StemCell Therapy

Manipulation of genes in natural organisms, such as plants, animals, and even humans, is considered genetic engineering. This is done using a variety of different techniques like molecular cloning. These processes can cause dramatic changes in the natural makeup and characteristic of the organism. There are benefits and risks associated with genetic engineering, just like most other scientific practices.

Genetic engineering offers benefits such as:

1. Better Flavor, Growth Rate and NutritionCrops like potatoes, soybeans and tomatoes are now sometimes genetically engineered in order to improve size, crop yield, and nutritional values of the plants. These genetically engineered crops also possess the ability to grow in lands that would normally not be suitable for cultivation.

2. Pest-resistant Crops and Extended Shelf LifeEngineered seeds can resist pests and having a better chance at survival in harsh weather. Biotechnology could be in increasing the shelf life of many foods.

3. Genetic Alteration to Supply New FoodsGenetic engineering can also be used in producing completely new substances like proteins or other nutrients in food. This may up the benefits they have for medical uses.

4. Modification of the Human DNAGenes that are responsible for unique and desirable qualities in the human DNA can be exposed and introduced into the genes of another person. This changes the structural elements of a persons DNA. The effects of this are not know.

The following are the issues that genetic engineering can trigger:

1. May Hamper Nutritional ValueGenetic engineering on food also includes the infectivity of genes in root crops. These crops might supersede the natural weeds. These can be dangerous for the natural plants. Unpleasant genetic mutations could result to an increased allergy occurrence of the crop. Some people believe that this science on foods can hamper the nutrients contained by the crops although their appearance and taste were enhanced.

2. May Introduce Risky PathogensHorizontal gene shift could give increase to other pathogens. While it increases the immunity against diseases among the plants, the resistant genes can be transmitted to harmful pathogens.

3. May Result to Genetic ProblemsGene therapy on humans can end to some side effects. While relieving one problem, the treatment may cause the onset of another issue. As a single cell is liable for various characteristics, the cell isolation process will be responsible for one trait will be complicated.

4. Unfavorable to Genetic DiversityGenetic engineering can affect the diversity among the individuals. Cloning might be unfavorable to individualism. Furthermore, such process might not be affordable for poor. Hence, it makes the gene therapy impossible for an average person.

Genetic engineering might work excellently but after all, it is a kind of process that manipulates the natural. This is altering something which has not been created originally by humans. What can you say about this?

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U.S. Stem Cell, Inc. is a leader in the regenerative medicine / cellular therapy industry specializing in physician training and certification and stem cell products including its lead, developmental product Adipocell, as well as veterinary stem cell training and stem cell banking and creation and management of stem cell clinics.

Forward-Looking Statements: Except for historical matters contained herein, statements made in this press release are forward-looking statements. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as "may", "will", "to", "plan", "expect", "believe", "anticipate", "intend", "could", "would", "estimate", or "continue", or the negative other variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements and represent our management's beliefs and assumptions only as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future. The Company's business and the risks and uncertainties of the business are described in its filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission which can be found at sec.gov.

Media Contact: U.S. Stem Cell, Inc. 13794 NW 4th Street, Suite 212Sunrise, Fl 33325Phone: 954.835.1500Email: usstemcell@us-stemcell.com

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At National Stem Cell Centers, our affiliate physicians focus on leading edge, regenerative medicine. Instead of synthetic compounds, prescription medications, or surgical procedures, we activate your own natural cellular resources to promote healing.

Our goal is to allow patients access to this potentially revolutionary form of treatment to harness your bodys natural healing cascade mechanism for the repair of damaged tissues.

Adult mesenchymal stem cells are a form of undifferentiated cells. These kinds of stem cells are found in great abundance within fatty tissue. Lying dormant (non-replicating), these remarkably intelligent cells can be activated to become other kinds of cells specific to tendons, muscle, blood vessels, nerves and bone.

This means that stem cell therapies can be the key to reducing pain, chronic inflammation, and the mitigation of many degenerative disease states.

At National Stem Cell Centers, our affiliated physicians utilize only adult stem cells harvested from your own fat tissue, without any form of artificial cellular manipulation. This means that our treatments are both effective and efficacious.

Stem cell therapies may be helpful in addressing conditions and injuries such as pain, erectile dysfunction, hair loss, chronic inflammation, autoimmune disorders, orthopedic diseases, urological disorders, nerve conditions, heart and lung diseases, and more.

Call our New York office at(646) 448-0427(New York) or(516) 403-1457(Long Island) today to find out if you are a good candidate for stem cell therapy, and to schedule your complimentary consultation. National Stem Cell Centers also has locations in Southampton NY, New Jersey, Dallas and Houston in Texas, and Atlanta GA.

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National Stem Cell Centers | Stem Cell Therapy in New York ...

Welcome to the future of Preventive Medicine

Princeton Longevity Center is a next-generation medical facility providing the most advanced, integrated and individually tailored preventive medicine programs. With focus on early disease detection and evaluating and modifying risk for future disease, Princeton Longevity Centers Preventive Medicine and Executive Health programs give you the ability to take control of your future health before the onset of symptoms or other indications of a problem.

A Princeton Longevity Center Comprehensive Preventive Exams combines the newest and most advanced technology with the most in-depth assessment available to detect potential health problems. Our preventive medicine experts will show you simple, easy adjustments you can make that wont dramatically impact your lifestyle but will give you the tools you need to maximize your future health and keep you looking and feeling years younger. Our individually tailored programs will improve your health and longevity, enabling you to make the most of your future years for you and the people who depend on you.

Named one of the countrys top centers for a Comprehensive or Executive Physical exam by the Wall Street Journal and Forbes Magazine, the Princeton Longevity Center provides you with an exceptional level of personal care and attention.

When you visit Princeton Longevity Center, youll be met by a team of professionals that provides an extensive series of medical assessments, diagnostic tests and health screenings. On the same day well review all your results with you and give you as much time as you need to ask questions about them. Individualized attention from a team of Physicians, Exercise Physiologists, Registered Dietitians, Nurses and Patient Care Coordinators is a hallmark of our Preventive Medicine and Executive Health center. Patients come to Princeton Longevity Center because were not a hospital-based exam we are the specialist in prevention and early disease detection.

You will find that one day with Princeton Longevity Center will provide more insight into your health and future health than all your previous routine annual exams combined.

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Om namo rudrya vishnva mryture mithahi

Article Compiled by Sh. Ram Nath GoyalExplained by Sh. MK Gupta

Brahma,Vishnu and Rudra(Shiva) are three aspects of GOD. Brahma is the creator. Vishnu is sustainer and Rudra is destroyer.

Division of longevity:-The standard life span for this purpose is 108 years for human charts. It is divided into three parts:-1. Short life (Alp Ayu):-It is 0-36 years.2. Middle life (Madhya Ayu):-It is from 36-72 years.3. Long life (Puran Ayu) :- It is from 72 -108 years.

Movable Signs:-The presiding deity of movable signs is Brahma and energy level of these signs is maximum so these signs give LONG LIFE.

Dual Signs:- The presiding deity of dual signs is vishnu and energy level of these signs is medium so these signs gives MIDDLE LIFE.

Fix Signs:-The presiding deity of fixed signs is Shiva and is destroyer so these signs give SHORT LIFE.

There are three methods to calculate longevity given by rishi Jaimini.1.Three Pair Method.2.Eighth Lord Placement Method.3.Method of Three Lords.

Methods of Three Pairs:- This method allows us to determine the approximate range of ones longevity. In this method, we look at three pairs of planets. In each pair, we look at the two planets and see if they occupy a movable or fixed or dual sign.

FIRST PAIR IS:-

:Lagna lord and 8th lord:- If these both are in movable sign or one is in dual sign and other is in fix sign then long life is indicated.

:If lagana lord and 8th lord:- both are in dual sign or one is in movable sign and other is in fix sign, then middle life is indicated.

:If lagana lord and 8th lord:- both are in fix sign or one is in movable sign and other is in dual sign then short life is indicated.

SECOND PAIR:- Second pair is of MOON and SAT. Apply the above three principles to the signs occupied by Moon and Sat.

THIRD PAIR:- Third pair is of LAGNA and HORA LAGNA. Apply the above three principles to this pair also.

RESULT:- If all three pairs indicate identical spans, then the particular longevity is to be declared i.e.

: If all pairs indicate long life span it is up to 108 years.

: If all pairs indicate middle life span it is up to 72 rears.

: If all pairs indicate short life span it is up to 36 years.

:If two pair gives same life span and third pair gives different life span ,then result given by two pairs dominate and find the resultant longevity using following table:-

If all the three pairs gives different results:-

: Then we should give preference to third pair of LAGNA and HORA LAGNA.

:If MOON is in Lagna or 7th house, then second pair of MOON and SAT will prevail.

Calculation of 8th lord:-We can find the 8th house in the chart zodiacally, but it is found that results are more accurate if we take the 8th house from Varidha Karka chart which is given below.

Eighth house Reckoner (Vridha Karika )

Note:- From the table we find that for Aries, Libra and for Aquarius lagans, both 1st and 8th lord are same. In this case we will take the 8th from 8th. For example let us assume in an chart Lagan is Aries, then from chart we see 8th house is Scorpio, lord of Scorpio is also Mars we will take 8th lord from Scorpio ,from chart 8th lord from SC is Sagittarius ,so we will take Jupiter as 8th lord. We will see the placements of Mar and Jupiter.

Example:- Consider an chart of Taurus ascendant as given below ,Hora Lagna is in Aries, Moon is in Taurus ,Mercury is in Capricorn, Venus is in Capricorn, and Sat is in Gemini.

Pair 1:- Lagna lord Venus is in Capricorn which is a Movable Sign, from the above table 8th house is Gemini, Lord of Gemini is Mercury is in Capricorn which is another Movable sign. Both Movable sign gives Long Life.

Pair2:- Moon is in Ta a fixed sign, Saturn is in Gemini and dual sign, Fix +Dual, Moveable is out so it gives Long Life.

Pair 3:- Lagna is in Ta an fix sign, Hora Lagana is in Aries an Movable sign, Fix + Movable , Dual sign is out so it gives Middle Life.

We see two pairs indicate Long Life so long life will prevail. Third Pair is of Middle life so age comes out to be 108 yrs.

Eighth Lord Placement Method:- Determine the stronger lord between 8th house lords from 1st and 7th house. It means determine the stronger lord between the lords of 2nd house and 8th house. If this lord is placed in:-

Method Of Three Lords:- Third method is based on the placement of the lord of the of 1st house,10th house and 8th house. If three lords are well placed in quadrants etc,Long Life is indicated. If two of the three are strong, Middle Life is indicated and if only one is strong Short Life is indicated. These lords should be well placed, dusthanas are bad for these houses. Malefic association with these lords lowers the longevity. This method is very usefull from these lords we came to know how strong our body is.This method tells us how long the body can live without deterioating.If three lords are well placed body can live long without deteriorating. The peoples who have these lords well placed they live a healthy life without any major disease.

Kaksh Vridhi:- This means increase of term of longevity, Alapayu becomes Madhyayu, and Madhyayu becomes puranayu.

Conditions For Kaksh Vridhi:- There will be kaksha Vridhi when any one of the following conditions are present.

1. Occupancy of Jup in lagna or the 7th house devoid of melefic influence.

2. Occupancy of natural benefices in lagna and seventh house or in its trikona places or in 2/12

3. Natural benefics with Ak or in the 7th, 5th or 9th house or in 2/12

4. Atmakarka is exalted.

5. Jupiter is atmakarka.

6. If lagna lord is in benefic sign other than its debilitation sign or exalted or having benefic association.

Kaksha Harsha:-Kaksha harsha means particular of term of longevity is reduced to the next lower one, thus Puranayu becoming Madhyayu and Madhyayu becoming alpayu.

Conditions Of Kaksha Harsh:- There will be Kaksha Harsha when any one of the following condition is present there.

1. Association of SAT with lagna lord or hora lagna lord.

2. Occupancy of SAT in 8th house of lagana or in 8th house of Hora Lagna.

3. Association of Sat with the 8th house lord of lagna and 8th house lord of Hora Lagna.

4. Both lagna and 7th house or5/9 or 2/12 occupied by malefic.

5. Similarly Ak and 7th or 5/9or 2/12 are occupied by malefic.

6. Atmakarka is debilitated.

7.If lagna lord is in melefic sign other than its exaltation sign or having melefic association.

Rashi Vridhi:-This means increase of longevity by a Rashi i..e. by 9 yrs. If places suggested for Kaksh Vridhi are occupied by Full Moon or Venus then there will be increase of Longevity by one rashi dasa.

Rashi Harsa:- This means the decrease of longevity by one rashi dasa .Rashi harsha will occur When Sat occupies places suggested for malefic for kaksha harsha.

Jagannath Rule:-Divide the Ayur khanda in four parts of 9years each, for example if ayur khanda is of middle life i.e. from 36years to 72 years then four parts will be 36to45years, 45to54years,54to63years and 63 to 72years.

:If 8th lord ( counted zodiacally) is in 10th,11th or 12th from lagna death is predicted in first part i.e. from 36 to 45years.

: If 8th lord is in 7th or 8th or in 9th from lagna death is predicted in second part i.e. from 45 years to 54 years.

: If 8th lord is in 4th or 5th or in 6th from lagna death is predicted in third part i.e.from 54years to 63 years.

: If 8th lord is in 1st, 2nd or 3rd house from lagna death is predicted in last part i.e.from 63 years to 72years.

Yoga Vipareetam:-After having determined the primary longevity, it is necessary to check the position of the AK in the chart. If it is placed in first, third, seventh or ninth houses then yoga vipreetam will function. This cause major change in life span from Long life to Middle life, Middle life to Short life while Short life becomes Long Life. Depending upon the placement of 8th lord.

Vipreetam ayur yoga simultaneously change the longevity of the relative shown by the AK or planet joining it.For example if Short life is indicated initially and AK Sun is in the 9th house ,then native longevity will be increased and that of father will decreased and father will pass away early. In these cases both things are possible either native gives longevity to some relative or someone else gives the longevity to native. All this depends upon the position of the 8th lord. If 8th lord is in:-

:8th lord in kendr no longer gives long life, in this case it gives Middle life

: 8th lord in Panphara gives Short life.

:8th lord in Apokalimas gives Long Life.

In case of 8th lord in Apoklimas you are receiving life. This is due to ATMABALA,atma wants to stay more in body or wants to leave early.

Calculation of Exact Longevity: The planets involved in final determination of longevity are called Ayur Yogakarkas or Longevity determinates.

If the determinate is in the beginning of sign contribution will be complete and if determinate is in the end of sign, it will be nil. Thus the exact longevity should be fixed proportionately, taking average longitude of all determinates. For example:-

If Moon is at 17degree 5minutes

Sat is at 13 degree 22minutes.

Life span is middle 36 to 72years

Average longitude of determinates=17 degree 5minutes + 13 degree 22minutes/= 15 degree 13 minutes 30

From the end of sign= 30 degree -15 degree 13 minutes 30= 14 degree 46 minutes 30

Contribution by determinations= 14 degree 46 minutes 30/30 and multiply by 36 years= 17 years 8months 23 days

Total longevity= 36 years + 17years 8 months 23 days= 53 years 8months 23 days.

This method is usually applied to three pair methods.

