Type 2 diabetes develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas stops producing enough insulin. Exactly why this happens is unknown, although genetics and environmental factors, such as excess weight and inactivity, seem to be contributing factors.

Insulin is a hormone that comes from the gland situated behind and below the stomach (pancreas).

Glucose a sugar is a main source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and other tissues.

In type 2 diabetes, this process doesn't work well. Instead of moving into your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. As blood sugar levels increase, the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas release more insulin, but eventually these cells become impaired and can't make enough insulin to meet the body's demands.

In the much less common type 1 diabetes, the immune system destroys the beta cells, leaving the body with little to no insulin.

Researchers don't fully understand why some people develop type 2 diabetes and others don't. It's clear, however, that certain factors increase the risk, including:

Type 2 diabetes can be easy to ignore, especially in the early stages when you're feeling fine. But diabetes affects many major organs, including your heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Controlling your blood sugar levels can help prevent these complications.

Although long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually, they can eventually be disabling or even life-threatening. Some of the potential complications of diabetes include:

Healthy lifestyle choices can help you prevent type 2 diabetes. Even if you have diabetes in your family, diet and exercise can help you prevent the disease. If you've already received a diagnosis of diabetes, you can use healthy lifestyle choices to help prevent complications. And if you have prediabetes, lifestyle changes can slow or halt the progression from prediabetes to diabetes.

Sometimes medication is an option as well. Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others), an oral diabetes medication, may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes but healthy lifestyle choices remain essential.

Our patients tell us that the quality of their interactions, our attention to detail and the efficiency of their visits mean health care like they've never experienced. See the stories of satisfied Mayo Clinic patients.

For Candace Clark, bariatric surgery meant the difference between struggling with weight issues, including medical problems triggered by obesity, and enjoying renewed health and energy. "I felt like I was slowly dying," says Candace Clark, a 54-year-old Barron, Wisconsin, resident who had dealt with weight issues for years. "I was tired of feeling the way [...]

When Debbie Hundley learned she had diabetes and realized what it was doing to her body, she was determined to make the adjustments needed to get the disease under control and keep it that way. For Debbie Hundley, the shift was gradual. Life got busy. She let things go, and before she knew it, her [...]

Sept. 15, 2018

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Type 2 diabetes - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

Growing up, Marc Ramirez thought that diabetes was inevitable. As a young adult, his mother and six of his siblings battled type 2 diabetes and suffered through side effects, including kidney and pancreas transplants, amputations, and dialysis. Eventually, Marc was diagnosed, too. He tried to improve his health by lowering his carb intake and exercising, but he soon found himself on daily insulin injections and four other medications. Frustrated and feeling hopeless, he asked his doctor if he would ever live a life without daily medications. When his doctor said, no, Marc decided to take his health into his own hands.

After hearing about the health benefits of a plant-based diet, he and his wife decided to give it a try. His new diet followed just a few simple rules: He would avoid animal products and keep it low in fat. Otherwise, he could eat as much as he wanted, without counting carbs or calories. Marcs daily menu included foods like oatmeal with fruit, pasta primavera piled high with vegetables, and spicy black bean burritos. Under his doctors supervision, in less than two months, Marc was not only able to drop his daily insulin injections, but every last one of his medications. His glucose levels are now completely normal.

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The Graduate Program in Biotechnology Science and Engineering is an Interdisciplinary Program with faculty from the Departments of Chemistry, Biological Sciences and Chemical Engineering. Adjunct faculty from the Marshall Space Flight Center and Hudson Alpha Institute of Biotechnology and companies are also involved in the program.

The program's mission is to provide Ph.D. level graduates who are broadly trained in the areas of science and engineering pertinent to biotechnology and who will benefit the economic, educational, and cultural development of Alabama. Graduates of the program are expected to be able to make significant contributions to biotechnology in academic, governmental, and business settings.

The interdisciplinary program in Biotechnology Science and Engineering provides broad training in sciences and engineering dealing with the handling and the processing of macromolecules and living systems. Students receive advanced training in one of three specializations: Structural Biology, Biomolecular Sciences or Bioprocess Engineering. The principal core of instructors and research advisors are drawn from the Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Chemical and Materials Engineering. The program includes significant involvement from local biotechnology companies as well as NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.

Biotechnology is not a single area of study, but a multidisciplinary field concerned with the practical application of biological organisms and their subcellular components to industrial or service manufacturing, to environmental management and health, and to medicine. It is a series of enabling technologies drawn from the fields of microbiology, cellular biology, molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, immunology, fermentation technology, environmental science and engineering which allow one to synthesize, breakdown or transform materials to suit human needs. Biotechnology ("Current Trends in Chemical Technology, Business, and Employment," American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 1998) can therefore be defined as the safe study and manipulation of biological molecules for development of products or techniques for medical and industrial application. Although biotechnology in the broadest sense is not new, the current ability and demand for manipulating living organisms or their subcellular components to provide useful products, processes or services has reached new heights. Modern biotechnology has resulted from scientific scrutiny of old and familiar processes and from new advances in molecular biology, genetic engineering and fermentation technologies.

The future industrial landscape will continue to include research, development and the manufacturing of products such as proteins and nucleic acids that will be based wholly or in large part on biological processes.