Example:- Swami viveka nanda born on 12th Jan 1863 at 6:33 A M(LMT)

At 22n40,88e30

Lag 25 degree 29mnt, Mar 6degree19mnt Venus 7degree 7minutes

Sun 29degree 25mnt (AK) Mer 11degree 47mnt Sat 13degree50mnt

Moon 17degree29mnt Jup3degree57 mint Rahu 22degree 15mnt

Hora Lagna IS IN CAPRICORN

Determination of Longevity Compartment.

Method of pairs: Lagna lord + 8th lord=Jupiter + Moon

= Movable +dual = fix is left out=Short life

Langa +Hora lagna= Dual + Movable= Short Life

Moon + Sat = Dual +Dual =Middle life

Short life combination dominates,

However Sun AK is in ASC so Yoga Vipreetam will be applicable.

8th lord Moon is in quadrant so it will indicate Middle life so father give life to native so father passed away early. Method of pairs gives Middle life of 36to 72 years.

:Eighth Lord Placement:- 8th lord Moon is placed in 10th house.

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LONGEVITY | Astrogurukul

Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology is an international, Open Access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes high quality articles on the latest advancements and current research in the field of genetics and molecular biology. Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology provides an Open access platform for young scholars, researchers, and students engaged in the active research in genetics and molecular biology fields.

Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology will provide up to date information on recent advancements in genetics, molecular biology and its current & potential applications in genetic and molecular medicine (like information on diagnostic testing for the early detection of the diseases or recurrence, risk stratification, prognosis, prediction of treatment response, monitoring, and drug dosing), biotechnology, and other allied fields.

Aims and ScopeJournal of Genetics and Molecular Biology seeks to publish recent research outcomes from Genetics and Molecular Biology field. It accepts articles from different disciplines including but not limited to: Molecular genetics, Evoluationary genetics, Developmental genetics,Heredity genetics, Behavioural genetics, Genetic analysis, Gene regulation, Gene expression profiling, Genetic variation, Epigenetics, Gene therapies, Cellular genetics and molecular biology, Population genetics, Quantitative and computational genetics, Microbial genetics, Genetics in medical field, Signal transduction, Genome and systems biology, cancer genetics and molecular biology, Aging, Cell energetics, Drug metabolism, genetic disorders, Computational molecular biology, rDNA, CRISPR, and all other genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Besides these submissions on studies involving works on molecules of life (DNA, RNA, proteins, and other biomolecules) are also accepted.

Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology accepts Research Articles, Review Articles, Mini-review, Case Reports, Opinion, Letters to the Editor, Editorials, Rapid and Short Communications, and Commentary on all aspects of genetics and molecular biology.

All submitted articles are subjected to thorough peer-review prior to their publication to maintain quality and significance of the journal. The published articles are made freely and permanently accessible online immediately upon publication, thus improving the citations for the authors in attaining impressive impact factor.

Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology welcomes submissions via online submission system http://www.editorialmanager.com/alliedjournals or via email to the Editorial Office at[emailprotected] or [emailprotected]

Individuals interested in becoming Editorial Board members or Reviewers should contact the editorial office at:[emailprotected]

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Genetics and Molecular Biology | Peer Reviewed Journal

Blindness Causes

The causes of loss of vision are extremely varied and range from conditions affecting the eyes to conditions affecting the visual processing centers in the brain. mpaired vision becomes more common with age. Common causes of vision loss in the elderly include diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and cataracts.

What is blindness?

Blindness is defined as the state of being sightless. A blind individual is unable to see. In a strict sense the word "blindness" denotes the inability of a person to distinguish darkness from bright light in either eye. The terms blind and blindness have been modified in our society to include a wide range of visual impairment. Blindness is frequently used today to describe severe visual decline in one or both eyes with maintenance of some residual vision.

Vision impairment, or low vision, means that even with eyeglasses, contact lenses, medicine, or surgery, someone doesn't see well. Vision impairment can range from mild to severe. Worldwide, between 300 million-400 million people are visually impaired due to various causes. Of this group, approximately 50 million people are totally blind. Approximately 80% of blindness occurs in people over 50 years of age.

When is one considered legally blind?

Legal blindness is not a medical term. It is defined by lawmakers in nations or states in order to either limit allowable activities, such as driving, by individuals who are "legally blind" or to provide preferential governmental benefits to those people in the form of educational services or monetary assistance. Under the Aid to the Blind program in the Social Security Act passed in 1935, the United States Congress defined legal blindness as either central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with corrective glasses or central visual acuity of more than 20/200 if there is a visual field defect in which the peripheral field is contracted to such an extent that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye. Blindness in one eye is never defined as legal blindness if the other eye is normal or near-normal.

It is estimated that more than 1 million people in the United States meet the legal definition of blindness.

What are the different types of blindness?

Color blindness is the inability to perceive differences in various shades of colors, particularly green and red, that others can distinguish. It is most often inherited (genetic) and affects about 8% of males and under 1% of women. People who are color blind usually have normal vision otherwise and can function well visually. This is actually not true blindness.

Night blindness is a difficulty in seeing under situations of decreased illumination. It can be genetic or acquired. The majority of people who have night vision difficulties function well under normal lighting conditions; this is not a state of sightlessness.

Snow blindness is loss of vision after exposure of the eyes to large amounts of ultraviolet light. Snow blindness is usually temporary and is due to swelling of cells of the corneal surface. Even in the most severe of cases of snow blindness, the individual is still able to see shapes and movement.

People often say, "I am 'blind as a bat' without my glasses." All bat species have eyes, and most have excellent vision at night but not in daylight. More importantly, the term blindness means the inability to see despite wearing glasses. Anyone who has access to glasses and sees well with the glasses cannot be termed blind.

What causes blindness?

The many causes of blindness differ according to the socioeconomic condition of the nation being studied. In developed nations, the leading causes of blindness include ocular complications of diabetes, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and traumatic injuries. In third-world nations where 90% of the world's visually impaired population lives, the principal causes are infections, cataracts, glaucoma, injury, and inability to obtain any glasses. In developed nations, the term blindness is not used to describe those people whose vision is correctable with glasses.

Infectious causes in underdeveloped areas of the world include trachoma, onchocerciasis (river blindness), and leprosy. The most common infectious cause of blindness in developed nations is herpes simplex. Other causes of blindness include vitamin A deficiency, retinopathy of prematurity, blood vessel diseases involving the retina or optic nerve including stroke, infectious diseases of the cornea or retina, ocular inflammatory disease, retinitis pigmentosa, primary or secondary malignancies of the eye, congenital abnormalities, hereditary diseases of the eye, and chemical poisoning from toxic agents such as methanol.

What are risk factors for blindness?

A principal risk factor for blindness is living in a third-world nation without ready access to modern medical care. Other risk factors include poor prenatal care, premature birth, advancing age, poor nutrition, failing to wear safety glasses when indicated, poor hygiene, smoking, a family history of blindness, the presence of various ocular diseases and the existence of medical conditions including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular disease.

What are signs and symptoms of blindness?

All people who are blind or have visual impairment have the common symptom of difficulty seeing. People with similar levels of visual loss may have very different responses to that symptom. If one is born blind, there is much less adjustment to a non-seeing world than there is for people who lose their vision late in life, where there may be limited ability to cope with that visual loss. Support systems available to individuals and their psychological makeup will also modify the symptom of lack of sight. People who lose their vision suddenly, rather than over a period of years, also can have more difficulty adjusting to their visual loss.

Associated symptoms, such a discomfort in the eyes, awareness of the eyes, foreign body sensation, and pain in the eyes or discharge from the eyes may be present or absent, depending on the underlying cause of the blindness.

A blind person may have no visible signs of any abnormalities when sitting in a chair and resting. However, when blindness is a result of infection of the cornea (the dome in front of the eye), the normally transparent cornea may become white or gray, making it difficult to view the colored part of the eye. In blindness from cataract, the normally black pupil may appear white. Depending on the degree of blindness, the affected individual will exhibit signs of visual loss when attempting to ambulate. Some blind people have learned to look directly at the person they are speaking with, so it is not obvious they are blind.

What specialists treat blindness?

Ophthalmology is the specialty of medicine that deals with diagnosis and medical and surgical treatment of eye disease. Therefore, ophthalmologists are the specialists who have the knowledge and tools to diagnose the cause of blindness and to provide treatment, if possible.

How do health care professionals diagnose blindness?

Blindness is diagnosed by testing each eye individually and by measuring the visual acuity and the visual field, or peripheral vision. People may have blindness in one (unilateral blindness) or both eyes (bilateral blindness). Historical information regarding the blindness can be helpful in diagnosing the cause of blindness. Poor vision that is sudden in onset differs in potential causes than blindness that is progressive or chronic. Temporary blindness differs in cause from permanent blindness. The cause of blindness is made by a thorough examination by an ophthalmologist.

What are treatments for blindness?

The treatment of visual impairment or blindness depends on the cause. In third-world nations where many people have poor vision as a result of a refractive error, merely prescribing and giving glasses will alleviate the problem. Nutritional causes of blindness can be addressed by dietary changes. There are millions of people in the world who are blind from cataracts. In these patients, cataract surgery would, in most cases, restore their sight. Inflammatory and infectious causes of blindness can be treated with medication in the form of drops or pills. Corneal transplantation may help people whose vision is absent as a result of corneal scarring.

What is the prognosis for blindness?

The prognosis for blindness is dependent on its cause. In patients with blindness due to optic-nerve damage or a completed stroke, visual acuity can usually not be restored. Patients with long-standing retinal detachment in general cannot be improved with surgical repair of their detachment. Patients who have corneal scarring or cataract usually have a good prognosis if they are able to access surgical care of their condition.

Is blindness preventable?

Blindness is preventable through a combination of education and access to good medical care. Most traumatic causes of blindness can be prevented through eye protection. Nutritional causes of blindness are preventable through proper diet. Most cases of blindness from glaucoma are preventable through early detection and appropriate treatment. Visual impairment and blindness caused by infectious diseases have been greatly reduced through international public-health measures.

The majority of blindness from diabetic retinopathy is preventable through careful control of blood-sugar levels, exercise, avoidance of obesity and smoking, and emphasis on eating foods that do not increase the sugar load (complex, rather than simple carbohydrates). There has been an increase in the number of people who are blind or visually impaired from conditions that are a result of living longer. As the world's population achieves greater longevity, there will also be more blindness from diseases such as macular degeneration. However, these diseases are so common that research and treatment are constantly evolving. Regular eye examinations may often uncover a potentially blinding illness that can then be treated before there is any visual loss.

There is ongoing research regarding gene therapy for certain patients with inheritable diseases such as Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) and retinitis pigmentosa. Improvements in diagnosis and prevention of retinopathy of prematurity, a potentially blinding illness seen in premature babies, have made it an avoidable cause of blindness today.

Patients who have untreatable blindness need tools and help to reorganize their habits and the way in which they perform their everyday tasks. Organizations, such as the Braille Institute, offer helpful resources and support for people with blindness and for their families. Visual aids, text-reading software, and Braille books are available, together with many simple and complex technologies to assist people with severely compromised vision in functioning more effectively. In the United States and most other developed nations, financial assistance through various agencies can pay for the training and support necessary to allow a blind person to function.

John Milton and Helen Keller are well known for their accomplishments in life despite being blind. There are countless other unnamed individuals with blindness, however, who, despite significant visual handicaps, have had full lives and enriched the lives of those who have interacted with them.

Medically Reviewed on 11/14/2017

References

American Academy of Ophthalmology. "Eye Health Statistics at a Glance." <http://www.aao.org/newsroom/upload/Eye-Health-Statistics-April-2011.pdf>.

Switzerland. World Health Organization. "Visual Impairment and Blindness." Oct. 2017. <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/>.

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Blindness Symptoms, Treatment & Types

By Neil H. Riordan, PA, PhD

Autism, spinal cord injury, arthritis, multiple sclerosis . . . At first glance, these incurable conditions, devastating and life-altering for patients and their families, have little in common clinically. But each condition responds well to a cutting-edge, research-based therapy that is changing patients lives when conventional medicine has failed them.

The body has a built-in healing ability determined by the presence and quality of its stem cells. When those cells are not numerous or robust enough to maintain health, chronic disease sets in. In other cases, children begin life with an unfair disadvantage in the form of autism, muscular dystrophy, or cerebral palsy. Still others experience certain debilitating injuries that dont respond to surgery or physical therapy. For all of these conditions, and more, stem cell therapy is shortening the path to wellness.

The lives of millions of people are at stake.

Neil Riordan PA, PhD has spent over thirty years pioneering the research and development of evidence-based biologic technologies to successfully treatand sometimes reversea wide range of health conditions. Neils rigorous dedication to bringing stem cell therapy out of the shadows and into mainstream medicine is not only an interesting story, but also a powerful call to action for patients, lawmakers, and the medical community at large.

From industry leaders, sport stars, and Hollywood icons to thousands of everyday, ordinary people, patients are experiencing health transformations that mainstream medicine was unable to achieve. Many of them had lost all hope.These are their stories.

Neil takes readers on a riveting journey through the past, present and future of stem cell therapy.Hiswell-researched, educational and entertaining book could change your life.I highly recommend it.

Neil is certainly a student of the medical arts and an expert using innovative treatments. I have talked to patients of Neils clinics and their family members about their treatments; the stories told in this book are just the tip of the iceberg. This is an interesting book and an interesting and gutsy journey of Neil Riordan. His physician father would be proud to recognize Neils passion and medical achievements.

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Stem Cell Therapy A Rising Tide Neil H. RIordan, PA ...

The Immune Response Influence On Health

Greg B. Wilson, Ph.D. and James B. Daily, Jr., Ph.D. - "Our health is directly influenced by our immune system. The onset of almost all infectious and degenerative disease is preceded or accompanied by inadequate immune response. With intensifying concerns about the perils of vaccinations and antibiotic resistant organisms, a new weapon against disease is sorely needed.

"The long term effects of the breakdown of the immune system can be seen in increased infections, auto-immune disorders and tumor formation. The body's last ditch effort to compensate for the loss of internal defenses is to hyper activate the depressed immune function. What it may do is over stimulate the immune function, sacrificing the "self" - "not self" regulatory mechanisms.

The defenses then perceive its own organs and systems as "not self" and begin to mount defenses against them. This starts the precipitous march toward auto immune disorders such as SLE, Multiple Sclerosis , Rhumathoid Arthritis and possibly Chronic Fatigue Syndrome."

Linda Page, N.D. Ph.D . - "What does the immune system really do? Immune defense is autonomic, using its own subconscious memory to establish antigens against harmful pathogens. It's a system that works on its own to fend off or neutralize disease toxins, and set up a healing environment for the body. It is this quality of being a part of us, yet not under our conscious control, that is the great power of immune response. It is also the dilemma of medical scientists as they struggle to get control of a system that is all pervasive and yet, in the end, impossible to completely understand. Maintaining strong immune defenses in today's world is not easy.

Daily exposure to environmental pollutants, the emotional and excessive stresses of modern lifestyles, chemicalized foods, and new virus mutations are all a challenge to our immune systems. Devastating, immune compromised diseases are rising all over the world. Reduced immunity is the main factor in opportunistic diseases, like candida albicans, chronic fatigue syndrome, lupus, HIV, hepatitis, mononucleosis, herpes II, sexually transmitted diseases and cancer. These diseases have become the epidemic of our time, and most of us don't have very much to fight with. An overload of antibiotics, antacids, immunizations, cortico-steroid drugs, and environmental pollutants eventually affect immune system balance to the point where it cannot distinguish harmful cells from healthy cells."

"The period once euphemistically called the Age of the Miracle Drug is now dead. And the indiscriminate use of antibiotics is leading us to one of the most frightening eras in recent memory. That is, the return of infectious diseases for which there is no effective treatment. Two decades following the introduction of antibiotics, the medical community began to see a disturbing trend. Bacterial infections that were once treatable no longer responded to antibiotics. Penicillin is effective today against only 10 percent of the strains of Staphylococcus aureus that it used to eradicate easily. Those that did respond often required five to ten times the dose of the drug that previously was effective. One example of this is the resistant strains of gonorrhea that developed as a result of the antibiotics that were used to treat it." Michael Traub, N.D.

Officials from the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control have reported that the overuse of antibiotics in medicine has created an epidemic of superbugs that are antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Doctors fear that if antibiotic use is not curtailed, we may soon approach the day when untreatable infections are rampant.

Dr. Lawrence Wilson M.D - "To strengthen the immune system, one must address the needs of the whole body. A strong immune system is essential for health.It is a very complex system of the body, involving the skin, intestines, nasal mucosa, blood, lymph and many other organs and tissues.Factors that impair the immune system include nutrient deficiencies, contaminated air, water and food, unhealthful lifestyles and too much exposure to harmful microbes. Other factors that weaken the immune system are negative attitudes and emotions and the presence of toxic metals, toxic chemicals and biological toxins in the body. Others are sluggish metabolism, lack of rest and sleep, excessive stress or too much exercise.As these causative factors are removed or corrected, the immune system improves."

The human and animal immune system is a truly amazing constellation of responses to attacks from outside the body. It has many facets, a number of which can change to optimize the response to these unwanted intrusions

Towards the end of Louis Pasteur's life, he confessed that germs may not be the cause of disease after all, but may simply be another symptom of disease. He had come to realize that germs seem to lead to illness primarily when the person's immune and defense system, (what biologists call"host resistance") is not strong enough to combat them. The "cause" of disease is not simply a bacteria but also the factors that compromise host resistance, including the person's hereditary endowment, his nutritional state, the stresses in his life, and his psychological state.

The term "autoimmune disease" refers to a varied group of more than 80 serious, chronic illnesses that involve almost every human organ system. It includes diseases of the nervous, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems as well as skin and other connective tissues, eyes blood, and blood vessel. In all of these diseases, the underlying problem is similar--the body's immune system becomes misdirected, attacking the very organs it was designed to protect. The immune system is a scapegoat for a variety of ills in this wide-ranging but tendentious guide to approaching diseases like lupus, Crohn's disease, MS, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Every mother (human or mammal) that breast feeds her baby, passes all of the immunity gained throughout her lifetime on to her infant. A healthy immune system removes toxins and damaged cellular material.

* Remove harmful heavy metals.* Remove daily toxins.* Remove damaged cellular materials.* Destroy foreign substances.

This compelling memoir of a life-or-death struggle with immune deficiency and the medical profession illuminates that dark side of medicine where unfounded beliefs substitute for scientific knowledge. You must read this book if you have unexplained medical problems such as debilitating fatigue and pain -you can't think clearly because of brain fog - your doctor implies that it's all in your head - you want help and inspiration to find the cause and a solution.

" Immune Dysfunction: Winning My Battle Against Toxins, Illness and The Medical Establishment is the personal and compelling story of Judith Lopez and her experiences with medical mismanagement and malpractice. Judith documents her struggle with a mystery malady that was life threatening. All the while her doctors sought to discount chronic fatigue syndrome, yeast syndrome, and environmental illnesses as merely sociogenic problems, the result of a mass hysteria or psychosomatic illness. After a twenty year battle with an illness the medical community proclaimed to be non-existent, Judith finally connected with Doctor Vincent Marinkovich, a Stanford professor and authority on clinical immunology and allergy, who was able to understand and treat her symptoms. Immune Dysfunction is a powerful and engaging medical memoir and highly recommended reading for anyone suffering from any form of environmentally generated illness whose physicians are trying to palm off as a form of hysteria or mental illness, as well as medical students, health workers, and practicing physicians concerned with the proper diagnosis and treatment of the rapidly growing numbers of men, women, and children who are experiencing environmentally driven immune system dysfunctions."

Unprecedented exposure to chemical contaminants, pollution, toxic products and stress has increased unhealthy conditions, from arthritis andcancer to heart disease, and even the symptoms of aging. Its no wonder so many people are suffering from fatigue and chronic illness, as well as chronic infections with viruses, bacteria and fungi.You can learn how to protect yourself from the forces that can damage your body and wear down your immune system

Standard Western Medicine strives to suppress the immune response, working against the body. If there is a fever, lower it, if inflammation is present provide steroids to remove it and of course if Western Medicine thinks a bacteria or virus is present or doesn't know what is wrong, a dose of antibioticsis provided. This way of doing things can be effective in the immediate term, and important in life threatening situations, but potentially devastating in the long term especially when over-used. Because, what eventually happens, is that immune system becomes weak and ineffective or damaged and over-reactive and disease is pushed deeper into the body to come back stronger and more difficult to get rid of at a later date. This is called trading ACUTE disease for long-term CHRONIC disease, and it is one reason why so many of us are chronically ill today. A Holistic health care practitioner will not want to suppress symptoms unless they view it to be absolutely necessary, because those symptoms are a sign the immune system is working and doing its job.

Alexander Fleming, the scientist who discovered penicillin, cautioned against the overuse of antibiotics . Unless the scientific community and the general public heed his warning, Harvard professor Walter Gilbert, a Nobel prizewinner in chemistry, asserted, "There may be a time down the road when 80% to 90% of infections will be resistant to all known antibiotics."

Although the suppressive therapies are hard on the body, they do not compare with the rampant idiocy of using antibiotics for viral infections. Thankfully some measure of sanity appears to be returning to the medical profession. More and more doctors are avoiding prescribing antibiotics for colds and flus. Several critical observations must be made here. First, antibiotics are totally ineffective against viruses. The excuse most often heard for prescribing antibiotics in a viral illness is to prophylactically protect the body against a secondary bacterial infection. This is an idea proven to be false decades ago. In the United States, of the 5 most common antibiotics prescribed, three are broad spectrum. That's a problem!

Second, the basis of antibiotics is mold. Through millions of years of evolution, bacteria and mold have coexisted in nature - in the soil, plants and animals. When one of them developed an evolutionary edge over the other and began to shift the balance in favor of itself, the other must have rapidly learned to defend itself against this new attack. If this were not true, we would only have either bacteria or molds but not both. By using mold, we thought we could slay one step ahead of bacteria in the evolutionary scale because we're so smart. Well, the yolk is on us, the bacteria are winning, and at a record pace. So in our attempt to wipe out bacteria, we forced them into a revolutionary evolutionary change and we damaged our immunity so badly that we become easy prey for viruses. Additional side effects of antibiotics are immune suppression and the increased susceptibility to parasites.

The long term effects of the breakdown of the immune system can be seen in increased infections, auto-immune disorders and tumor formation. The body's last ditch effort to compensate for the loss of internal defenses is to hyper activate the depressed immune function. What it may do is over stimulate the immune function, sacrificing the "self" - "not self" regulatory mechanisms. The defenses then perceive its own organs and systems as "not self" and begin to mount defenses against them. This starts the precipitous march toward auto immune disorders such as SLE, MS, RA, and possibly CFS.

In "Beyond Antibiotics" Drs. Schmidt, Smith, and Sehnert explore the problems presented by the overuse of these drugs. More importantly, they show how to build immunity, improve resistance to infections, and avoid antibiotics when possible. The scientific community and the general public have ignored the insights of the late Pasteur and have ignored the importance of host resistance in preventing illnessmore on Louis Pasteur

Marlice Vonck DVM. - The unfolding events surrounding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, (SARS) is yet another painful reminder that we live in a crowded world where continents are only a plane ride away. The SARS epidemic is only one of an ongoing series of new emerging diseases. Our best global and personal strategy is to do all in our power to ensure and support our unique abilities of disease resistance and immunity

Dr. Lawrence Wilson -" Factors that impair the immune system include nutrient deficiencies, contaminated air, water and food, unhealthful lifestyles and too much exposure to harmful microbes.Other factors that weaken the immune system are negative attitudes and emotions and the presence of toxic metals, toxic chemicals and biological toxins in the body.Others are sluggish metabolism, lack of rest and sleep, excessive stress or too much exercise. As these causative factors are removed or corrected, the immune system improves."

Your immune system is constantly on the prowl for pathogens and foreign antigen agents of cellular damage, toxicity and disease. These antigens include viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and even pre-cancerous cells. To neutralize these pathogens, the body needs a ready supply ofglutathione. If it doesn't have enough, some of the invaders will get through, infecting the body and/or contributing to aging, long-term accumulative damage even eventual cancers. We cant avoid illness and aging altogether, but by keeping our intracellular glutathione levelselevated, we also keep our immune system on full alert and fully armed.

Professor Dr. Wulf Droge MD - "The human immune system is extremely dependent on adequate glutathione levels to perform properly. Even a partial depletion of the intracellular glutathione pool has a dramatic consequence for the process of blast transformation and proliferation, and for the generation of cytotoxic T cells." ( T cells are those cells which help the body defend against diseases.) Abstract: - Cysteine and glutathione in catabolic conditions and immunological dysfunction. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2(3):227-233, May 1999. Droge, Wulf

We have all heard stories of apparently miraculous recoveries from terminal cancer, but are any of these accounts true? Absolutely. Medical journals have published thousands of case histories about seemingly incurable patients who have seen their cancers disappear in the absence of medical treatment. These examples of spontaneous regression demonstrate the power of the human immune system. It can cure cancer.

Studies confirm that the eight essential biologically active sugars can accomplish amazing results. The following are just a few examples of the exciting possibilities of Glyconutrition:

Homeopathy as a properly practiced art, stimulates an accelerated immune system response. Back in the early 1800's homeopathy carved out a reputation for itself with the extraordinary results its treating patients during epidemics. The battle of Leipzig in 1813 caused an outbreak of typhus which Hahnemann treated. Of the 180 patients he treated, only 2 died, the medical profession had a greater than 50% mortality rate. During the winter of 1831-1832 a cholera epidemic broke out in Europe. The homeopathic patients had a 4% mortality rate compared to over 50% with conventional medicine.

Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride "...about 85 percent of our immune system is located in the gut wall,she says.This fact has been established by basic physiology research in the 1930s and the 1940s. Your gut, your digestive wall, is the biggest and the most important immune organ in your body. There is a very tight conversation and a relationship going on between the gut flora microbiome that lives inside your digestive system, and your immune system...Your gut flora the state of the gut flora and the composition of microbes in your gut flora has a profound effect on what forms of immune cells you will be producing on any given day, what they're going to be doing, and how balanced your immune system is. Dr. Campbell-McBride is the author of"Gut and Psychology Syndrome: Natural Treatment for Autism, Dyspraxia, A.D.D., Dyslexia, A.D.H.D., Depression, Schizophrenia"

The intestinal lining becomes porous when it is inflamed, oxidized, toxic, and lacking in energy. This is called 'leaky gut.' This allows for "translocation" of toxins and noxious organisms from the intestines to the rest of our body. One of the many problems that result is a priming of the "systemic immune system" to attack molecules and tissues it should not be attacking. This means that the immune system you are more familiar with (white cells, antibodies, immunoglobulins, etc.) is overwhelmed, and confused. This is the main reason why we develop "autoimmune" problems, such as arthritis, lupus, thyroiditis, etc.

"The intricate interface between immune system and metabolism" (J. Trends in Immunology 2004;25:193.) reminds us of the concept of "Metabolomics." By improving our cells' ability to produce energy, we also improve our immune system. After all, it also needs energy to function. This also means that being obese and prediabetic compromises our immune system. By improving insulin resistance improves the immune system.

Enzymes are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms. They are required for every single chemical action that takes place in your body. All of your tissues, muscles, bones, organs and cells are run by enzymes. Your digestive system, immune system, bloodstream, liver, kidneys, spleen and pancreas, as well as your ability to see, think, feel and breathe, all depend on enzymes.Systemic enzymes, sometimes called metabolic or proteolytic enzymes , are produced by the pancreas to repair the body ... to build and restore tissues.In fact, they are a necessary component of all other functions in the body besides digestion, and your body is unable to produce enough of them because we eat cooked foods.

Animal studies have shown that an increase in fat intake can decrease the number of natural killer (NK) cells found in the blood and spleen. NK cells are an integral part of the natural immune response to virus infections and certain types of cancer. Researchers at Oxford University now report that fish oil significantly decreases NK cell activity in healthy human subjects.

Their clinical trial involved 48 men and women aged 55 to 75 years. The participants were randomized to receive one of six supplements for 12 weeks. The supplements were all provided in the form of capsules, three of which were to be taken with each meal. The nine capsules (daily intake) contained either a total of 2 g alpha-linolenic acid, 770 mg gamma-linolenic acid (from evening primrose oil), 680 mg arachidonic acid, 720 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 720 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)+ 280 mg DHA (fish oil) or a placebo (an 80:20 mix of palm and sunflower oils).

All the participants had blood samples taken four weeks before start of supplementation, immediately before start of supplementation, and then every four weeks during the trial as well as after a four-week washout period. The researchers found no changes in killer cell activity except in the group taking fish oil. Here they observed an average decline of 20 per cent after 8 weeks and 48 per cent after 12 weeks. The decline was completely reversed after the washout period. The fact that no decline was observed with pure DHA strongly suggests that EPA was responsible.

The researchers conclude that an excessive EPA intake could have adverse effects for people at risk of viral infections and some cancers. Editor's Note: The British researchers' speculation about fish oils perhaps affecting the effectiveness of NK cells in killing cancer cells is at odds with the results of many other studies. There are at least a dozen studies that show a clear protective effect of fish or fish oil against breast, colon, and prostate cancer. NOTE: This study was partly funded by Unilever. [54 references] Thies, Frank, et al. Dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid, but not with other long-chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, decreases natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects aged >55 years. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 73, March 2001, pp. 539-48

Its been around for thousands of years. Every traditional healing culture in the world has a ginseng or ginseng-type plant in its medicine chest. Daily ginseng was a necessary matter of life throughout all of Chinas long history. At the turn of the 20th century, virtually every Chinese person used ginseng to some extent for their well being, especially as a wellness tonic. Ginseng was also highly esteemed by every Native American culture.

At the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jilin Province (where ginseng is grown), researchers in the pharmacology department evaluated the effects of ginseng on immune responses. The immune responses of mice were tested with different dosages of extracts obtained either from the leaf or the root of ginseng. Significant changes in the response of the reticuloendothelial (RES) system were found, especially with moderate doses of the root extracts. Larger doses did not improve the response. RES cells are the immune system components that devour foreign organisms without leaving their original sites in the liver, spleen and other tissues of the body.