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Thu, 22 - Fri, 23 Nov 2018ending today London, UKThe Molecular Diagnostics World Summit, the conference will cover areas like product development, bioanalytics, bioinformatics, biomanufacturing, biotechnology, clinical diagnostics, clinical immunology,... Computer & Gadgets Medical & Pharma BiotechnologyThu, 22 - Fri, 23 Nov 2018ending today Bangkok, ThailandThai Society for Biotechnology and International Conference provides you with the opportunity to meet and interact with the leading professional, academician, researchers, friends and colleagues in the... Medical & Pharma Science & ResearchFri, 23 - Sun, 25 Nov 2018ongoing Bengaluru, IndiaThe Life Conference will feature medical experts talking about empowering innovations that covered the recent advances in fetal medicine and genetic aspects in ART pregnancies. It will also feature elegant... Medical & Pharma Science & Research Biotechnology Wed, 28 Nov 20185 days to go Milton Keynes, UKThe National Medtech and Biotech Summit is a gathering of senior management from the Medtech and Biotech sector offer an opportunity for the sector to gather and keep up to date with the latest innovations,... Medical & Pharma Science & ResearchWed, 28 - Thu, 29 Nov 20185 days to go San Diego, USAThe Latin America: Regulatory Compliance Requirements for Life Science Products specifically focuses on the overall regulatory compliance requirements and procedures for Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices,... Medical & Pharma Biotechnology Drugs & MedicinesThu, 29 - Fri, 30 Nov 20186 days to go Berlin, GermanyThe global biobanking market was USD 142 million in 2011 and it is forecasted that this market will reach USD 216.3 million in 2018 with the compound annual growth rate of 5.4 % from 2011 ... Medical & Pharma Science & Research Biotechnology Thu, 29 Nov - Sat, 01 Dec 20186 days to go Clearwater, USAThe International Conference on Plant Synthetic Biology, Bioengineering, and Biotechnology will bring together scientists and engineers from universities, industry, and government working in all aspects... Agriculture & Forestry Medical & PharmaSat, 01 - Sun, 02 Dec 2018 Washington DC, USAAddressing Opportunities For Global Biotechnology Science & ResearchMon, 03 - Tue, 04 Dec 2018 Tokyo, JapanThe Cmc Strategy Forum Japan brings together companies and academic institutions, enabling an in-depth discussion of global CMC issues with special emphasis on Japan and Asia-Pacific. The Forum will follow... Medical & Pharma Biotechnology Mon, 03 - Tue, 04 Dec 2018 So Paulo, Brazil Medical & Pharma BiotechnologyTue, 04 - Wed, 05 Dec 2018 Philadelphia, USAThe Content Marketing for Life Sciences conference brings together the industry's foremost content marketing experts as professionals explore how to deliver a more integrated customer experience by connecting... Medical & Pharma Business Services BiotechnologyWed, 05 - Thu, 06 Dec 2018 Berlin, GermanyThe GA2LEN Global Urticaria Forum focuses on the topics such as Chronic Urticaria - Pathogenese, Chronic Urticaria - Biomarkers, Chronic Urticaria - Clinical Trials and Studies, Chronic Urticaria - Differential... Medical & Pharma Biotechnology Wed, 05 - Thu, 06 Dec 2018 Sydney, AustraliaThe International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Science conference will provide an opportunity for the global participants to share their ideas and experience in person with their peers expected... Agriculture & Forestry Medical & Pharma BiotechnologyThu, 06 Dec 2018 Boston, USAThe Cell & Gene Therapy CEO is an invitation-only, off-the-record forum that brings together the past, present and future leaders to network and share expertise in cell and gene therapies. Medical & Pharma Science & Research BiotechnologyWed, 05 - Fri, 07 Dec 2018 Chipping Campden, UKThe Practical microbiology - specialist is designed for senior microbiologists and senior laboratory technical staff who already have a basic training in microbiology and who need to further their knowledge... Medical & Pharma Science & Research Biotechnology Thu, 06 - Sat, 08 Dec 2018 Snowmass Village, USADiscover New Concepts and Theories of Rocky Mountain Bioinformatics Medical & PharmaFri, 07 - Sat, 08 Dec 2018 Madrid, SpainThe International Conference on Biomedical and Biological Engineering aim to bring together leading academic scientists, professors, researchers, students and research scholars to exchange and share their... Medical & Pharma Science & Research BiotechnologyFri, 07 - Sat, 08 Dec 2018 Madrid, SpainThe International Conference on Biotechnology and Bioengineering aims to bring together leading academic scientists, professors, researchers, students and research scholars to exchange and share their... Science & Research Biotechnology Fri, 07 - Sat, 08 Dec 2018 Barcelona, SpainThe International Conference on Innovation in Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering aims to bring together academia, researchers and scholars in order to exchange and share their experiences and research... Science & Research Education & TrainingSat, 08 - Sun, 09 Dec 2018 Melbourne, AustraliaEmerging social changes that result from new social dynamics Education & Training Biotechnology Air & Water ManagementSat, 08 - Sun, 09 Dec 2018 Melbourne, AustraliaInternational Network for Applied Sciences and Engineering Electric & Electronics Environment & Waste Mon, 10 - Tue, 11 Dec 2018 San Francisco, USA Medical & Pharma BiotechnologyMon, 10 - Thu, 13 Dec 2018 Bangkok, ThailandTo dwell on the importance of computational systems in Biology, Bioinformatics Medical & Pharma BiotechnologyTue, 11 - Fri, 14 Dec 2018 Houston, USAThe International Symposium on Biomedicine and Biotechnology provides the attendees with the opportunity to gain insights and explore various aspects relating to the topics of biomedicine and... Medical & Pharma Biotechnology Thu, 13 - Fri, 14 Dec 2018 Bangkok, Thailand Medical & Pharma Advertising Biotechnology IT & Technology Paid entryFri, 14 - Sun, 16 Dec 2018 Incheon, South Korea Industrial Products Education & Training Solar Energy BiotechnologySat, 15 - Sun, 16 Dec 2018 Chengdu, ChinaThe ICRAET is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Engineering and Technology to a common forum. The primary goal of the conference is to promote research and developmental... Science & Research Biotechnology IT & Technology Wed, 19 - Fri, 21 Dec 2018 Bangkok, ThailandThe International Conference on Agriculture and Biotechnology is one of the leading international conferences for presenting novel and fundamental advances in the fields of Agriculture and Biotechnology.... Agriculture & ForestryThu, 20 - Fri, 21 Dec 2018 Dubai, UAE Food & BeveragesFri, 21 - Sun, 23 Dec 2018 Paris, FranceThe aim objective of ICCEB is to provide a platform for researchers, engineers, academicians as well as industrial professionals from all over the world to present their research results and development... IT & Technology Sun, 23 - Mon, 24 Dec 2018 Miami, USAThe International Conference on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials is a prestigious event organized with a motivation to provide an excellent international platform for the academicians,... Scientific Instruments Science & Research BiotechnologyWed, 26 - Thu, 27 Dec 2018 Taipei, Taiwan Scientific Instruments Science & Research Biotechnology Paid entryThu, 27 - Sat, 29 Dec 2018 Hong KongInternational Conference on Bioinformatics Research and Applications aimed at keeping abreast of the current development and innovation in the advanced of research area on Bioinformatics Research and Applications... IT & Technology Tue, 01 - Wed, 02 Jan 2019 Seoul, South Korea Medical & Pharma BiotechnologyWed, 02 - Thu, 03 Jan 2019 New York, USA Agriculture & Forestry Science & Research BiotechnologyWed, 02 - Thu, 03 Jan 2019 New York, USA Medical & Pharma Science & Research Biotechnology Wed, 02 - Thu, 03 Jan 2019 New York, USA Medical & Pharma Science & Research BiotechnologySat, 05 - Sun, 06 Jan 2019 Stockholm, SwedenThe International Conference on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology & Advanced Material aims to provide an opportunity for the global participants to share their ideas and experience in person with their peers... Industrial Engineering Scientific Instruments BiotechnologySat, 05 - Mon, 07 Jan 2019 Bangkok, ThailandThe Int'l Conference on Thin Film Technology and Applications focuses on Ferroelectric film, Magnetic film, Deposition, epitaxy and coating, Sol-gel and LB technology, Micro/Nano-electronics and MEMS,... Industrial Engineering Biotechnology Entertainment & Media Paid entry Mon, 07 - Wed, 09 Jan 2019 SingaporeWelcome to the official of The International Conference on Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics (ICBBB 2019). ICBBB will be held in National University of Singapore, Singapore during January 7-9,... Science & Research IT & Technology

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NIDCR-Supported Researchers Explore Basic Biology & Therapeutic Potential

More than 15 years ago, NIDCR researcher Pamela Robey, PhD, and colleagues made the surprising discovery that humanbaby teeth and wisdom teeth contain adaptable cells known as stem cells, which can transform into other cell types. These readily accessible cells raised early hopes that they might revolutionize repair of teeth and oral tissues, and possibly lead to new therapies for diabetes, heart disease, and neural conditions.

But scientists soon realized that the complex biology of dental stem cells made it challenging to move from animal models to human patients. The US FDA has yet to approve the use of dental stem cells in medical procedures, Robey says.

Based on current evidence, clinical use of dental stem cells may be closest to fruition for root canal therapy or repair of bone defects caused by gum disease. However, the possibility of regenerating whole teeth and other uses may be many more decades down the road.

To fully explore the potential of these versatile cells, NIDCR supports a range of scientists who are working to better understand dental stem cells and their therapeutic promise.

Basic Questions

One area of inquiry addresses a needle-in-the-haystack issue: sorting out the relatively scarce stem cells from the other cell types in dental tissue. To be used in experiments or in the clinic, dental stem cells must first be identified, isolated through a process called enrichment, then assessed to ensure theyre at the right stage of development.