Ginseng - the most extensively studied herb on earth! Dr. Lin Yutang, a Chinese research scientist who spent a lifetime learning about ginseng, summed up his work by saying that "The magic tonic and building qualities of ginseng are the most enduring, the most energy-giving, restorative qualities known to mankind, yet it is distinguished by the slowness and gentleness of its action". More modern research has been done on ginseng than all other herbs combined. At the turn of the 21st century ginseng is being intensively studied by athletic performance experts as well as medical science.

According to the British Journal of Biomedical Science,allicin is considered to be the most potent antibacterial agent in crushed garlic extracts. Garlic has been used since the days of the Egyptians to treat wounds, infections, tumors, and intestinal parasites.Several animal studies published between 1995 and 2005 indicate that allicin may reduce atherosclerosis and fat deposition, normalize the lipoprotein balance, decrease blood pressure, have anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory activities, and function as an antioxidant. Garlic has been widely reported to protect against cardiovascular disease by reducing serum cholesterol concentrations and blood pressure and by inhibiting platelet aggregation. Garlic detoxifies chemical carcinogens and prevent carcinogenesis and can also directly inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Allicin, the heart of garlic, stimulates immunity, including macrophage activity, natural killer and killer cells, and LAK cells, and to increase the production of IL-2, TNF, and interferon-gamma.

"Proven throughout history for physical, mental and spiritual rejuvenation, fasting promotes cleansing and healing; helps normalize weight, blood pressure, cholesterol; rebuilds the immune system; and helps reverse the aging process. If we are to get these poisons out of our bodies we must fast. By fasting we give our bodies a physiological rest. This rest builds Vital Force. The more Vital Force we have, the more toxins are going to be eliminated from the body to help keep it clean, pure and healthy." P. Bragg, Ph.D

"There is no family of foods more protective against radiation and environmental pollutants than sea vegetables and can prevent assimilation of different radionuclitides, heavy metals such as cadmium, and other environmental toxins." Steven Schecter, N.D.

A report from the Agronomic Institute, Faculty of Zootechnics, Romania, showed the immune-strengthening effects of bee pollen. According to the report, "Comparative Studies Concerning Biochemical Characteristics of Beebread as Related to the Pollen Preserved in Honey" by Dr's. E. Palos, Z. Voiculescu, and C. Andrei, "An increase has been recorded in the level of blood lymphocytes, gamma globulins, and proteins in those subjects given pollen in comparison with control groups. The most significant difference occurred in lymphocytes. These results thus signify a strengthening in the resistance of the organic system." Lymphocytes are the white blood cells that are the "soldiers" of the immune system. They are responsible for ridding the body of injurious and harmful substances, including infected or diseased cells, mutant and cancerous cells, viruses, metabolic trash, and so on. Gamma globulin is a protein formed in the blood, and our ability to resist infection is closely related to this protein's activity.

As well as its blood purifying properties, echinacea is an effective antibacterial, antiviral and immune system stimulant or infection fighter. For more than 100 years it has proven useful in most diseases due to impurities of the blood. It is excellent for treating the causes of fever, infection, colds and flu and is specific for all glandular infections. Echinacea (pronounced eek-in-asia) is a plant which was first used by Native American Indians to cure snake bites, colds, flu and other fever-related illnesses. Today echinacea is commercially cultivated and is the most popular herb in the world. In Europe, echinacea is used in many cases instead of antibiotics. Golden Seal is claimed by many to be the world's oldest medicinal plant. It is said to promote white blood cell activity, which is an important part of your body's natural defense system.

Oxygen depletion weakens our immune system, which leads to viral infections, damaged cells, growths, inflamed joins, serious heart and circulatory problems, toxic buildup in blood and premature aging. Low oxygen allows damaged cells to multiply and form growths in our bodies because our cells are oxygen deficient. If the cells in our bodies are rich in oxygen, mutated cells are less able to reproduce.

Oxygen shortage in the human body has been linked to every major illness category including heart conditions, cancer, digestion and elimination problems, respiratory disease, inflamed, swollen and aching joints, sinus problems, yeast infections and even sexual dysfunction. Fresh live foods and rain water contain oxygen. Cooked foods and stagnant water has much less oxygen. Oxygen is our primary source of energy. It displaces harmful free radicals, neutralizes environmental toxins and destroys anaerobic (the inability to live in oxygen rich environments) infectious bacteria, parasites, microbes and viruses.

The psychological stressors of surgery deal a blow to the immune system, but this is hardly discussed in the medical community," says Prof. Ben-Eliyahu. "Ours is among the first studies to show that psychological fear may be no less important than real physiological tissue damage in suppressing immune competence." The surprising part of Prof. Ben-Eliyahu's studies is that stress hormones such as adrenaline, which are released before and during surgery, "underlie much of the devastating effects of surgery on immune competence," says Prof. Ben-Eliyahu.

Until now, doctors assumed that the immune system was weakened due to tissue damage and the body's responses to it. A weak immune system is one of the major factors that promotes cancer metastases after an operation, explains Prof. Ben-Eliyahu."Timing is everything after cancer surgery," says Prof. Ben-Eliyahu. "There is a short window of opportunity, about a week after surgery, when the immune system needs to be functioning maximally in order kill the tiny remaining bits of tumor tissue that are scattered around the body."

Let Dr. Appleton show you: (1) A scientific option to Louis Pasteur's germ theory; (2) Why some people get sick and others do not; (3) Why medicines heal some people and not others; (4) Why some people get well without medicines and others do not get well with or without medicines; (5) How your body can resist infectious and degenerative diseases; (6) The true cause of disease, the true cause of healing; (7) Food plans and ways to eat to enhance health and healing.

"Discovering this book was a great delight for me! It provides a good beginning for enlightenment beyond the confines of modern medicine. Its data is both informative and practical. Appleton has taken extremely complex subject matter and made it simple enough for any to understand. I have studied extensively for over 20 years ALL of the material covered by this book. There are no lies within its covers. Consequences today from Pasteur's devious behavior and efforts in the previous century make Adolf Hitler looks like a Cub Scout by comparison!..."

Officials from the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control have reported that the overuse of antibiotics in medicine has created an epidemic of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Doctors fear that if antibiotic use is not curtailed, we may soon approach the day when untreatable infections are rampant.

For many of us it comes as as surprise to learn that bacteria are highly intelligent and adaptable. We have been taught from birth that they are pretty dumb and that, through the use of antibiotics, we are winning a war against them, a war that will end all disease. In fact the opposite is true. Bacteria show behavior that indicate intelligence and they are acting together throughout the world to counter the antibiotics we have invented to kill them off. Bacteria, it turns out, are inextricably intertwined with the formation of the human species and the health of the Earth. One to two pounds of our body weight are bacteria and over eons we have developed a crucial and important symbiosis with them.

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The Immune System: The Body's Defense Department

November 6, 2012 Posted by Admin

Eyesight vs Vision

Our visual perception or the sense of seeing is what helps us most in interpreting the world around us. Eyesight and vision are two of the many words used to refer to this perception. Visual perception is possible not just with our eyes as it also involves our brain to make sense of things in our immediate environment and our learning and culture. Many people think eyesight and vision to be the same or synonymous though there are also differences that will be talked about in this article.

Eyesight

When you start to have trouble reading a newspaper or clearly reading the text or faces on television, you go to an eye doctor called ophthalmologist or an optometrist who checks your eyesight by making you look at a chart with numerals and alphabets written over it in many lines and asking you to identify them from a distance wearing different glasses. He is the person who decides the power of the lenses or glasses that we ought to wear to have clear images formed by our eyes. We have good eyesight when we see clear images formed at the back of our eyes. Our visual acuity is tested both from a distance (20 feet) as well as near (reading distance of 16 inches). When we are able to see clear images from a distance of 20 feet, we are said to have a 20/20 eyesight that is so called on the basis of a fraction developed by Dutch ophthalmologist Snellen. If you have eyesight of 20/40, it means your eyesight is only half as good as normal eyesight as 20/20 is just 50% of normal eyesight.

Vision

If you have 20/20 eye sight, it does not guarantee you have a vision that is perfect. This is because reading a chart containing letters and numerals in different light conditions is just a specific task, whereas our eyes have to perform many different and challenging tasks in our daily lives. There is a term called binocular vision that refers to the fact of our eyes working as a team to make sure we see clearly in all conditions. This is why we can have a poor vision even though we may have 20/20 eyesight if our eyes are not aligned properly as they should be. It is possible for people with 20/20 eyesight to have a blurred vision or to suffer from headaches because of this problem. Different reading tasks require our eyes to work in tandem according to different principles. For example, the principle of convergence is at work when we are working at computers as it requires our eyes to be pointing slightly inward. Reading from newspapers and watching movies in a dark room requires our eyes to change focus quickly and from one place to another. This is called accommodation.

What is the difference between Eyesight and Vision?

Though eyesight and vision are related concepts, eyesight refers to clarity of images formed by our eyes whereas vision is what our eyes and brain make out of our surroundings, and this is dependent upon many other things apart from eyesight.

We go to get our eyesight tested when we have trouble reading books or watching TV or other objects from a distance.

20/20 eyesight does not mean we have a perfect vision as there can be other problems leading to a blurred vision or even headaches.

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Eyesight vs Vision: Difference Between Eyesight and Vision ...

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2019 Highlights:

Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery will account for 40% of a $136 billion nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery market by 2021. We forecast the total market size in 2021 to be US$136 billion, with a 60/40 split between Nano medicine and Drug Delivery respectively, although developing new targeted delivery mechanisms may allow more value to be created for companies and entrepreneurs.

However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to grow at a faster CAGR owing to presence of high unmet healthcare needs, research collaborations and increase in nanomedicine research funding in emerging economies such as Singapore, Japan, China, India and other economies in the region. Singapore is expected to surpass the United States in terms of nanotechnology funding in the near future, which indicates the growth offered by this region.This conference seeks to showcase work in the area of Nanomedicine, Drug Delivery Systems, and nanotechnology, Nanobiothechnology, particularly related to drug delivery.

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Nanomedicine and drugdelivery can address one of the greatest challenges in the post-genomic era of the 21st century making the essential connections between Academics and industry professionals.

To meet these challenges, the field of Nanomedicine and drugdelivery has undergone exponential growth during the last 5 years. Technologies such asPersonalized Nanomedicine, Design of Nanodrugs,Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery,Regenerative MedicineandTissue Engineering, Nanomedicines and Biomedical applications,Nanomaterials for drug delivery,Regulatory Aspects Towards Approval of Nanomedicine,NanoPharmaceutical, Industry and Market processing and drug delivery promise to transform the world ofAdvanced nanomedicinesanddrug deliverymuch in the same way that integrated and transformed the world of pharmaceutical sciences.

Nanodelivery 2019 has everything you need:

Open panel discussions: Providing an open forum with experts from academia and business to discuss on current challenges innanomedicineanddrug delivery, where all attendees can interact with the panel followed by a Q&A session.

Speakerandposter presentations: Providing a platform to all academicians and industry professionals to share their research thoughts and findings through a speech or a poster presentation.

Editorial board meeting: Discussing on growth and development of open access Nanomedicine and drugdelivery International Journals and recruiting board members and reviewers who can support the journal.

Round table meetings: Providing a platform where industry professionals meet academic experts.

Over 50+ organizations and international pavilions will be exhibiting at the Nanodelivery 2018 conference and Exhibition. Exhibitors will include equipment manufacturers and suppliers, systems providers, finance and investment firms, R&D companies, project developers, trade associations, and government agencies.

In addition to the products and services you will see at the Nanodelivery Exhibition, you will have access to valuable content, including Keynote Presentations, Product Demonstrations and Educational Sessions from todays industry leaders.

The Nanodelivery 2019 has everything you need, all under one roof, saving you both time and money. It is the event you cannot afford to miss!

Who's Coming to Nanodelivery 2019?

Conference Keywords

Nanomedicine:

Nanomedicineis the medical application ofnanotechnology, nanomedicineranges from the medical applicationsofnanomaterialsandbiological devices, to nanoelectronicbiosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such asbiological machines.

Nanomedicine : Future Nanomedicine:

We can say that nanomedicine is ourfuture medicine.The usage ofNanomedicine in drug deliverycan unlock the way to cure many life threatening diseases. For examplesnanomedicine in cancer treatment,Nanomedicine for blood disorders,Nanomedicine for Lung Diseases, Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Diseases. This includesFuture aspects of Nanomedicine,nanobots,nanodrugs.

Nanomedicine research group:

This is only possible by the grace and smart work of thenanomedicine research groupfrom all over the world.Nanomedicine coursesare taught in theuniversities all over the world.They also providepostdoctoral fellowship opportunity in nanomedicine.So we can say thatfuture of nanomedicineshines brightly .

Nanomedicine Market:

Nanomedicinecan be explained as theapplication ofnanotechnologytoachieveinnovation in healthcare.Theglobal nanomedicine marketis anticipatedto reach USD 350.8 billion by2025.This includes:Scope of Nanomedicine,Novel Drugs to NanoDrugs,Nanodrugs for Herbal medicinesand Cosmetics

Nanomedicine in Cancer:

A wide range of new tools and possibilities is already achieved incancer treatments using Nanotechnology, fromdiagnosingit earlier to improvedimagingfortargeted therapies.This includes Nanomedicine for other disease,Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Diseases,Nanodrugs for Cancer Therapy

New formulations:

Nanomedicines are three-dimensional constructs of multiple components with preferred spatial arrangements for their functions.This includesNano Sized Drugs,Nanodrugs for Veterinary Therapeutics,Nanodrugs for Medical applications,Formulation and Development.

Emergence of Nanomedicines:

Extensive multidisciplinary investigation in the field ofnanomedicine nanotechnology biology and medicinehas caused the emergence of Nanomedicine as promising carriers fordeliveryof diversetherapeutic moleculesto the targeted sites. This includesNanodrugs for Cancer Therapy,Nanodrugs for Veterinary Therapeutics,Nanodrugs for Medical applications.

VLPs:

VLPsare a viruses devoid ofgenetic materialand thus they cannotreplicate.This includesNanoMedicine in HIV,Drug targeting,Nanomedicine for Cancer.

Nanocarrier :

A nanocarriers are used as atransport modulefor adrug. Commonly usednanocarriersincludemicelles,polymers,carbon-based materials,liposomesandmany more.This includesnanoparticles,nanobots,nanodrugs.

Nanomedicine-History:

It was the extensive multidisciplinary investigation in the field ofnanomedicine nanotechnologybiology and medicinethat gave rise to thefuture medicinei.e.Nanomedicine. We know that nanotechnology is a recent development inscientific research,though the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time.This includesNanomedicine for other disease,Nanodrugs for Herbal medicines and Cosmetics

Biomedical nanotechnology:

Biomedical nanotechnologyincludes a diverse collection of disciplines.This includesCarbon Nanotubes,BiosensorsandNanobioelectronics,Nanobiomechanics and Nanomedicine.

Drug delivery systems:

Drug deliveryis theformulations,technologies, and systems for transporting apharmaceutical compoundinside the body safely to achieve itsdesired therapeutic effect.This includesLiposomes,Versatile Polymers In Drug Deivery,Drug Development

Toxicity:

Toxicityis the measure to which a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.This includeGold Nanoparticles,Silver Nanoparticles,Magnetic Nanoparticles.

Xenobiotics:

Axenobioticis a chemical substances which is not produced naturally or expected to be found within an organism.This includesNano Micro Particles,BiosensorsandNanobioelectronics,Bio inspired materials and drug delivery

Pharmaceutical technology:

We can detect diseases at much earlier stages usingNano pharmaceuticals.Usingnanoparticles we can also design thediagnostic applicationsconventionally.This includesNanoliposome,Drug Targeting,Challenges and advances in NanoPharmaceuticals

Bioimaging:

Bioimagingare methods that non-invasively visualizebiological processesin real time.This includesImage-guided drug delivery,Imaging,Optical sensors

Imaging probe:

Molecular imaging probeis an agent used tovisualize, characterize and quantify biological processes in living systems .This includesOptical sensors,Smart Polymer Nanoparticles,NanomaterialsforImaging

Pharmaceutical compound:

The particular pharmaceutical product to fit the unique need of a patient can be made byPharmaceutical compounding.This includesChallenges and advances in Nano Pharmaceuticals,Nano Pharmaceuticalsfrom thebench to Scale up

Pulmonary delivery:

Pulmonary deliveryofdrughas become an attractive target and of tremendous scientific andbiomedical interestin thehealth care research.This includes Transmucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Sonophoresis Drug Delivery System, Hydrogel in Drug Delivery

Vascular disease:

Diseases of theblood Vessels can be related toVascular diseases.This includesovarian, breast cancer,kidney disease,fungal infections.

Tissue engineering:

The use of a tissue, engineering and materials methods, and suitablebiochemicalandphysicochemical factorsto improve or replacebiological tissues.This includesNeuro Regenerations,Organ fabrication,Cell-based therapies

Regenerative medicine:

Regenerative medicineis a broad field that includes tissue engineering but also incorporates onself-healing

Regenerative medicine- self healing:

Body uses its own systems, sometimes with help foreignbiological materialtorecreate cellsandrebuild tissuesand organs.This includeBiologic scaffolds,Bone Marrow Tissue Engineering,Mechanical properties of engineered tissues

Quantitative Imaging:

Quantitative imagingprovides clinicians with a more accurate picture of a disease state.This includesImage-guided drug delivery,Imaging,Optical sensors.

Tissue Sciences:

The internal organs and connective structures ofvertebrates, andcambium,xylem, andphloemin plants are made up of different types of tissue.This includesNeuro Regenerations,Bioreactor design,Bone Marrow Tissue Engineering.

Rational drug design:

Drug design, is simply the inventive process of findingnew medicationsbased on the knowledge of abiological targetThis includesNanodrugs for Cancer Therapy,Nanodrugs for Medical applications,Nano Sized Drugs

Drug target:

Biological targetcan be described as thenative proteinin the body , with modified activity by a drug resulting in a specific effect. The biological target is often referred to as a drug target.This includeDrug targeting,Image-guided drug delivery,target site

Drug resistance mechanism:

InDrug resistancethe effectiveness of amedicationis reduced such as anantimicrobialor anantineoplasticin curing a disease or condition.This includeschemotherapy,tumor-targeted drug delivery

Single molecule imaging:

Single-molecule studies may be contrasted with measurements on the bulk collection of molecules. In this individual behavior ofmoleculescannot be distinguished, and only average characteristics can be measured.This includeDrug targeting,Image-guided drug delivery,Imaging

Medicine:

Medicine can be explained as the science and practice of thediagnosis,treatment, andprevention of disease.This include Controledradical polymerization,Nanodrugs for Herbal medicinesandCosmetics,Nanomedicine for Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) Diseases.

Computer-Aided Diagnosis:

Computer-aided detection(CADe), are systems that help doctors in the interpretation ofmedical images.This includesImage-guided drug delivery,Optical sensors,BiosensorsandNanobioelectronics

Pharmacology:

Pharmacology is the study ofdrug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenousThis includesNanoliposome,Drug Targeting,Applied biopharmaceutics

Drug delivery industries:

Demand fordrug deliveryproducts in the US will rise 6.1 percent yearly to $251 billion in 2019. Parenteral products will grow the fastest, driven bymonoclonal antibodiesandpolymer-encapsulated medicines.Hormonesand central nervous system agents will lead gains by application.Pen injectorsand retractable prefillable syringes will pace devices.This includesBio Pharmaceutical Industry,Focus on Nanopharmaceuticals,Industrial Applications of Nano medicine.

Drug delivery market:

The drug delivery market is thelargest contributing applicationsegment, whereasbiomaterialsis the fastest growing application area in this market. Nanomedicine accounts for 77Marketed ProductsWorldwide, representing an Industry with an estimated market $130.9 Billion by 2016.This includesBio Pharmaceutical Industry,Focus on Nanopharmaceuticals,Industrial Applications of Nano medicine.

Nanomedicine Market Size:

Theglobal nanomedicine marketis anticipated to reach USD 350.8 billion by 2025, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. Development ofnovel nanotechnology-based drugsandtherapiesis driven by the need to develop therapies that have fewer side effects and that are morecost-effectivethantraditional therapies, in particular for cancer.This includespharmaceutical industry,Up Coming Market for Nanotechnology,Focus on Nanopharmaceuticals.

Biodegradable implants:

Biodegradable implants offer a number of financial,psychological, andclinical advantagesoverpermanent metal implants.They provide the appropriate amount of mechanical strength when necessary, and degrade at a rate similar tonew tissue formation, thereby transferring the load safely to thehealed boneand eliminating the need for an additional revision and removal operation.This includesBiologic scaffolds,Biomaterials,Bone Marrow Tissue Engineering.

Nanomedicine industry:

Expecteddevelopments in nanoroboticsowing to therise in fundingfrom thegovernment organizationsis expected to induce potential to the market.Nanorobotics engineering projectsthat are attempting totarget the cancer cellswithout affecting the surrounding tissues is anticipated to drive progress through to 2025.This includesIndustrial Applications of Nano medicine,Nanotechnology tools in Pharmaceutical R&D,Bio Pharmaceutical Industry,Focus on Nanopharmaceuticals

Nanomedicine Market Drivers:

The major drivers of the nanomedicine market include its application in varioustherapeutic areas, increasingR&D studiesabout nanorobots in this segment, andsignificant investmentsinclinical trialsby the government as well as private sector. TheOncology segmentis the majortherapeutic areafornanomedicine application, which comprised more than 35% of the total market share in 2016.This includesAn Up and Coming Market for Nanotechnology,Nanomedicine: Prospects, Risks and Regulatory Issues,Current , Future Applications and Regulatory challenges.

Nanomedicine Market trends:

Thetherapeutic areas for nanomedicineapplication areOncology,is includesCurrent , Future Applications and Regulatory challenges,Regulatory Policies.

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Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery

Get your Stem Cell Treatment in India with Dheeraj Bojwani Consultants

Stem Cell treatment is an intricate process. Stem Cell transplant patients need utmost care with respect to both emotionally and physically. Dheeraj Bojwani Consultants is a prominent medical tourism company in India making world-class medical facilities from best surgeons and hospitals accessible for international patients looking for budget-friendly treatment abroad.

Mrs. Marilyn Obiora - Nigeria Stem Cell Therapy For her Daughter in India

Hi, my name is Mrs. Marilyn Obiora, and I am from Nigeria. I came to India for my daughter's Stem Cell Therapy in India. My daughter had her first stroke in 2011. She couldn't sit, talk and had lost control of her neck. We could not find suitable help for her condition and searched for treatment in India.

We sent a query to the dheerajbojwani.com and received fast reply. Within no time we were in India for my daughter's treatment. We are very pleased with the treatment offered and there has been serious improvement in her condition in just two weeks. Thanks to the Dheeraj Bojwani Consultants, my daughter is regaining proper body functions and recuperating well.

Medical science has come a long way since its practice began thousands of years ago. Scientists are finding superior and more resourceful ways to cure diseases of different organs. Stem cells are undifferentiated parent cells that can transform into specialized cell types, divide further and produce more stem cells of the same group. Stem Cell therapy is performed to prevent or treat a health condition. Stem Cell Treatment is a reproductive therapy where nourishing tissues reinstate damaged tissues for relief from incurable diseases. Stem cell treatment is one of the approaches with a potential to heal a wide range of diseases in the near future. Science has always provided ground-breaking answers to obdurate health conditions, but the latest medical miracle that the medical fraternity has gifted to mankind is the Stem Cell Therapy.

Stem cell therapy is an array of techniques intended to replace cells damaged or destroyed by disease with healthy functioning ones. Even though the techniques are relatively new, their applications and advantages are broad and surprising the medical world with every new research. Stem cells are obtained from bone marrow or human umbilical cord. They are also known as the fundamental cells of our body and have the power to develop into any type of tissue cell in the body. Stem cell treatment is based on the principle that the cells move to the site of injury and transform themselves to form new tissue cells to replace the damaged ones. They have the capacity to proliferate and renew themselves indefinitely and can form mature muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells. In this type of therapy, they are derived from the body, kept under artificial conditions where they mature into the type of cells that are required to heal a certain part of the body or disease.

Stem cells are being studied and used to treat different types of cancers, disorders related to the blood, immune disorders, and metabolic disorders. Some other diseases and health conditions that may be healed using stem cell treatment are,

Recently, a team of researchers successfully secured the peripheral nerves in the upper arms of a patient suffering peripheral nerve damage, by using skin-derived stem cells (SDSCs) and a previously developed collagen tube, premeditated to successfully bridge gaps in injured nerves.

A research has found potential in bone marrow stem cell therapy to treat TB. Patients injected with new mesenchymal stromal cells derived from their own bone marrow showed positive response against the TB bacteria. The therapy also didnt show any serious adverse effects.

Stem cells are also used to treat hair loss. A small amount of fat is taken from the waist area of the patient by a mini-liposuction process. This fat contains dormant stem cells, and is then spun to separate the stem cells from the fat. An activation solution is added to the cells, and may be multiplied in number, depending on the size of the bald area. Once activated, the solution is washed off so that only cells remain. Now, the stem cells are injected into the scalp. One can find some hair growth in about two to four weeks.

Damaged cones in retinas can be regenerated and eyesight restored through stem cell. Stem cell therapy could regenerate damaged cones in people, especially in the cone-rich regions of the retina that provide daytime/color vision.

Kidney transplants have become more common and easier thanks stem cell therapy. Normally patients who undergo organ transplants need a lifetime of costly anti-rejection drugs but the new procedure may negate this need, with organ donors stem cells. Unless there is a perfect match donor, patients have to wait long for an organ transplant. Though still in early stages, the stem cell research is being considered as a potential player in the field of transplantation.

Transplanted stem cells serve as migratory signals for the brain's own neurogenic cells, guiding the new host cells towards the injured brain tissue. Stem cells have the potential to give rise to many different cell types that carry out different functions. While the stem cells in adult bone marrow tend to develop into the cells that make up the organ system from which they originated. These multipotent stem cells can be manipulated to take up the characteristics of neural cells.

Experts are using Stem cell Transplant to treat the symptoms of spinal cord injury by transplantation of cells directly into the gray matter of the patients spinal cord. Expectedly, the cells will integrate into the patients own neural tissue and create new circuitry to help transmit nerve signals to muscles. The transplanted cells may also promote reorganization of the spinal cord segmental circuitry, possibly leading to improved motor function.

Stem cells are capable of differentiating into a variety of different cell types, and if the architecture of damaged tendon is restored, it would improve the management of patients with these injuries significantly.

A promising benefit of stem cell therapy is its potential for cardiac tissue regeneration to reverse tissue loss underlying the development of heart failure after cardiac injury. Possible mechanisms of recovery include generation of heart muscle cells, stimulation of new blood vessels growth, secretion of growth factors.

It is a complex and multifarious procedure, with several risks and complications involved and is thus recommended to a few patients when other treatments have failed. Stem Cell therapy is recommended when other treatments fail to give positive results. The best candidates for Stem cell Treatment are those in good health and have stem cells available from a sibling, or any other family member.

India has been recognized as the new medical destination for Stem Cell therapies. Hundreds of international patients from around the world visit to India for high quality medical care at par with developed nations like the US, UK, at the most affordable costs. The Hospitals in India have the most extensive diagnostic and imaging facilities including Asias most advanced MRI and CT technology. India provides services of the most leading doctors and Stem Cell Therapy professionals at reasonable cost budget in the following cities

India offers outstanding Stem Cell Treatment at rates far below that prevailing in USA or other Western countries. Even with travel expenses taken into account, the comprehensive medical tourism packages still provide a savings measured in the thousands of dollars for major procedures. A cost comparison can give you the exact idea about the difference:

There are many reasons for India becoming a popular medical tourism spot is the low cost stem cell treatment in the area. When in contrast to the first world countries like, US and UK, medical care in India costs as much as 60-90% lesser, that makes it a great option for the citizens of those countries to opt for stem cell treatment in India because of availability of quality healthcare in India, affordable prices strategic connectivity, food, zero language barrier and many other reasons.

The maximum number of patients for Stem Cell Treatment comes from Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia, USA, UK, Australia, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh

Below are the downloadable links that will help you to plan your medical trip to India in a more organized and better way. Attached word and pdf files gives information that will help you to know India more and make your trip to India easy and memorable one.

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Excerpt from:
Stem Cell Treatment in India - Dheeraj Bojwani

This article is about genetic chimrism. For the cartilaginous fish, see Chimaera. For the mythological beast, see Chimera (mythology).

A genetic chimerism or chimera (also spelled chimaera) is a single organism composed of cells with distinct genotypes. In animals, this means an individual derived from two or more zygotes, which can include possessing blood cells of different blood types, subtle variations in form (phenotype), and if the zygotes were of differing sexes then even the possession of both female and male sex organs[1] (this is just one of many different ways that may result in intersexuality). Animal chimeras are produced by the merger of multiple fertilized eggs. In plant chimeras, however, the distinct types of tissue may originate from the same zygote, and the difference is often due to mutation during ordinary cell division. Normally, genetic chimerism is not visible on casual inspection; however, it has been detected in the course of proving parentage.[2]

Another way that chimerism can occur in animals is by organ transplantation, giving one individual tissues that developed from a different genome. For example, transplantation of bone marrow (an organ often not thought of as being such) often determines the recipient's ensuing blood type.

An animal chimera is a single organism that is composed of two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated from different zygotes involved in sexual reproduction. If the different cells have emerged from the same zygote, the organism is called a mosaic. Chimeras are formed from at least four parent cells (two fertilised eggs or early embryos fused together). Each population of cells keeps its own character and the resulting organism is a mixture of tissues. Cases of human chimerism have been documented.[1]

This condition is either inherited or it is acquired through the infusion of allogeneic hematopoietic cells during transplantation or transfusion. In nonidentical twins, chimerism occurs by means of blood-vessel anastomoses. The likelihood of offspring being a chimera is increased if it is created via in vitro fertilisation.[3] Chimeras can often breed, but the fertility and type of offspring depends on which cell line gave rise to the ovaries or testes; varying degrees of intersex differences may result if one set of cells is genetically female and another genetically male.