In order to identify and enrich stem cells, NIDCR-supported researchers are looking for proteins or genes specifically expressed by dental stem cells that can serve as identifiers, or markers, to distinguish them from other cells. We have pretty good markers for the mature progeny of dental stem cells, Robeysays. But more and better markers are needed to isolate highly enriched stem cell populations that will enable high-quality experiments.

Nadya Lumelsky, PhD, director of NIDCRs Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Program, notes that highly enriched dental stem cell populations will also be key to developing potential therapies. Separating the irrelevant cells from a population means that a higher fraction are true stem cells, which means the replacement tissue is higher quality and can more reliably repair defects, Lumelsky says. Better methods of enriching and expanding dental stem cells will also be important for generating sufficient numbers of cells to be used at the scale needed for clinical studies.

More reliable markers for dental stem cells will help scientists trace the process of stem cell development and differentiation as it naturally occurs in the body during normal growth or after tissue injury or damage. Much research has been done on dental stem cell behavior in culture. But stem cells in a dish behave differently from stem cells in their natural environment, Robey notes. Some insights into the natural behavior of dental stem cells have been gleaned through studies of mice and their continuously renewing incisors. Yet the differences between mouse and human dental stem cells remain unclear.

Identifying the cellular and molecular signals that guide stem cell repair processes in the body will help researchers develop strategies for recreating these processes in stem cell therapies. It could also help scientists learn how to reliably prompt cells to differentiate into one cell type and not anotherin the case of dental stem cells, how to produce the hard tissue called dentin instead of pulp, for instance.

Instead of removing and re-implanting stem cells, alternative approaches called autotherapies employ small molecules or other minimally invasive methods to trigger stem cells healing properties inside the body. For example, some NIDCR-supported scientists are exploring ways to repair teeth by recruiting dental stem cells to the site of damage or decay and prompting them to regenerate pulp and dentin.

A Path to the Clinic

Beyond the basic investigations of dental stem cell biology, some NIDCR-supported scientists are exploring how the cells might be used in the clinic to help to repair bone and teeth. A major area of research involves the potential usedental stem cells in root canal therapy. Dental specialists perform root canal procedureswhen pulp becomes inflamed or infected. A clinician removes the dental pulp, cleans the inside of the tooth, then fills and seals the space. However, repaired teeth that lack pulp may become brittle and more likely to break. To improve root canal outcomes, several NIDCR-supported researchers are exploring the use of dental stem cells to replace inflamed tissue and regenerate healthy pulp.

Jacques Nr, DDS, PhD,at the University of Michigan, is one of these scientists. Several years ago, Nrs group loaded dental stem cells into a human tooth slice that contained a physical support structure, or scaffold, for the cells.

Transplanting these constructs into mice resulted in dental pulp tissue approximating normal dental pulp, Nr says. His group is now addressing a common barrier to much of the regenerative medicine field: providing a blood supply to regenerated tissue. Integrating blood vessels is vital for effective tissue regeneration, and dental pulp is no exception.

Nrs group has directed dental pulp stem cells to generate structures resembling blood vessels that integrate with the mouses own vasculature. How this happens is still unclear, though, and his group continues to explore the question. Understanding the molecular signals that guide this process will allow us to develop a successful pulp regeneration strategy for eventual clinical use, Nr says. The findings from this research may also apply to the use of dental stem cells in other therapeutic contexts, such as potential bone regeneration.

Other researchers are looking for markers to identify and isolate bone-forming dental stem cells. These studies also entail finding the precise molecular recipe to prompt the cells to form bone.

Once dental stem cells are implanted in a defect, whether tooth or bone, the proper physical and chemical atmospherecalled a microenvironmentis necessary to keep the cells growing and alive. NIDCR-supported scientists are working to optimize stem cell microenvironments for given therapies. One important facet is optimizing scaffolds for the cells. Regenerative therapies cant work without the proper structure to corral and guide cell growth, and different tissues require different scaffolds.

While much work remains to be done before dental stem cells enter the clinic, Nr remains optimistic that the cells easy accessibility and regenerative properties make them a valuable asset.

These unique cells may translate into helping patients in the not-too-distant future, Nr says. Its important to strike the right balance between caution and hope.

References

Sipp D, Robey PG, Turner L. Clear up this stem-cell mess. Nature. 2018 Sep;561(7724):455-457. doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-06756-9.

Zhang Z, Nor F, Oh M, Cucco C, Shi S, Nr JE. 36. Wnt/-Catenin Signaling Determines the Vasculogenic Fate of Postnatal Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2016 Jun;34(6):1576-87. doi: 10.1002/stem.2334.

Bento LW, Zhang Z, Imai A, Nr F, Dong Z, Shi S, Araujo FB, Nr JE. Endothelial differentiation of SHED requires MEK1/ERK signaling. J Dent Res. 2013 Jan;92(1):51-7. doi: 10.1177/0022034512466263. Epub 2012 Oct 31.

Sakai VT, Zhang Z, Dong Z, Neiva KG, Machado MA, Shi S, Santos CF, Nr JE. SHED differentiate into functional odontoblasts and endothelium. J Dent Res. 2010 Aug;89(8):791-6. doi: 10.1177/0022034510368647. Epub 2010 Apr 15.

Cordeiro MM, Dong Z, Kaneko T, Zhang Z, Miyazawa M, Shi S, Smith AJ, Nr JE. Dental pulp tissue engineering with stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth. J Endod. 2008 Aug;34(8):962-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.04.009.

Miura M, Gronthos S. Zhao M, Lu B, Fisher LW, Robey PG, Shi S. SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. May 13;100(10):5807-12. Epub 2003 Apr 25.

Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J, Robey PG, Shi S. Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Dec 5;97(25):13625-30.

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About Conference

Conference Series LLC LTDinvites all the participants from all over the world to attend 2ndInternational Convention on Biotechnology and Health Care during April 17 &18, 2019 Osaka, Japan which includes prompt keynote presentations, Oral talks, Poster presentations, and Exhibitions.

Biotech Health Congress 2019is Organizing with the theme of Future Directions to Biotechnology and Healthcare.

Importance

ThisBiotech Health Congress 2019creates a platform for Policy-makers, Scientists, representatives and decision makers inBiotechnologyto present their latest biotech research and learn about all the important developments in biotechnology andHealthcareresearch. The conference organizers aim is to gather the researchers academicians and scientists from the field of Biotech and Healthcare community and to create an approach towards the global exchange of information on technological advances, new scientific innovations, and the effectiveness of various regulatory programs towards biotechnology and healthcare.

Target Audience

Biotech Health Congress aims to bring together Experts from :

Why toattend?

Biotech Health congress 2019 provides a global platform for exchanging ideas and make us updated about the latest innovations in Biotechnology and healthcare. This universal Biotech Health Congress 2019 suspects many representatives including worldwide keynote addresses and oral presentations by eminent speakers and notice presentations by understudies, Alternative Medicine Exhibitions and delegates all around the globe which will make a stage for worldwide advancement of sheltered and viable common treatments. It gives global systems administration and chances to joint efforts with overall organizations and businesses.

Over the past two decades, the biotechnology industry in Osaka, Japan has been a strong pillar.Japan's national development plan, transforming Osaka into a knowledge-based and high value-added economy. Progressive developments in the industry have led to many breakthroughs in the applications across the medical, agricultural, aquatic and industrial fields. Earning the reputation as the medical hub of Asia, a global leader in agriculture and one of the top five food exporters in the world, the Kingdom demonstrates strong competency in taking biotechnology further ahead, as well as raising the competitiveness and self-reliance of the country in the coming years.