Tetragametic chimerism is a form of congenital chimerism. This condition occurs through the fertilisation of two separate ova by two sperm, followed by aggregation of the two at the blastocyst or zygote stages. This results in the development of an organism with intermingled cell lines. Put another way, the chimera is formed from the merging of two nonidentical twins (a similar merging presumably occurs with identical twins, but as their genotypes are not significantly distinct, the resulting individual would not be considered a chimera). As such, they can be male, female, or have mixed intersex characteristics.[citation needed]

As the organism develops, it can come to possess organs that have different sets of chromosomes. For example, the chimera may have a liver composed of cells with one set of chromosomes and have a kidney composed of cells with a second set of chromosomes. This has occurred in humans, and at one time was thought to be extremely rare, though more recent evidence suggests that it is not the case.[1][4]

This is particularly true for the marmoset. Recent research shows most marmosets are chimeras, sharing DNA with their fraternal twins.[5] 95% of marmoset fraternal twins trade blood through chorionic fusions, making them hematopoietic chimeras.[6][7]

Most chimeras will go through life without realizing they are chimeras. The difference in phenotypes may be subtle (e.g., having a hitchhiker's thumb and a straight thumb, eyes of slightly different colors, differential hair growth on opposite sides of the body, etc.) or completely undetectable. Chimeras may also show, under a certain spectrum of UV light, distinctive marks on the back resembling that of arrow points pointing downwards from the shoulders down to the lower back; this is one expression of pigment unevenness called Blaschko's lines.[8]

Affected persons may be identified by the finding of two populations of red cells or, if the zygotes are of opposite sex, ambiguous genitalia and intersex alone or in combination; such persons sometimes also have patchy skin, hair, or eye pigmentation (heterochromia). If the blastocysts are of opposite sex, genitals of both sexes may be formed: either ovary and testis, or combined ovotestes, in one rare form of intersex, a condition previously known as true hermaphroditism.[citation needed]

Note that the frequency of this condition does not indicate the true prevalence of chimerism. Most chimeras composed of both male and female cells probably do not have an intersex condition, as might be expected if the two cell populations were evenly blended throughout the body. Often, most or all of the cells of a single cell type will be composed of a single cell line, i.e. the blood may be composed predominantly of one cell line, and the internal organs of the other cell line. Genitalia produce the hormones responsible for other sex characteristics.

Natural chimeras are almost never detected unless they exhibit abnormalities such as male/female or hermaphrodite characteristics or uneven skin pigmentation. The most noticeable are some male tortoiseshells and calicos (although most male tortoiseshells have an extra X chromosome responsible for the colouration) or animals with ambiguous sex organs.[citation needed]

The existence of chimerism is problematic for DNA testing, a fact with implications for family and criminal law. The Lydia Fairchild case, for example, was brought to court after DNA testing apparently showed that her children could not be hers. Fraud charges were filed against her and her custody of her children was challenged. The charge against her was dismissed when it became clear that Lydia was a chimera, with the matching DNA being found in her cervical tissue.[citation needed] Another case was that of Karen Keegan, who was also suspected (initially) of not being her children's biological mother, after DNA tests on her adult sons for a kidney transplant she needed seemed to show she wasn't their mother.[1][9]

The tetragametic state has important implications for organ or stem-cell transplantation. Chimeras typically have immunologic tolerance to both cell lines.[citation needed]

Microchimerism is the presence of a small number of cells that are genetically distinct from those of the host individual. Most people are born with a few cells genetically identical to their mothers' and the proportion of these cells goes down in healthy individuals as they get older. People who retain higher numbers of cells genetically identical to their mothers' have been observed to have higher rates of some autoimmune diseases, presumably because the immune system is responsible for destroying these cells and a common immune defect prevents it from doing so and also causes autoimmune problems. The higher rates of autoimmune diseases due to the presence of maternally-derived cells is why in a 2010 study of a 40-year-old man with scleroderma-like disease (an autoimmune rheumatic disease), the female cells detected in his blood stream via FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) were thought to be maternally-derived. However, his form of microchimerism was found to be due to a vanished twin, and whether or not microchimerism from a vanished twin might predispose individuals to autoimmune diseases as well is unknown.[10] Women often also have a few cells genetically identical to that of their children, and some people also have some cells genetically identical to that of their siblings (maternal siblings only, since these cells are passed to them because their mother retained them).[citation needed]

Chimerism occurs naturally in adult Ceratioid anglerfish and is in fact a natural and essential part of their life cycle. Once the male achieves adulthood, it begins its search for a female. Using strong olfactory (or smell) receptors, the male searches until it locates a female anglerfish. The male, less than an inch in length, bites into her skin and releases an enzyme that digests the skin of both his mouth and her body, fusing the pair down to the blood-vessel level. While this attachment has become necessary for the male's survival, it will eventually consume him, as both anglerfish fuse into a single hermaphroditic individual. Sometimes in this process more than one male will attach to a single female as a symbiote. They will all be consumed into the body of the larger female angler. Once fused to a female, the males will reach sexual maturity, developing large testicles as their other organs atrophy. This process allows for sperm to be in constant supply when the female produces an egg, so that the chimeric fish is able to have a greater number of offspring.[11]

Germline chimerism occurs when the germ cells (for example, sperm and egg cells) of an organism are not genetically identical to its own. It has recently been discovered that marmosets can carry the reproductive cells of their (fraternal) twin siblings, because of placental fusion during development. (Marmosets almost always give birth to fraternal twins.)[5][12][13]

In biological research, chimeras are artificially produced by selectively transplanting embryonic cells from one organism onto the embryo of another, and allowing the resultant blastocyst to develop. Chimeras are not hybrids, which form from the fusion of gametes from two species that form a single zygote with a combined genetic makeup. Nor are they Hybridomas which, as with hybrids, result from fusion of two species' cells into a single cell and artificial propagation of this cell in the laboratory. Essentially, in a chimera, each cell is from either of the parent species, whereas in a hybrid and hybridoma, each cell is derived from both parent species. "Chimera" is a broad term and is often applied to many different mechanisms of the mixing of cells from two different species.[citation needed]

As with cloning, the process of creating and implanting a chimera is imprecise, with the majority of embryos spontaneously terminating. Successes, however, have led to major advancements in the field of embryology, as creating chimeras of one species with different physical traits, such as colour, has allowed researchers to trace the differentiation of embryonic cells through the formation of organ systems in the adult individual.[citation needed]

The first known primate chimeras are the rhesus monkey twins, Roku and Hex, with each having six genomes. They were created by mixing cells from totipotent four cell blastocysts; although the cells never fused they worked together to form organs. It was discovered that one of these primates, Roku, was a sexual chimera; as four percent of Roku's blood cells contained two x chromosomes.[6]

A major milestone in chimera experimentation occurred in 1984, when a chimeric geep was produced by combining embryos from a goat and a sheep, and survived to adulthood.[21] The creation of the "geep" revealed several complexities to chimera development. In implanting a goat embryo for gestation in a sheep, the sheep's immune system would reject the developing goat embryo, whereas a "geep" embryo (sharing markers of immunity with both sheep and goats) was able to survive implantation in either of its parent species.[citation needed]

In August 2003, researchers at the Shanghai Second Medical University in China reported that they had successfully fused human skin cells and rabbit ova to create the first human chimeric embryos. The embryos were allowed to develop for several days in a laboratory setting, then destroyed to harvest the resulting stem cells.[22] In 2007, scientists at the University of Nevada School of Medicine created a sheep whose blood contained 15% human cells and 85% sheep cells.[23]

Chimeric mice are important animals in biological research, as they allow the investigation of a variety of biological questions in an animal that has two distinct genetic pools within it. These include insights into such problems as the tissue specific requirements of a gene, cell lineage, and cell potential. The general methods for creating chimeric mice can be summarized either by injection or aggregation of embryonic cells from different origins. The first chimeric mouse was made by Beatrice Mintz in the 1960s through the aggregation of eight-cell-stage embryos.[24] Injection on the other hand was pioneered by Richard Gardner and Ralph Brinster who injected cells into blastocysts to create chimeric mice with germ lines fully derived from injected embryonic stem cells (ES cells).[25] Chimeras can be derived from mouse embryos that have not yet implanted in the uterus as well as from implanted embryos. ES cells from the inner cell mass of an implanted blastocyst can contribute to all cell lineages of a mouse including the germ line. ES cells are a useful tool in chimeras because genes can be mutated in them through the use of homologous recombination, thus allowing gene targeting. Since this discovery occurred in 1988, ES cells have become a key tool in the generation of specific chimeric mice.[26]

The ability to make mouse chimeras comes from an understanding of early mouse development. Between the stages of fertilization of the egg and the implantation of a blastocyst into the uterus, different parts of the mouse embryo retain the ability to give rise to a variety of cell lineages. Once the embryo has reached the blastocyst stage, it is composed of several parts, mainly the trophectoderm, the inner cell mass, and the primitive endoderm. Each of these parts of the blastocyst gives rise to different parts of the embryo; the inner cell mass gives rise to the embryo proper, while the trophectoderm and primitive endoderm give rise to extra embryonic structures that support growth of the embryo.[27] Two- to eight-cell-stage embryos are competent for making chimeras, since at these stages of development, the cells in the embryos are not yet committed to give rise to any particular cell lineage, and could give rise to the inner cell mass or the trophectoderm. In the case where two diploid eight-cell-stage embryos are used to make a chimera, chimerism can be later found in the epiblast, primitive endoderm, and trophectoderm of the mouse blastocyst.[28][29]

It is possible to dissect the embryo at other stages so as to accordingly give rise to one lineage of cells from an embryo selectively and not the other. For example, subsets of blastomeres can be used to give rise to chimera with specified cell lineage from one embryo. The Inner Cell Mass of a diploid blastocyst for example can be used to make a chimera with another blastocyst of eight-cell diploid embryo; the cells taken from the inner cell mass will give rise to the primitive endoderm and to the epiblast in the chimera mouse.[30] From this knowledge, ES cell contributions to chimeras have been developed. ES cells can be used in combination with eight-cell-and two-cell-stage embryos to make chimeras and exclusively give rise to the embryo proper. Embryos that are to be used in chimeras can further be genetically altered in order to specifically contribute to only one part of chimera. An example is the chimera built off of ES cells and tetraploid embryos, tetraploid embryos which are artificially made by electrofusion of two two-cell diploid embryos. The tetraploid embryo will exclusively give rise to the trophectoderm and primitive endoderm in the chimera.[31][32]

There are a variety of combinations that can give rise to a successful chimera mouse and according to the goal of the experiment an appropriate cell and embryo combination can be picked; they are generally but not limited to diploid embryo and ES cells, diploid embryo and diploid embryo, ES cell and tetraploid embryo, diploid embryo and tetraploid embryo, ES cells and ES cells. The combination of embryonic stem cell and diploid embryo is a common technique used for the making of chimeric mice, since gene targeting can be done in the embryonic stem cell. These kinds of chimeras can be made through either aggregation of stem cells and the diploid embryo or injection of the stem cells into the diploid embryo. If embryonic stem cells are to be used for gene targeting to make a chimera, the following procedure is common: a construct for homologous recombination for the gene targeted will be introduced into cultured mouse embryonic stem cells from the donor mouse, by way of electroporation; cells positive for the recombination event will have antibiotic resistance, provided by the insertion cassette used in the gene targeting; and be able to be positively selected for.[33][34] ES cells with the correct targeted gene are then injected into a diploid host mouse blastocyst. These injected blastocysts are then implanted into a pseudo pregnant female surrogate mouse which will bring the embryos to term and give birth to a mouse whose germline is derived from the donor mouse's ES cells.[35] This same procedure can be achieved through aggregation of ES cells and diploid embryos, diploid embryos are cultured in aggregation plates in wells where single embryos can fit, to these wells ES cells are added the aggregates are cultured until a single embryo is formed and has progressed to the blastocyst stage, and can then be transferred to the surrogate mouse.[36]

The distinction between sectorial, mericlinal and periclinal plant chimeras are widely used.[37][38]

These are produced by grafting genetically different parents, different cultivars or different species (which may belong to different genera). The tissues may be partially fused together following grafting to form a single growing organism that preserves both types of tissue in a single shoot.[39] Just as the constituent species are likely to differ in a wide range of features, so the behavior of their periclinal chimeras is like to be highly variable.[40] The first such known chimera was probably the Bizzaria, which is a fusion of the Florentine citron and the sour orange. Well-known examples of a graft-chimera are Laburnocytisus 'Adamii', caused by a fusion of a Laburnum and a broom, and "Family" trees, where multiple varieties of apple or pear are grafted onto the same tree. Many fruit trees are cultivated by grafting the body of a sapling onto a rootstock.[citation needed]

These are chimeras in which the layers differ in their chromosome constitution. Occasionally chimeras arise from loss or gain of individual chromosomes or chromosome fragments owing to misdivision.[41] More commonly cytochimeras have simple multiple of the normal chromosome complement in the changed layer. There are various effects on cell size and growth characteristics.

These chimeras arise by spontaneous or induced mutation of a nuclear gene to a dominant or recessive allele. As a rule one character is affected at a time in the leaf, flower, fruit, or other parts.[citation needed]

These chimeras arise by spontaneous or induced mutation of a plastid gene, followed by the sorting-out of two kinds of plastid during vegetative growth. Alternatively, after selfing or nucleic acid thermodynamics, plastids may sort-out from a mixed egg or mixed zygote respectively. This type of chimera is recognized at the time of origin by the sorting-out pattern in the leaves. After sorting-out is complete, periclinal chimeras are distinguished from similar looking nuclear gene-differential chimeras by their non-mendelian inheritance. The majority of variegated-leaf chimeras are of this kind.[citation needed]

All plastid gene- and some nuclear gene-differential chimeras affect the color of the plasmids within the leaves, and these are grouped together as chlorophyll chimeras, or preferably as variegated leaf chimeras. For most variegation, the mutation involved is the loss of the chloroplasts in the mutated tissue, so that part of the plant tissue has no green pigment and no photosynthetic ability. This mutated tissue is unable to survive on its own but is kept alive by its partnership with normal photosynthetic tissue. Sometimes chimeras are also found with layers differing in respect of both their nuclear and their plastid genes.[citation needed]

There are multiple reasons to explain the occurrence of plant chimera during plant recovery stage:

(1) The process of shoot organogenesis starts form the multicellular origin.[42]

(2) The endogenous tolerance leads to the ineffectiveness of the weak selective agents.

(3) A self-protection mechanism (cross protection). Transformed cells serve as guards to protect the untransformed ones.[43]

(4) The observable characteristic of transgenic cells may be a transient expression of the marker gene. Or it may due to the presence of agrobacterium cells.[citation needed]

Untransformed cells should be easy to detect and remove to avoid chimeras. Because its extremely important to maintain the stable ability of the transgenic plants across different generations. Reporter genes such as GUS and Green Fluorescent Protein[44](GFP) are utilized in combination with plant selective markers (herbicide, antibody etc.) However, GUS expression depends on the plant development stage and GFP may be influenced by the green tissue autofluorescence. Quantitative PCR could be an alternative method for chimera detection.[45]

The US and Western Europe have strict codes of ethics and regulations in place that expressly forbid certain subsets of experimentation using human cells, though there is a vast difference in the regulatory framework.[46] Through the creation of human-chimera comes the question: where does society now draw the line of humanity? This question poses serious legal and moral issues, along with creating controversy. Chimpanzees, for example, are not offered any legal standing, and are put down if they pose a threat to humans. If a chimpanzee is genetically altered to be more similar to a human, it may blur the ethical line between animal and man. Legal debate would be the next step in the process to determine whether certain chimera should be granted legal rights.[47] Along with issues regarding the rights of chimera, individuals have expressed concern whether or not creating human-chimera diminishes the dignity of being human.[48]

In May 2008, a robust debate in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on the ethics of creating chimeras with human stem cells led to the decision that embryos would be allowed to be made in laboratories, given that they would be destroyed within the first 14 days.[citation needed]

On 11 July 2005 a bill, The Human Chimera Prohibition Act, was introduced into the United States Congress by Senator Samuel Brownback, however it died in Congress sometime in the next year. The bill was introduced based on the findings that science has progressed to the point where the human and nonhuman species can be merged to create new forms of life. Because of this serious ethical issues arise as this blurs the line between humans and other animals, and according to the bill with this blurring of the lines comes a show of disrespect for human dignity. The final claim brought up in The Human Chimera Prohibition Act was that there is an increasing amount of zoonotic diseases and the creation of human-animal chimeras can allow these diseases to reach humans.[48] Since the bill's death in congress there has not been another attempt at setting regulations on chimera research in the United States.