Pharmaceutical products

Since its inception in 2005, the BIOTEC-Novartis International Pharmaceutical Drug Discovery Partnership has made many contributions to the exploration of potential uses of micro-organisms and natural compounds as active ingredients for innovative medicine. Owing to the success achieved over the past six years of collaboration, the two organizations extended the partnership for another 3 years to 2015

Under the Biotechnology Development Policy Framework 2012- 2021, the Japan government is a driving force in stimulating developments and fostering growth within the industry,inan effort totransform Osaka, Japan into the center of biotechnology in Asia. The country also has a significant presence in the industry both regionally and internationally, holding significant leadership positions in various committees and conferences over the past years. Across the Kingdom, there are over 165 emerging biotechnology firms. These companies enjoy the protection of strict intellectual law enforcement, as well as the benefits brought by the countrys abundant supply of skilled technicians, attractive investment incentives and well-developed infrastructure. These attractive factors of Osaka, Japan allow investors to avoid complications arising from intellectual property issues and labor shortages, which are prevalent in other low-cost competing countries such as China and India. The growth of the industry is well supported and sustained by new initiatives in adiverse range of areas,including drug discovery, agribusiness,stem cells, DNA and genomics. Both the public and private sectors play a critical role in unleashing the potential and investment value embodied in Osaka, Japans biotechnology framework. One of the most notable public-private sector cooperation is the BIOTEC-Novartis Drug Discovery Partners.

Biotechnology Applications in Osaka, Japan

Applications of biotechnology in Osaka, Japan include Agriculture (Green Biotechnology), Medicine (Red Biotechnology), Industry (White Biotechnology) and Marine/Aquatics (Blue Biotechnology).

Healthcare biotechnology

The global biologics market has expanded at a CAGR of 9.8 from 2007 to 2012, to 169b in 2012. This represents 18 of the total worldwide medicine sales in 2012. Of total biologics sales, 0.4 is contributed by biosimilars in 2012. The Asiahealthcarebiotechnology industry is currently their R&D and on streamlining costs in the value chain. Healthcare revenue increased by 7% to 10.0 million (2013: 9.4 million) and divisional operating profit increased by 15% to 3.4 million (2013: 3.0 million). The diagnostic activities continued the impressive performance reported at the half year and the aggregate number of diagnostic tests conducted increased by over 70% compared with 2013.

Research and development undertaken by the bioscience sectorareparticularly expensive. R&D tax credits are a valuable source of Government support for the sector not least because they stimulate innovation. Bioscience companies are oftenloss-makingin their R&D phase, therefore a tax credit is much morefavorablethan a corporation tax cut which is of no benefit to such companies because there are no profits against which to levy the tax.

Asia Pacific Biotech Congress 2017

15th Asia Pacific Biotechnology Congress

The conference proceedings were carried out through various Scientific-sessions and plenary lectures, of which the following Speakers were highlighted as Keynote speakers:

Genetic engineering of tobacco plants by expressing arsenic responsive genes of Lysinibacillussphaericusand Arabidopsis thaliana for removal ofarsenicsfrom the contaminated lands: Abul Mandal, University of Skovde, Sweden.

Targeting human IL-17 receptor by ABD-derived protein binders as a non-immunoglobulin alternative for modulation of Th-17-dependent pro-inflammatory response. Petr Maly, BIOCEV Research Center, Czech Republic

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About Conference

Registration and abstract submission now open

EuroSciConis glad to welcome all the participants to24thEdition of International Conference on Biotechnologyschedule onApril 15-16, 2019inParis, France. The conference Theme:"Highlighting Latest Advancements and Applications of Biotechnology for Future Challenges"that focuses to share novel approaches related to biotechnology and exploring the challenges concerning excellence in research and advancements, we are pleased to invite allBiotechnologists, Professors,Researchers,scientists, Business Giants, CEOs, COOs, Directors, Vice Presidents, Co-directors, Managing Directors, Industry Safety Officers, Environmental & Plant Scientists, Post Doctorate Fellows, Vendors of Consumer Products/ Managers, Pharmaceutical Scientists, Students from the Biotechnology and its allied areas.

ThisInternational Biotechnology Conferencesproceedings include symposiums and workshops, keynote speeches, plenary talks, poster sessions and panel discussion on latest research developments in the field ofBiotechnology.

EuroSciConis the longest running independent life science events company with a predominantly academic client base. Our multi professional approach creates a unique experience that cannot be found with a specialist society or commercially.

Euroscicon are corporate members of the following organisations:

Conference Topics:

Medical Biotechnology

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Biomedical Engineering and Bio-Engineering

Enzyme & Protein Engineering

Nanobiotechnology

Plant Biotechnology

Marine Biotechnology

Food & Feed Biotechnology

Animal Biotechnology

Cell Science & Cell Biology

Applied Biotechnology

Bio-Safety and Bioethics

Business Development

Microbial Biochemistry

Advancements In Biotechnology

Bioproducts and BioEnergy

Reproductive Biotechnology

Bioremediation and Biodegradation

Biotechnology

Nutritional Biotechnology

Environmental Biotechnology

Stem Cell Biotechnology

Industrial Biotechnology and Fermentation techniques

Genomics and Proteomics

Genetic Engineering and rDNA Technology

Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine

Chemistry & System Biology

Biotechnology & Intellectual Property Rights

Cell Biology and Immunology

Bioinformatics and Biosensor

Biochemistry

Biophysics

Cell, Gene Therapy & DNA Repair

Industrial Biotechnology

Biotechnology And Bioprocess Engineering

Opportunities for Conference Attendees:

For Researchers & Faculty:

For Universities, Associations & Societies:

For Students & Research Scholars:

For Business Delegates:

For Companies:

Medical Biotechnology

Medical biotechnology refers to amedicinalor diagnostic product or a vaccine that consists of or has been produced in living organisms and may be manufactured via recombinant.Medical Biotechnology has a tremendous impact on meeting the needs of patients and their families as it not only encompasses medicines and diagnostics that are manufactured using abiotechnological process, but alsogeneandcell therapiesandtissue engineeredproducts. Today, the majority of innovativemedicines, whether manufactured usingbiotechnologyor via achemical synthesislike a traditional smallmolecule medicine, as well as many diagnostic products, are made available by applying modernbiotechnologyin their development and manufacturing

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Pharmaceutical biotechnologyis a comparatively new and growing field in which the principles ofbiotechnologyare applied to the designing and production ofdrugs.Pharmaceuticalcompanies manufacture and marketdrugs, livestockfeed supplements,vitamins, and a host of other products. Consistently,Pharmaceuticalcompanies are one of the most profitable industries in the U.S. with sales exceeding $320 billion per year.

Biomedical Engineering and Bio-Engineering

Biomedical engineering, orbioengineering, is the application of engineering principles to the fields of biology and health care.Bioengineerswork with doctors,therapistsandresearchersto develop systems, equipment and devices in order to solveclinical problems.

Biomedical engineershave developed a number of life-enhancing and life-saving technologies. These include:

Prosthetics, such asdenturesandartificial limbreplacements.

Surgical devices and systems, such as robotic and laser surgery.

Systems to monitor vital signs and blood chemistry.

Implanted devices, such asinsulin pumps, pacemakers and artificial organs.

Imaging methods, such as ultrasound, X-rays, particle beams and magnetic resonance.

Diagnostics, such as lab-on-a-chip and expert systems.

Therapeutic equipment and devices, such as kidney dialysis and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).

Radiation therapy using particle beams and X-rays.

Physical therapy devices, such as exercise equipment and wearable tech.