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Chimera (genetics) - Wikipedia

Stem Cell 100+? is a multi-pathway stem cell activator that acts on many critical mechanisms of anti-aging and regeneration. More powerful and faster acting than the original Stem Cell 100? it promotes:

(1) Stem Cell Support. Adult stem cell function declines with age. Rejuvenating your stem cells is the key to cell renewal, support for recovery from disease or injury, and longevity.

Stem Cell 100+? is an innovative first-in-its-class stem cell activator. It was designed as a synergistic herbal supplement for stimulating your stem cells at the molecular level. Stem Cell 100+? has special nutraceutical grade components and is backed by multiple genetic studies on both animals and human stem cells.

(2) Telomere support. Research indicates that the ends of chromosomes (i.e. telomeres) play a vital role in aging. Stem Cell 100+ helps support longer telomeres.

(3) Chronic Stress is strongly correlated with aging and disease. In the modern world and our overly active lives, it is hard to avoid repeated stressful situations. Stem Cell 100+? has a major component that stimulates the anti-stress parasympathetic nervous system to reduce the harmful effects of excessive stress.

(4) Stem Cell 100+? has components to help maintain healthy inflammation levels.

(5) Modulating insulin-like growth factor and energy metabolism. Research shows that high levels of insulin-like growth factor and energy metabolism promote rapid aging. Stem Cell 100+? has several substances that strongly stimulate the genes AMPK, SERT1 and FOXO, which reduce insulin-like growth factor and modulate energy metabolism so as to slow cellular damage and aging.

(6) Inhibiting the mTOR gene. As one ages, your cells lose much of their ability to get rid of damaged proteins and fats. In mouse experiments involving inhibition of the mTOR gene, lifespan increased some 28%. Stem Cell 100+? has a potent inhibitor of the mTOR gene, which enhances lifespan.

(7) Helps maintain youthful vascular circulation by promoting genes like endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) that protect the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the cardiovascular system.

(8) Activation of AMPK. Stem Cell 100+ has several herbal components that activate AMPK, which is an enzyme that plays a key role in energy metabolism and has been shown to greatly extend lifespan in mice when activated.

(9) Activation of SIRT1. SIRT1 is a sirtuin factor that acts epigenetically on genes and genetic repair. Stem Cell 100+ promotes SIRT1 function, which is associated with life extension in various animal models of aging.

(10) Protection of neural function and neural connections, which tend to decline with age

(11) Lowers oxidative stress by modulating Nrf2 and NFkB, which are the master genes regulating the levels of oxidative stress and cell survival.

Developed by experts in the anti-aging field, patent-pending Stem Cell 100? is the only supplement proven to double maximum lifespan of an animal model[49]. No other product or therapy including caloric restriction even comes close.

Harness the Power of Your Own Stem Cells

Millions of people suffer from chronic conditions of aging and disease. Based on international scientific studies in many academic and industry laboratories, there is new hope that many of the conditions afflicting mankind can some day be cured or greatly improved using stem cell regenerative medicine. Stem Cell 100? offers a way to receive some of the benefits of stem cell therapy today by improving the effectiveness of your own adult stem cells.

Stem Cell 100+? Helps to Support:

The statements above have not been reviewed by the FDA. Stem Cell 100? is not a preventive or treatment for any disease.

Stem Cell 100? works differently than other stem cell products on the market

You may have seen a number of products that are advertised as stimulating or enhancing the number of stem cells. Each person only has a limited number of stem cells so using them up faster may not be a good strategy.

Stem Cell 100? is about improving the effectiveness and longevity of your stem cells as well as preserving the stem cell micro-environment. That should be the goal of any effective stem cell therapy and is what Stem Cell 100? is designed to do and what other stem cell products cannot do.

Supplement Facts

Stem Cell 100+? is a patent-pending Life Code? nutraceutical made with all vegetarian ingredients.

All Life Code? products are nutraceutical grade and provide the best of science along with the balance of nature.

Serving Size: One type O capsule

Servings Per Container: 60 Capsules

Recommended Use: Typical usage of Stem Cell 100+? is two capsules per day, preferably at meal times. While both capsules can be taken at the same time, it is preferable to separate the two capsules by at least 4 hours. Since Stem Cell 100+? is a potent formulation, do not take more than three capsules per day. One capsule per day may be sufficient for those below 110 pounds. Taking one capsule with breakfast and one capsule with lunch or dinner may be optimal.

Recommended Users: Anyone over age 21 could benefit from Stem Cell 100+?. Those in their 20s and 30s will like the boost in endurance during sports or exercise, while older users will notice better energy and general health with the potential for some weight loss.

Stem Cell 100 Plus+? is a more powerful and faster acting version of Stem Cell 100?.

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Active Stem Cell 100+ Ingredients: There are 12 herbal extracts in Stem Cell 100+ along with two nutraceutical grade coenzymated vitamins Methyl Folate (5-MTHF) and Methyl B12 that are more bioavailable and highly potent but rarely found in nutritional supplements. Stem Cell 100+ also gives 2000 Units/day of Vitamin D3, which is a hormone-like factor required for youthful vitality.

The highly extracted natural herbs are standardized for active components that promote adult stem cells and help maintain healthy inflammation. They have been tested as a synergistic herbal formulation with the most effective dosage of each component:

1) Polysaccharides, flavonoids, and astragalosides extracted from Astragalus membranaceus, which has many positive effects on stem cells and the cardiovascular and immune systems. Astragalus has been used for thousands of years in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to promote cardiovascular and immune health. Astragalus is also known as a primary stimulator of Qi (Life Force). Life Code uses a high quality proprietary TCM extract that tested highest in our longevity experiments.

2) Rodiola Rosea extract standardized for active Rosavin flavonoids. Clinical studies with Rodiola Rosea have shown improved mood and reduced levels of fatigue and C-Reactive Protein, while boosting cognition and subjective well-being.

3) Proprietary natural bilberry flavonoids and other compounds from a stabilized nutraceutical grade medicinal Vaccinium extract. Activate metabolic PPARS and helps produce healthy levels of cholesterol and inflammation. Also has anti-fungal and anti-viral activity.

4) Tulsi leaf extract (Holy Basil) is an adaptogenic herb used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine to promote healing, support the bodys natural immune system, improve a persons ability to tolerate stress and improve neural health.

5) Flavonoids and oligo-proanthocyanidins (OPCs) extracted from Pine Bark, which promote the vascular system and reduce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation.

6) L-Theanine, which is a natural amino acid from Camellia sinesis that reduces mental stress and inflammation while improving cognition and protecting brain cells from ischemic or toxic injury. Life Code tested supplement with Mass Spec to verify high purity.

7) Genistein, which is an isoflavone phytoestrogen, activates telomerase, metabolic PPARs, autophagy (cell waste disposal), and smooth muscles. It also inhibits DNA methylation and the carbohydrate transporter GLUT1. Life Code tested the supplement with a Mass Spec to verify high purity.

8) Two stable resveratrol analogs from extracts of Pterocarpus Marsupium, which promote stem cells, lower inflammation, and better metabolism. . Life Code uses a highly purified proprietary source that is only available to Indian doctors. Life Code does not recommend taking resveratrol supplements or synthetic analogs, as these supplements are inherently unstable.

9) Harataki Extract (aka Terminalia chebula) contains rejuvenating tannin flavonoids that have doubled human cell longevity in culture while maintaining telomere length. In Traditional Indian Medicine, Harataki has been used to help the skin and heart, among many other uses.

10) He-Shou-Wu is one of the most widely used Chinese herbal medicines to restore blood, kidney, liver, and cardiovascular health. He-Shou-Wu is claimed to have powerful rejuvenating effects on the brain, endocrine glands, the immune system, and sexual vigor.

Legend has it that Professor Li Chung Yun took daily doses to live to 256 years and is said to have outlived 23 wives and spawned 11 generations of descendants before his death in 1933. While it is unlikely that he really lived to such an old age, there is scientific support for He-Shou-Wu as beneficial for health and longevity. Life Code? uses a proprietary TCM He-Shou-Wu root extract.

11) Rubus Chingil fruit is known in TCM for promoting liver and kidney health.

12) Drynaria Rhizome is used extensively in TCM as an effective herb for healing bones, ligaments, tendons, and lower back problems. Eastern martial art practitioners have used Drynaria for thousands of years to help in recovering from sprains, bruises, and stress fractures. The active components of Drynaria protect bone forming cells by enhancing calcium absorption and other mechanisms.

Drynaria is also reported to act as a kidney tonic and to promote hair growth and wound healing. Life Code uses a proprietary TCM Drynaria rhizome extract.

BioPerine is a proprietary brand of peperine extracted from black pepper. BioPerine has been shown to enhance bioavailability of herbal extracts. Piperine has been shown in rats to have cognitive enhancing effects and to help maintain healthy inflammation levels.

Safety: The extracts in Stem Cell 100+? are nutraceutical grade and have been lab tested and individually tested in both animals and humans without significant safety issues. Those with pre-existing conditions of diabetes or hypertension should coordinate this product with your doctor, as lower blood glucose or reduced blood pressure can result from taking the recommended dose of this product.

Warnings: may lower glucose and/or blood pressure in some individuals. The supplement is not recommended for pregnant, lactating, or hypoglycemic individuals.

References

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4. Zhu, X. and B. Zhu, [Effect of Astragalus membranaceus injection on megakaryocyte hematopoiesis in anemic mice]. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 2001. 32(4): p. 590-2.

5. Qiu, L.H., X.J. Xie, and B.Q. Zhang, Astragaloside IV improves homocysteine-induced acute phase endothelial dysfunction via antioxidation. Biol Pharm Bull, 2010. 33(4): p. 641-6.

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8. Koch, R., Comparative study of Venostasin and Pycnogenol in chronic venous insufficiency. Phytother Res, 2002. 16 Suppl 1: p. S1-5.

9. Rimando, A.M., et al., Pterostilbene, a new agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-isoform, lowers plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. J Agric Food Chem, 2005. 53(9): p. 3403-7.

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11. Grover, J.K., V. Vats, and S.S. Yadav, Pterocarpus marsupium extract (Vijayasar) prevented the alteration in metabolic patterns induced in the normal rat by feeding an adequate diet containing fructose as sole carbohydrate. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2005. 7(4): p. 414-20.

12. Mao, X.Q., et al., Astragalus polysaccharide reduces hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and restores glucose homeostasis in a diabetic KKAy mouse model. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2007. 28(12): p. 1947-56.

13. Schafer, A. and P. Hogger, Oligomeric procyanidins of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) effectively inhibit alpha-glucosidase. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2007. 77(1): p. 41-6.

14. Kwak, C.J., et al., Antihypertensive effect of French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol): possible involvement of endothelial nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation. J Hypertens, 2009. 27(1): p. 92-101.

15. Xue, B., et al., Effect of total flavonoid fraction of Astragalus complanatus R.Brown on angiotensin II-induced portal-vein contraction in hypertensive rats. Phytomedicine, 2008.

16. Mizuno, C.S., et al., Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies of pterostilbene analogs inside PPARalpha. Bioorg Med Chem, 2008. 16(7): p. 3800-8.

17. Sato, M., et al., Dietary pine bark extract reduces atherosclerotic lesion development in male ApoE-deficient mice by lowering the serum cholesterol level. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2009. 73(6): p. 1314-7.

18. Kimura, Y. and M. Sumiyoshi, French Maritime Pine Bark (Pinus maritima Lam.) Extract (Flavangenol) Prevents Chronic UVB Radiation-induced Skin Damage and Carcinogenesis in Melanin-possessing Hairless Mice. Photochem Photobiol, 2010.

19. Pavlou, P., et al., In-vivo data on the influence of tobacco smoke and UV light on murine skin. Toxicol Ind Health, 2009. 25(4-5): p. 231-9.

20. Ni, Z., Y. Mu, and O. Gulati, Treatment of melasma with Pycnogenol. Phytother Res, 2002. 16(6): p. 567-71.

21. Bito, T., et al., Pine bark extract pycnogenol downregulates IFN-gamma-induced adhesion of T cells to human keratinocytes by inhibiting inducible ICAM-1 expression. Free Radic Biol Med, 2000. 28(2): p. 219-27.

22. Rihn, B., et al., From ancient remedies to modern therapeutics: pine bark uses in skin disorders revisited. Phytother Res, 2001. 15(1): p. 76-8.

23. Saliou, C., et al., Solar ultraviolet-induced erythema in human skin and nuclear factor-kappa-B-dependent gene expression in keratinocytes are modulated by a French maritime pine bark extract. Free Radic Biol Med, 2001. 30(2): p. 154-60.

24. Van Wijk, E.P., R. Van Wijk, and S. Bosman, Using ultra-weak photon emission to determine the effect of oligomeric proanthocyanidins on oxidative stress of human skin. J Photochem Photobiol B, 2010. 98(3): p. 199-206.

25. Haskell, C.F., et al., The effects of L-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood. Biol Psychol, 2008. 77(2): p. 113-22.

26. Owen, G.N., et al., The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. Nutr Neurosci, 2008. 11(4): p. 193-8.

27. Yamada, T., et al., Effects of theanine, a unique amino acid in tea leaves, on memory in a rat behavioral test. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2008. 72(5): p. 1356-9.

28. Jia, R.Z., et al., [Neuroprotective effects of Astragulus membranaceus on hypoxia-ischemia brain damage in neonatal rat hippocampus]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 2003. 28(12): p. 1174-7.

29. Nathan, P.J., et al., The neuropharmacology of L-theanine(N-ethyl-L-glutamine): a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent. J Herb Pharmacother, 2006. 6(2): p. 21-30.

30. Nobre, A.C., A. Rao, and G.N. Owen, L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2008. 17 Suppl 1: p. 167-8.

31. Murakami, S., et al., Effects of oral supplementation with cystine and theanine on the immune function of athletes in endurance exercise: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2009. 73(4): p. 817-21.

32. Kawada, S., et al., Cystine and theanine supplementation restores high-intensity resistance exercise-induced attenuation of natural killer cell activity in well-trained men. J Strength Cond Res, 2010. 24(3): p. 846-51.

33. Hu, Y.C. and J.Y. Hou, [Effect of zhimu and huangqi on cardiac hypertrophy and response to stimulation in mice]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 2003. 28(4): p. 369-74.

34. Chen, K.T., et al., Reducing fatigue of athletes following oral administration of huangqi jianzhong tang. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2002. 23(8): p. 757-61.