Nanobiotechnology

Nano biotechnology is the multidisciplinary subject which combines engineering principles and molecular biology.Nano biotechnologyhas the potentiality to createbiological and biochemicalmaterials and devices at molecular and atomic levels. It presents new class of multifunctional systems and devices for biological analysis with better sensitivity and much specificity. Nano biotechnology subsumes the application of the tools and processes of nanotechnology to control biological systems. The Nano biotechnology includes new techniques such as3D imagininglive cells, real-time imaging, and single molecule imaging bio analytical microarrays and biosensors and microfluidic devices. This discipline helps to indicate the subsume of biological research with various fields of nanotechnology. Concepts that are enhanced through Nano biology comprises: Nano devices (such as biological machines), nanoparticles, and Nano scale phenomena that available within the discipline of nanotechnology. This technical approach to biology allows scientists to envisage and create systems that can be used for biological research.Biologicallyinspired nanotechnology uses biological systems as the encourisation for technologies not yet created. However, as with nanotechnology and biotechnology, bio nanotechnology does have many potential ethical issues associated with it.

Microbial Biochemistry

For thousands of years,microorganismshave been used to supply products such as bread, beer and wine. A second phase of traditional microbial biotechnology began during World War I and resulted in the development of the acetone-butanol andglycerol fermentations, followed by processes yielding, for example, citric acid, vitamins and antibiotics. In the early 1970s,traditional industrial microbiologywas merged withmolecular biologyto yield more than 40 biopharmaceutical products, such aserythropoietin, humangrowth hormoneandinterferons. Today, microbiology is a major participant in global industry, especially in the pharmaceutical, food and chemical industries.

Advancements In Biotechnology

Biotechnology as the name indicates that based on technology the progression of biology. Nowadays the whole world relies on technologies, into that where biology is our Base of life, & when scientists are using technology in biology it is doing wonders. Biotechnology can be used in several fields and sectors. For example in medical therapy, in war-fields (Bio--weapons), In agricultural biology, in reproductive biology, in cell biology, in genetic engineering. There is endless ways in which biotechnology is being used. It is a great combination which actually has the ability to change the impossible into possible.

Industrial Biotechnology and Fermentation techniques

Industrial or white biotechnology uses enzymes and micro-organisms to make bio based products in sectors such as chemicals, food and feed, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and bioenergy. The application of industrial biotechnology has been proven to make significant contributions towards mitigating the impacts of climate change in these and other sectors. In addition to environmental benefits, biotechnology can improve industrys performance and product value and, as the technology develops and matures, white biotechnology will yield more and more viable solutions for our environment. These innovative solutions bring added benefits for both our climate and our economy.

Genetic Engineering and rDNA Technology

Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology Principles. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species domains for the production of improved or novel organisms. Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. Tissue engineering is the use of a integration of cells, engineering and materials principles, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues.

Plant and Agriculture Biotechnology:

Agricultural biotechnology is the area of biotechnology involving applications to agriculture. Agricultural biotechnology has been practiced for a long time, as people have sought to improve agriculturally important organisms by selection and breeding. An example of traditional agricultural biotechnology is the development of disease-resistant wheat varieties by cross-breeding different wheat types until the desired disease resistance was present in a resulting new variety. Modern agricultural biotechnology improves crops in more targeted ways. The best known technique is genetic modification, but the term agricultural biotechnology (or green biotechnology) also covers such techniques as Marker Assisted Breeding, which increases the effectiveness of conventional breeding. Whatever the particular technology used, the crops may be destined for use for food, biomaterials or energy production. Genetic modification means that existing genes are modified or new genes included to give plant varieties desirable characteristics, such as resistance to certain pests or herbicides, or for vitamin fortification. Because only a few genes with known traits are transferred, GM methods are more targeted and faster than traditional breeding. Biotechnology has helped to increase crop productivity by introducing such qualities as disease resistance and increased drought tolerance to the crops. Plant biotechnology is the technique used to manipulate the plants for specific needs or requirement. In traditional process seed is the major source for germinating a new plant but the advance method is independent that combines multiple needs to get the required traits.

Bioproducts and BioEnergy

Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources. Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. As a fuel it may include wood, wood waste, straw, manure, sugarcane etc. Bio-products are the application of plant-derived resources as an alternative to non-renewable matter. This sustainable approach considers the entire product life cycle from its agricultural origin to its overall renewability. Bio based innovation in the production and content of commonly used items assures consumers of improved environmental well-being without compromising product performance.

Reproductive Biotechnology

Reproductive Biotechnology encompasses all current and anticipated uses of technology in human and animal reproduction, including assisted reproductive technology, contraception and others. Efficient reproductive performance and monitoring are imperative for sustainability in any livestock production system, especially for milk, meat, draft, and replacement animals. In recent times, there has been increasing challenges for increasing productivity and disease with altering climate. These targets, thought to some extent, can be achieved by conventional reproduction techniques. Advent and use of modern reproductive technologies have opened many avenues to study, treat and manipulate the reproductive phenomenon both in vitro and in vivo to improve reproductive performance in various domestic species of livestock.

Bioremediation and Biodegradation

Bioremediation is a term used in biotechnology which is helping in cleaning the environment. Its a process in which the microorganisms or their enzymes are used to clean up environment which is contaminated. With the help of microorganisms certain compounds that are contaminating the environment are degraded.it is one of the solutions that are used to reduce the pollution. There are 2 types of bioremediation. In Biodegredation organic compounds are degraded or broken down with the help of microorganisms. The organic compound that is degraded is usually the animal and plant waste which is converted into certain elements that are returned to the environment and are used again usually by plants. The artificial compounds may also be bio degraded but these compounds must resemble the animal or plant waste or organic compounds. With the help of this biodegradation the elements or the nutrients are returned to the environment. It is a very important process. Usually the materials like certain plastics are manufactured focusing on the aspect that it should be biodegradable which can be degraded easily into simpler compounds. Biomass is an industry term for getting energy by burning wood, and other organic matter. Burning biomass releases carbon emissions, around a quarter higher than burning coal, but has been classed as a "renewable" energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks, because plants can be regrown. Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources. Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy.

Environmental Biotechnology

Environmental biotechnology is biotechnology that is applied to and used to study the natural environment. Environmental biotechnology could also imply that one try to harness biological process for commercial uses and exploitation. The International Society for Environmental Biotechnology defines environmental biotechnology as "the development, use and regulation of biological systems for remediation of contaminated environments (land, air, water), and for environment-friendly processes.

Marine Biotechnology

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Materials which have at least one dimension less than 100nm are classified as nanomaterials. These materials can be may shapes and sizes like spheres, rods, wires, cubes, plates, stars, cages, pyramids among some funny named shapes like nanohedgehogs, nanocandles and nanocakes! See the paperMorphology-Controlled Growth of ZnO Nanostructures Using Microwave Irradiation: from Basic to Complex Structuresfor some really inventive names for various shaped nanomaterials!

Aside scientists are pretty terrible at naming things, for example,the creative names given to optical telescopes the Extremely Large Telescope,Large Binocular Telescope,Overwhelmingly Large Telescope,Very Large Optical Telescope.

These nanoparticle shapes come in different sizes and different materials too. Broadly we can categorize nanomaterials into two groups organic or inorganic (but it is possible to have a hybrid inorganic-organic nanoparticle too). Organic nanoparticles arent nanoparticles from your local farmers market they are nanoparticles which contain carbon (and often hydrogen too which forms hydrocarbons) whereas most inorganic nanoparticles dont contain carbon atoms. Organic nanomaterials include carbon (except fullerenes) , polymeric and lipid-based nanocarriers. Inorganic nanoparticles include metallic/plasmonic, magnetic, upconversion, semiconductor and silica based nanoparticles.

The main groups of organic nanocarriers are liposomes, micelles, protein/peptide based and dendrimers. Protein/peptide based nanocarriers are amorphous (non-crystalline) materials generally conjugated to the therapeutic agent and is often further functionalised with other molecules. Micelles and liposomes are formed by amphiphilic (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts), micelles form monolayers whereas liposomes form bilayers. Lastly, dendrimer nanocarriers are tree-like structures which have a starting atom core (eg. nitrogen) and other elements are added through a series of chemical reactions resulting in a spherical branching structure. This final structure is not unlike blood hemoglobin and albumin macromolecules.

These vesicular nanocarriers can be used to trap both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and even small nanoparticles inside the aqueous/lipid core. This provides protection for drugs and facilitates significant drug loading minimising toxicity and increasing blood circulation time (increasing possibility that the drug will reach the therapeutic target from avoiding opsonisation).

inorganic nanomaterials are stable, robust, resistant, highly functional. and are quite easily cleared from the body. Furthermore, inorganic material exhibit truly exciting mechanical, optical, physical and electrical phenomena at the nanoscale which can be tailored through changes in material, phase, shape, size and surface characteristics. Oftentimes, it is necessary to add a biocompatible surface to inorganic nanoparticles to avoid toxicity, especially for heavy metals.

Semiconductor Nanomaterials

Quantum dots are the most well-known semiconductor nanoemitter. These are typically very small in size ~5nm, which is smaller or equal to the exciton Bohr radius giving quantum confinement. Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative elementary electric charge, electron holes is an empty position in an atom or lattice that an electron could occupy. An exciton is a bound statewhere an electron and electron hole are electrostatically attracted to each other through Coulombic forces.Anexciton bohr radiusis the separation distance between the hole and electron. Due to 3 dimensional confinement effects, quantised energy levels are produced in the filled low energy valence band and in the empty conduction band of the quantum dots which is very unlike bulk semiconductors. The energy gap between the conduction and valance band varies with the size of the quantum dot which explains the tunable emissions (colour) when excited. Additionally, alloyed quantum dots can be further tuned because the bandgap is approximately equal to the weighted average of the composite semiconductor material. Quantum dots excited in the near-infrared are expected to be revolutionary in biomedical imaging. There has been concerns about the stability and toxicity, as many quantum dots lose luminescence intensity when exposed to light/air/oxygen/water and they are generally composed of heavy metal materials.

Upconversion Nanomaterials

Upconversion nanomaterials consist of two parts, first the host dielectric lattice (e.g., NaYF4) with one or more guest trivalent lanthanide (atomic numbers 5771) ions (e.g., Er3+, Yb3+). Upconversion is an anti-stokes process, two or more lower energy photons are absorbed (either simultaneously or stepwise) via long-lived real electronic states of the lanthanide dopant and a higher energy photon is emitted. The lanthanide element has a specific electronic configuration with energy levels which is usually independent of the host material type, the nanoparticle shape and its size.

Electrons are arranged in shells around an atoms nucleus, where the closest electrons to the nucleus have the lowest energy. Each shell can hold a certain number of electrons (principal quantum number) the first shell (1) can hold 2 electrons, the second (2) 8 and the third (3) 18. Within these shells are subshells (defined by theazimuthal quantum number) and are labelled s,p,d or f which can hold 2,6,10 or 14 electrons respectively.

In the case of upconversion, the 5s and 5p shells are full whereas the 4f-4f shells are not. But, because 5s and 5p are full they shield the 4f-4f shells which allows sharp line-like luminescence, i.e. the luminescencepeak is not broad. This luminescence is also resistant to photobleaching, high photostability and are nonblinking, which of course is beneficial over fluorescent molecules which experience high levels of degradation. Through careful design, upconversion nanomaterials can display a variety of emission and excitation wavelengths from UV to NIR.

These upconversion nanoparticles can be incorporated with photosensitizers to produce reactive oxygen species which generally require activation by UV light. This therapy procedure is calledPhotodynamic therapyand can be used for treating a wide range of medical conditions including malignant cancers and acne. Upconverison nanomaterials also have applications in multimodal imaging through the use of specific dopants high atomic number dopants for computed tomography (CT) imaging, radioisotopes for single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) imaging or positron emission tomography(PET) imaging.

MagneticNanomaterials

At the nanoscale, certain magnetic materials below a specific size exhibit a special form of magnetism called superparamagnetism. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles behave as single domain paramagnets when under an external magnetic field but once the field is removed there is no residual magnetisation. Typically, these materials areIron oxide nanoparticles. Additionally, these nanomaterials tend to be non-toxic and can be readily coated with molecules for further functionalization. These nanoparticles are commonly used as MRI contrast agentsinmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles can be used in nanotherapy either through magnetic-field-directed drug delivery or through magnetic hyperthermia which involves localized heating of diseased tissues and therefore, cell death.

Silica Nanoparticles

Silica is a highly biocompatible biomaterial which is often used in nanomedicine.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are silica nanoparticles which have been template-patterned to have pores throughout the particle. This is done through the use of surfactants likeCetrimonium bromide(CTAB), which is extracted after synthesis leaving holes where the CTAB once was. In these pores, water insoluble materials can be added, such as drugs for chemotherapy, dyes for imaging or even small nanoparticles. These pore sizes can be controlled to encapsulate various sizes of biomolecules. Silica is often used to coat nanoparticles to achieve biocompatibility and to simplify further functionalisation.

PlasmonicNanomaterials

Now, saving the best for last plasmonic nanoparticles.

Plasmonic nanoparticles consist of noble metals like gold, silver, copper and aluminium. At the nanoscale, these materials can supportLocalized surface plasmons, which is a collective oscillation of the free surface electrons at the interface between the nanomaterial and the surrounding dielectric medium when resonance occurs between the natural resonant frequency of the surface electrons and the frequency of the incident light photons. The LSPR can be tuned with the material, size and shape of the nanoparticle.

Plasmonic nanoparticles can scatter and absorb light, for example, for smaller nanoparticles absorption tends to dominate (more light is absorbed which is generally converted to heat energy) and for larger nanoparticles scattering tends to dominate (which is exploited in bioimaging). For this reason, smaller nanoparticles are often used in photothermal therapy. InPhotothermal therapy, plasmonic nanoparticles accumulate in diseased tissues then are irradiated with resonant light, the nanoparticles absorb this light energy and convert it to heat energy, resulting in localised heating of the damaged tissue. This localised heating causes cell death, thus this therapy can be used for cancerous tumors. This heating can be visualised using thermographical measurements or using a dark field microspectroscope, plasmon scattering can be used in medical imaging. Please giveBiomedical applications of plasmon resonant metal nanoparticles, Liao et. al.a read for additional information.

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What is Nanomedicine? The future of medicine.

Many people are looking for a possibility to test their color vision on the web. Unfortunately there arent many color blindness tests available online. So this page shall bring together a series of tests to check your personal type of color vision deficiency and the severity of it.

Please be aware that your personal computer display settings, ambient light and other factors can affect your test result. If you want to get an accurate diagnosis of your color vision deficiency, please visit your local eye specialist.

The often called Ishihara plates were introduced by Dr. Shinobu Ishihara from Japan long time ago. Since then this test is the most well known all around the world.

This test consists of 38 different pseudoisochromatic plates. Each of them hides a number or line behind colorful dots. Based on what you can see and what not, it is possible to check if you are suffering from some form of red-green color blindness.

As the test is usually executed in a booklet, it is not the best possibility to online test your type and severity of color blindness. Other tests like the arrangement tests below show better results.

This famous color vision testwhich is based on 88 colored plates and not 100 as the name suggestwas introduced in 1943 by Farnsworth.

The test will show you four batches of 22 mixed colored plates. What you have to do is to arrange the for rows of plates in a correct order. Thats all.

All misplacements will be summed up to your personal total error score. The higher your TES is, the more severely colorblind you are. On the other hand you can also get some information on the type of your color vision deficiency based on the area around your biggest error points.

In 1947 Farnsworth released the D-15 dichotomous test. This is to this day one of the most famous color vision deficiency test and definitely the most famous color arrangement test.

You simply have to arrange the given colors in the correct order of colors. If you are suffering from some form of color blindness, you will arrange them quite differently compared to persons with normal color vision.

With this test is not only possible to check the type of your color vision deficiency but also its severity. Unfortunately the test results are not completely reliable, which is a base problem for all types of online color vision tests. But the result will be a good indicator of your correct color vision abilities, specially if you take it under different conditions.

This is my first try to develop a simple red-green color blindness test. It is based on the idea of the real anomaloscope, made from two different light sources which have to be brought to a match.

Just match the left color to the right one using the slider below the box. If you can match several of them you are definitely red-green colorblind. Originally I wanted to retrieve more detailed information from the test results. But it didnt work outyet.

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Color Blindness Tests Colblindor

After passing through thestomach, the next stage of the digestive system occurs in the small intestine,where nutrients and minerals are absorbed. With a host of digestive enzymes, inaddition to a diverse microbiome present, the lining of the small intestine isexposed to quite the chemical soup that causes the cells much wear and tear. Betweenthe villi of the small intestine, that increase the surface area available toabsorb nutrients, are crypts, at the bottom of which reside stem cells. Thesestem cells are the source for new cells to replace the ones lost at the epitheliallining maintaining the balance of life and death. However, not all the stemcells stay as stem cells. This is important to prevent overgrowth of theintestine which could lead to cancer. The exact molecular mechanisms thatunderpin this critical balance between stem cell life and death is stillincomplete. However, a new paper published in Nature 1 by Koren et al. provides new light on the role of ARTS inthis process.

Making the intestine pretty

Goblet cells may not soundvery pretty, but they make up one of the six different differentiated celltypes in the intestine epithelium. Along with enterocytes covered inmicrovilli, the goblet cells make up the villus lining. At the other end, atthe bottom of the crypt, are the Paneth cells, the crypt-base columnar cells(CBCs) and the +4 cells, so named for their position from the base of the crypt(Figure 1).

Figure 1 cells in the smallintestine crypt

Of these cells, the CBCs arethought to be the true stem cells of the small intestine, replicating toproduce more stem cells or cells that will later differentiate to become theother cell types. Since some stem cells will divide to produce more stem cellswhilst others divide and differentiate, over time the small intestine crypt becomesdominated by cells originating from one stem cell clone it becomes monoclonal.A previous study beautifully illustrated this phenomenon using differentcoloured fluorescent markers as can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2 taken from ref(2),the crypt shows that differentiated cells originate from stem cells at thebottom of the crypt

These results clearly showed howthe regeneration of the small intestine occurs through a conveyor beltmechanism 2 . It also confirmed known ideas that the stemcells resided near the bottom of crypts. But how are the stem cells eliminated?

Apoptosis a type of celldeath

There are many ways thatcells can die they can get damaged and release all of their contents, cellscan get infected by bacteria or viruses, or cells can trigger their own death.The last case is best known as apoptosis. There are proteins in a cell that promote apoptosis. So, to prevent cells from killing themselves all the time, there are also proteins that prevent cell death. The proteins are referred to as pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic respectively. One family of the anti-apoptotic proteins are literally called IAP, for inhibitor of apoptosis. However, these inhibitors can also get inhibited. For example, one IAP, xIAP, can be inhibited by ARTS. ARTS is therefore a pro-apoptotic protein. Its like how the enemy of an enemy is your friend xIAP is an enemy of ARTS and apoptosis is an enemy of IAP so ARTS and apoptosis are friends Well, I reckon that would be an interesting friendship, but by antagonising xIAP, the inhibitor of apoptosis can no longer inhibit apoptosis.

Where ARTS thou?

By using a tagged antibodythat specifically recognises ARTS, the authors were able to stain and locateARTS within the crypt of the small intestine. ARTS was mainly found both in thestem cells and the neighbouring Paneth cells. When they deleted the ARTS genefrom the cells they saw that the crypt increased in size and cell number. Thisis somewhat expected given ARTS role as a pro-cell-death factor and thephenotype was reversed when xIAP was also genetically removed. By using astem-cell specific reporter, it became clear that part of this increased cellsnumber was due to an increase in stem cell number. Paneth cells also increasedin number.

But is this cell expansiondue to less death or more proliferation?

To determine this, the teamtreated the crypt cells with staurosporine, a chemical that induces apoptosis.Compared to a wild type control, the crypts lacking ARTS showed less expressionof a pro-apoptotic protein, cleaved-caspase 3.

But could proliferation alsobe increased?

The Paneth cells, neighbouringthe stem cells, promote stem cell proliferation by providing growth factors. Themain growth pathway activated in the stem cells is the Wnt/-catenin. When cells lacked ARTS, the authors saw not onlyincreased levels of a proliferation marker but also increased -catenin levels in the nucleus a good indication that the growthpathway has been activated. However, preventing Wnt signalling does not preventthe apoptosis resistance seen without ARTS.

The function of ARTS in theintestine

Korens teams work is one ofthe first to examine the death of stem cells, an important mechanism as leftunregulated could result in uncontrollable tissue growth. Since uncontrollablegrowth is one of the hallmarks of cancer, including colorectal cancer, and thatloss of ARTS promotes crypt cell growth, this work provides new theory forrational drug development.

Further reading

1. Koren, E. et al. ARTSmediates apoptosis and regeneration of the intestinal stem cell niche. Nat.Commun. 117 doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06941-4

2. Snippert, H. J. et al.Intestinal crypt homeostasis results from neutral competition betweensymmetrically dividing Lgr5 stem cells. Cell 143, 134144 (2010).

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Over the last century, the field of genetics and biotechnology has greatly developed because of the better understanding of the gene. Because of the improvement of technology, scientists have already gone up until the manipulation of the genome (complete set of genes) of organisms. This process is called genetic engineering. In this article, we will explore 13 important genetic engineering pros and cons.

The sharing of genetic material among living organisms is known to be a natural event. This phenomenon is known to be very evident among bacteria, hence they are called natures own genetic engineer. Such phenomenon is the inspiration of scientists in this endeavor.

In literature, there are in fact many synonyms of the term genetic engineering: genetic modification, genome manipulation, genetic enhancement, and many more. However, this term shall not be confused with cloning because genetic engineering involves the production of new set of genes while the latter only involves the production of the same copies of genes in the organism.

Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating an organisms genome using biotechnology and the products of it are either referred to as genetically modified or transgenic organisms. Check out the disadvantages of genetically modified foods here.

Basically, genetic engineering is done by inserting a gene of interest from sources like bacteria, viruses, plants, and animals into the target organism. As a result, the organism with the inserted gene of interest is now able to carry out the new trait or characteristic.

This technology grants us the ability to overcome barriers, exchange genes among organisms, and produce new organisms with favorable traits.

For a more detailed explanation of the process, check out this video below:

Now we will dive into the pros and cons of Genetic Engineering now.

Supporters of genetic engineering believe that genetic engineering is indeed safe and is still comparable to the traditional process of breeding in plants and animals. Advocates of genetic engineering support the technology primarily because of the following reasons:

Golden RiceA variety of food crops and products have already been modified in order to provide better nutrition for consumers. For instance, did you know that you can already have your daily requirement of vitamin A by eating rice alone? By inserting a gene that encodes for vitamin A to the gene of regular rice, scientists were able to create a new breed of rice plants called Golden Rice. Such discovery is very helpful to the diet of populations that consume rice.

Increased Resistance To PestsA common problem in farming and food production is the rapid infestation and rotting of crops. Using genetic engineering, scientists have already found a solution: by creating rot and pest resistant crops. By genetically engineering the gene that encodes for rotting in plants, the ability of a certain fruit to resist rotting is enhanced. In the case of pest resistance, scientists insert genes for toxin production into plants, thus resulting to them deterring their insect pests.

Belgian Blue CattleAnimals have already been modified in order to increase meat production. One example of a genetically modified animal for such purpose is the Belgian blue cattle which originated from Belgium, as the name suggests. Unlike regular cattle, this genetically engineered cattle has an impressive muscling known as double muscling. By inserting a gene that inhibits the production of myostatin (the protein that suppresses muscle growth), scientists were able to produce a new breed of cattle that has humongous body size ideal for meat production.

Novel Vaccine & Drugs In medicine, genetic engineering is used in order to produce various drugs like human growth hormone, insulin, and vaccines. Basically, a vaccine is a synthetic substance given in order to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against a certain disease. To do this, inactive forms of viruses or the toxins they produced are injected into the person being immunized.

Gene Doping Through the course of time, genetic engineering is no longer limited to plants and animals alone. Surprisingly, a study published in the journal Nature showed that genetic engineering in humans is already being performed in a process called gene doping. Unlike the known process of doping, which involves the use of performance enhancing drugs like growth hormones and steroids, gene doping involves the non-therapeutic use of genes and cells to improve athletic performance.

Designer Baby In addition to the above mentioned, did you know that using genetic engineering, you can already choose the type of baby you want to have? The term designer baby refers to a baby whose genetic makeup has been chosen in order to ensure that a certain gene will be present or to remove a certain unwanted trait. Although possible, this genetic technology has not yet been started because of continuing ethical debates.

On the other hand, there are several types of potential health effects that could arise from the insertion of a novel gene into an organism. Critics disagree with the methods of genetic engineering because of:

Unintended Growth In short, there is no 100% chances that the genes inserted will be expressed. In fact, they can even end up in unexpected places. Such changes can contribute to alteration in the organisms growth, metabolism and response.

AllergensWhen GM crops were first introduced to the market, the possibility that they might cause allergies became the prime concern of consumers. Apparently, there have already been several studies which suggest that the genetic engineering may have increased natural allergens in crops. As alluded to earlier, the transfer of genes across organisms is prone to high probabilities of failures. For instance, the supposedly gene of interest is not transferred; instead, another gene for producing allergen is.

Antibiotic Resistance Another damaging effect of producing GM organisms is a condition called antibiotic resistance. In this phenomenon, the supposedly target organisms of antibiotics change in a way that they eventually become resistant to the drug. As a result, they will continue to survive, causing greater harm.

Loss of Biodiversity According to a study published in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, one major problem regarding the rise of GM organisms is that they can cause a reduction in the biodiversity (the difference in the traits of organisms) of plants and animals in the environment. This means that the DNA in the environment will be more similar between individuals. So what? Loss biodiversity in the environment means lower chances of adaptation and survival of organisms to changing environment.

Source: CBC.ca In relation to the above point, the increase in the production of GM crops and animals may lead to the rise of invasive species. Because GM organisms are often better adapted to the environments that they were modified for, they out-compete naturally occurring plants and animals. In science, such organisms are termed as invasive species. They are basically organisms with uncontrollable growth of populations up to a degree that already harms organisms and the environment.

Because of the technology used to create genetically modified crops and animals, private companies that produce them do not share their products at a reasonable cost with the public.

BioethicsFor critics, genetic engineering has no resemblance to the natural process of breeding. This is because in the process, a different gene is forced to combine to the genes of an organism.

In addition, they believe that the process is somewhat disrupting the natural way and complexity of life. In addition to this, critics fear the misuse and abuse of biotechnology.

Indeed, genetic engineering will always have two opposite sides. While the possibilities of what science can create are endless, and the harmful effects also are. At present, it is important to know that the real risks and benefits of genetic engineering lie in how science is interpreted and used.

But theres really no doubt that with the rapid advancements in technology, the creation of GM organisms are also increasing.

What do you think? Are GM organisms slowly becoming the future?

13 Important Genetic Engineering Pros And Cons

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13 Important Genetic Engineering Pros And Cons | Bio Explorer

Preventive medicine, efforts directed toward the prevention of disease, either in the community as a wholean important part of what is broadly termed public healthor in the individual.

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therapeutics: Preventive medicine

The rationale for preventive medicine is to identify risk factors in each individual and reduce or eliminate those risks in an attempt to prevent disease. Primary prevention is the preemptive behavior that seeks to avert disease before it developsfor example, vaccinating children against

Hippocrates, the Greek physician of the 5th century bc, classified causes of disease into those concerned with seasons, climates, and external conditions, and those more personal causes such as irregular food, exercise, and habits of the individual. Through the Middle Ages the principles of preventive medicine were ignored, in spite of the scourges of leprosy and plague. With the Renaissance came the new learning that revolutionized the whole content of medicine. Practitioners again observed the relation of the seasons, environmental conditions, and personal contact to the incidence of disease.

Concurrent with the growth of medical knowledge there was an empirical movement of practical prevention. For example, in 1388 there was passed the first sanitary act in England, directed to the removal of nuisances; in 1443 came the first plague order recommending quarantine and cleansing; and in 1518 the first rough attempts at notification of epidemic disease and isolation of the patient were made. The study of mortality statistics was initiated in England in the 17th century. The basis of epidemiology was laid in the mid-17th century. In 1700 a treatise on occupational disorders was published in Italy. An English practitioner in the first half of the 18th century wrote on poisons, on plague and methods of its prevention, and on smallpox, measles, and scurvy. Vaccination was introduced in 1798. The early and middle years of the 19th century were notable for discoveries in the transmission of contagious diseases such as typhus, cholera, typhoid fever, and childbed (puerperal) fever. In the same period increasing attention was given to problems of hygiene and nutrition.

The modern era in preventive medicine opened in the mid-19th century with Louis Pasteurs discovery of the role of living microbes as the cause of infections. Toward the close of the century the principle of insect-borne transmission of disease was established. Serological tests were developed, such as the Widal reaction for typhoid fever (1896) and the Wassermann test for syphilis (1906). An understanding of the principles of immunity led to the development of active immunization to specific diseases. Parallel advances in treatment opened other doors for preventionin diphtheria by antitoxin and in syphilis by arsphenamine. In 1932 the sulfonamide drugs and later the antibiotics including penicillin, streptomycin, chlortetracycline, and chloramphenicol afforded new opportunities of prevention and cure of bacterial diseases.

After 1900 there were many advances in preventive medicine other than those related to infectious diseases. The use of X rays and radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease (e.g., tuberculosis and cancer) as well as in fundamental physiological research opened new possibilities. A greater understanding of endocrine functions, with the production of prepared hormone extracts such as insulin, led to preventive measures in certain metabolic diseases. The role of nutrition in health and disease and the isolation of many essential food factors illustrated the importance to health of adequate diet. Other 20th-century advances in preventive medicine included a wider recognition of psychological factors in relation to total health, new surgical techniques, new methods of anesthesia, and genetics research.

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