35. Luo, H.M., R.H. Dai, and Y. Li, [Nuclear cardiology study on effective ingredients of Astragalus membranaceus in treating heart failure]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 1995. 15(12): p. 707-9.

36. Sugiura, H., et al., [Effects of exercise in the growing stage in mice and of Astragalus membranaceus on immune functions]. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi, 1993. 47(6): p. 1021-31.

37. Cho, W.C. and K.N. Leung, In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects of Astragalus membranaceus. Cancer Lett, 2007. 252(1): p. 43-54.

38. Kong, X., et al., Effects of Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients on peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody titer after vaccination in chicken. Int Immunopharmacol, 2004. 4(7): p. 975-82.

39. Takagi, Y., et al., Combined administration of (L)-cystine and (L)-theanine enhances immune functions and protects against influenza virus infection in aged mice. J Vet Med Sci, 2010. 72(2): p. 157-65.

40. Tin, M.M., et al., Astragalus saponins induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells and tumor xenograft. Carcinogenesis, 2007. 28(6): p. 1347-55.

41. Mannal, P.W., et al., Pterostilbene inhibits pancreatic cancer in vitro. J Gastrointest Surg, 2010. 14(5): p. 873-9.

42. Paul, S., et al., Dietary intake of pterostilbene, a constituent of blueberries, inhibits the {beta}-catenin/p65 downstream signaling pathway and colon carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis, 2010.

43. Paul, S., et al., Anti-inflammatory action of pterostilbene is mediated through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in colon cancer cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa), 2009. 2(7): p. 650-7.

44. Suh, N., et al., Pterostilbene, an active constituent of blueberries, suppresses aberrant crypt foci formation in the azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis model in rats. Clin Cancer Res, 2007. 13(1): p. 350-5.

45. Chakraborty, A., et al., In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic, anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant properties of pterostilbene isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. Toxicol In Vitro, 2010. 24(4): p. 1215-28.

46. Alosi, J.A., et al., Pterostilbene inhibits breast cancer in vitro through mitochondrial depolarization and induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis. J Surg Res, 2010. 161(2): p. 195-201.

47. Harley CB, Villeponteau B., Telomeres and telomerase in aging and cancer. Current opinion in genetics & development, 1995, 5:249-55.

48. Villeponteau B., The heterochromatin loss model of aging. Experimental gerontology, 1997, 32:383-94.

49. Villeponteau B, Matsagas K, et al., Herbal supplement extends life span under some environmental conditions and boosts stress resistance. PloS one, 2015, 10:e0119068.

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Stem Cell 100+ | Life Code

It's time to accelerate medical progress.

Since its inception, The Jackson Laboratory has led the discovery of causes, treatments and cures for some of humankind's most devastating genetic diseases. Today, we are speeding the path of discovery from the laboratory bench to clinical care. We are combining the skills and knowledge of our scientists with our institutional strengths in disease modeling and bioinformatics, connecting genetics to genomics, and using our unparalleled knowledge of mouse models of disease to understand the human condition.

JAX research programs are leading efforts to improve human health worldwide.

Addiction is a chronic illness, with genetic, environmental and social aspects. JAX researchers are at the forefront of understanding the genetic factors involved in individuals vulnerability to addiction.

JAX researchers are using genomic technologies and specialized mouse models to decipher the changes that occur as a consequence of aging in order to extend our health span, delay age-related health issues, repair damaged organs and improve our quality of life.

Using genomic technologies and specialized mouse models to develop preventative therapies, JAX scientists aim to stop Alzheimers before it starts.

Driven by the desire to eradicate cancer, we are leading the future of cancer treatments by combining computational expertise with our unparalleled knowledge of mouse genetics.

JAX researchers investigate the processes that lead to failure to produce insulin in type 1 diabetes and loss of insulin production in type 2 diabetes.

JAX researchers are exploring the effect on health and disease of the microorganisms that outnumber human cells 10 to 1.

About 80 percent of rare diseases are genetic in origin, about half affect children, many are fatal, and very few have cures.

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Personalized Medicine | The Jackson Laboratory

People considering stem cell treatment for arthritis want to know Is it safe? and Is it effective?

Most stem cell therapy using adult stem cells is considered safe because the stem cells are collected from the patient, minimizing the risk of an unwanted reaction. The most common side effects are temporary swelling and pain.3

While most stem cell therapy for arthritis is considered safe, it does carry the same risks as any other medical procedure, such as a small risk of infection. Risk may be increased if:

See What Are Stem Cells?

Some research suggests stem cell therapy engaging in these kinds of practices may elevate the risk of tumors.4

As with most regenerative medicine treatments, research is ongoing, and FDA regulations are relatively new and subject to change.

Article continues below

Whether or not stem cells therapy is effective in treating osteoarthritis is a controversial subject among medical professionals, and research in the area is ongoing.

See Osteoarthritis Treatment

How researchers think stem cell therapy worksResearchers theorize5 that when applied to an arthritic joint, stem cells might:

See Osteoarthritis Symptoms and Signs

It may be none, one, two, or all three processes at are work.

Proponents vs criticsLike many relatively new treatments, stem cell therapy has proponents and critics.

Critics emphasize that there have been no large-scale, prospective, double-blind research studiesthe kind of clinical studies that medical professionals consider the gold standardto support stem cell therapy for arthritis.

Factors that affect stem cell therapy researchAnother challenge associated with current stem cell research is that there is no standard stem cell therapy for arthritis treatment. So the stem cell therapy in one study is not necessarily the same as the stem cell therapy in another study.

Differences can include:

These differences are further complicated by more unknowns. For example, how many stem cells are needed for a particular treatment? And how do we determine if a patients own stem cells are competent enough to aid in healing?

Many physicians combine the use of stem cells with platelet rich plasma, or PRP.

See Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy for Arthritis

PRP is derived from a sample of the patients blood. In the body, platelets secrete substances called growth factors and other proteins that regulate cell division, stimulate tissue regeneration, and promote healing. Like stem cell therapy, PRP therapy is sometimes used alone with the hopes of healing an arthritic joint.

See PRP Injection Preparation and Composition

Physicians who use PRP and stem cells together think that the PRP can help maximize the healing effects of stem cells.7,8 Research in this area is ongoing.

See Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection Procedure

Stem cell therapy can vary depending on the doctor performing it. People considering stem cell therapy for an arthritic knee or other joint are advised to ask their doctors questions, including:

Both doctors and patients can benefit from having a frank conversation and setting reasonable expectations.

See Arthritis Treatment Specialists

Complete Listing of References

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Is Stem Cell Therapy for Arthritis Safe and Effective?

The chromosome set of a species remains relatively stable over long periods of time. However, within populations there can be found abnormalities involving the structure or number of chromosomes. These alterations arise spontaneously from errors in the normal processes of the cell. Their consequences are usually deleterious, giving rise to individuals who are unhealthy or sterile, though in rare cases alterations provide new adaptive opportunities that allow evolutionary change to occur. In fact, the discovery of visible chromosomal differences between species has given rise to the belief that radical restructuring of chromosome architecture has been an important force in evolution.

Two important principles dictate the properties of a large proportion of structural chromosomal changes. The first principle is that any deviation from the normal ratio of genetic material in the genome results in genetic imbalance and abnormal function. In the normal nuclei of both diploid and haploid cells, the ratio of the individual chromosomes to one another is 1:1. Any deviation from this ratio by addition or subtraction of either whole chromosomes or parts of chromosomes results in genomic imbalance. The second principle is that homologous chromosomes go to great lengths to pair at meiosis. The tightly paired homologous regions are joined by a ladderlike longitudinal structure called the synaptonemal complex. Homologous regions seem to be able to find each other and form a synaptonemal complex whether or not they are part of normal chromosomes. Therefore, when structural changes occur, not only are the resulting pairing formations highly characteristic of that type of structural change but they also dictate the packaging of normal and abnormal chromosomes into the gametes and subsequently into the progeny.

The simplest, but perhaps most damaging, structural change is a deletionthe complete loss of a part of one chromosome. In a haploid cell this is lethal, because part of the essential genome is lost. However, even in diploid cells deletions are generally lethal or have other serious consequences. In a diploid a heterozygous deletion results in a cell that has one normal chromosome set and another set that contains a truncated chromosome. Such cells show genomic imbalance, which increases in severity with the size of the deletion. Another potential source of damage is that any recessive, deleterious, or lethal alleles that are in the normal counterpart of the deleted region will be expressed in the phenotype. In humans, cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a heterozygous deletion at the tip of the short arm of chromosome 5. Infants are born with this condition as the result of a deletion arising in parental germinal tissues or even in sex cells. The manifestations of this deletion, in addition to the cat cry that gives the syndrome its name, include severe intellectual disability and an abnormally small head.

A heterozygous duplication (an extra copy of some chromosome region) also results in a genomic imbalance with deleterious consequences. Small duplications within a gene can arise spontaneously. Larger duplications can be caused by crossovers following asymmetrical chromosome pairing or by meiotic irregularities resulting from other types of altered chromosome structures. If a duplication becomes homozygous, it can provide the organism with an opportunity to acquire new genetic functions through mutations within the duplicate copy.

An inversion occurs when a chromosome breaks in two places and the region between the break rotates 180 before rejoining with the two end fragments. If the inverted segment contains the centromere (i.e., the point where the two chromatids are joined), the inversion is said to be pericentric; if not, it is called paracentric. Inversions do not result in a gain or loss of genetic material, and they have deleterious effects only if one of the chromosomal breaks occurs within an essential gene or if the function of a gene is altered by its relocation to a new chromosomal neighbourhood (called the position effect). However, individuals who are heterozygous for inversions produce aberrant meiotic products along with normal products. The only way uninverted and inverted segments can pair is by forming an inversion loop. If no crossovers occur in the loop, half of the gametes will be normal and the other half will contain an inverted chromosome. If a crossover does occur within the loop of a paracentric inversion, a chromosome bridge and an acentric chromosome (i.e., a chromosome without a centromere) will be formed, and this will give rise to abnormal meiotic products carrying deletions, which are inviable. In a pericentric inversion, a crossover within the loop does not result in a bridge or an acentric chromosome, but inviable products are produced carrying a duplication and a deletion.

If a chromosome break occurs in each of two nonhomologous chromosomes and the two breaks rejoin in a new arrangement, the new segment is called a translocation. A cell bearing a heterozygous translocation has a full set of genes and will be viable unless one of the breaks causes damage within a gene or if there is a position effect on gene function. However, once again the pairing properties of the chromosomes at meiosis result in aberrant meiotic products. Specifically, half of the products are deleted for one of the chromosome regions that changed positions and half of the products are duplicated for the other. These duplications and deletions usually result in inviability, so translocation heterozygotes are generally semisterile (half-sterile).

Two types of changes in chromosome numbers can be distinguished: a change in the number of whole chromosome sets (polyploidy) and a change in chromosomes within a set (aneuploidy).

An individual with additional chromosome sets is called a polyploid. Individuals with three sets of chromosomes (triploids, 3n) or four sets of chromosomes (tetraploids, 4n) are polyploid derivatives of the basic diploid (2n) constitution. Polyploids with odd numbers of sets (e.g., triploids) are sterile, because homologous chromosomes pair only two by two, and the extra chromosome moves randomly to a cell pole, resulting in highly unbalanced, nonfunctional meiotic products. It is for this reason that triploid watermelons are seedless. However, polyploids with even numbers of chromosome sets can be fertile if orderly two-by-two chromosome pairing occurs.

Though two organisms from closely related species frequently hybridize, the chromosomes of the fusing partners are different enough that the two sets do not pair at meiosis, resulting in sterile offspring. However, if by chance the number of chromosome sets in the hybrid accidentally duplicates, a pairing partner for each chromosome will be produced, and the hybrid will be fertile. These chromosomally doubled hybrids are called allotetraploids. Bread wheat, which is hexaploid (6n) due to several natural spontaneous hybridizations, is an example of an allotetraploid. Some polyploid plants are able to produce seeds through an asexual type of reproduction called apomixis; in such cases, all progeny are identical to the parent. Polyploidy does arise spontaneously in humans, but all polyploids either abort in utero or die shortly after birth.

Some cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes that is not a whole multiple of the haploid number. This condition is called aneuploidy. Most aneuploids arise by nondisjunction, a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate at meiosis. When a gamete of this type is fertilized by a normal gamete, the zygotes formed will have an unequal distribution of chromosomes. Such genomic imbalance results in severe abnormalities or death. Only aneuploids involving small chromosomes tend to survive and even then only with an aberrant phenotype.

The most common form of aneuploidy in humans results in Down syndrome, a suite of specific disorders in individuals possessing an extra chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). The symptoms of Down syndrome include intellectual disability, severe disorders of internal organs such as the heart and kidneys, up-slanted eyes, an enlarged tongue, and abnormal dermal ridge patterns on the fingers, palms, and soles. Other forms of aneuploidy in humans result from abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes. Turner syndrome is a condition in which females have only one X chromosome. Symptoms may include short stature, webbed neck, kidney or heart malformations, underdeveloped sex characteristics, or sterility. Klinefelter syndrome is a condition in which males have one extra female sex chromosome, resulting in an XXY pattern. (Other, less frequent, chromosomal patterns include XXXY, XXXXY, XXYY, and XXXYY.) Symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome may include sterility, a tall physique, lack of secondary sex characteristics, breast development, and learning disabilities.

The data accumulated by scientists of the early 20th century provided compelling evidence that chromosomes are the carriers of genes. But the nature of the genes themselves remained a mystery, as did the mechanism by which they exert their influence. Molecular geneticsthe study of the structure and function of genes at the molecular levelprovided answers to these fundamental questions.

In 1869 Swiss chemist Johann Friedrich Miescher extracted a substance containing nitrogen and phosphorus from cell nuclei. The substance was originally called nuclein, but it is now known as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. DNA is the chemical component of the chromosomes that is chiefly responsible for their staining properties in microscopic preparations. Since the chromosomes of eukaryotes contain a variety of proteins in addition to DNA, the question naturally arose whether the nucleic acids or the proteins, or both together, were the carriers of the genetic information. Until the early 1950s most biologists were inclined to believe that the proteins were the chief carriers of heredity. Nucleic acids contain only four different unitary building blocks, but proteins are made up of 20 different amino acids. Proteins therefore appeared to have a greater diversity of structure, and the diversity of the genes seemed at first likely to rest on the diversity of the proteins.

Evidence that DNA acts as the carrier of the genetic information was first firmly demonstrated by exquisitely simple microbiological studies. In 1928 English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith was studying two strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae; one strain was lethal to mice (virulent) and the other was harmless (avirulent). Griffith found that mice inoculated with either the heat-killed virulent bacteria or the living avirulent bacteria remained free of infection, but mice inoculated with a mixture of both became infected and died. It seemed as if some chemical transforming principle had transferred from the dead virulent cells into the avirulent cells and changed them. In 1944 American bacteriologist Oswald T. Avery and his coworkers found that the transforming factor was DNA. Avery and his research team obtained mixtures from heat-killed virulent bacteria and inactivated either the proteins, polysaccharides (sugar subunits), lipids, DNA, or RNA (ribonucleic acid, a close chemical relative of DNA) and added each type of preparation individually to avirulent cells. The only molecular class whose inactivation prevented transformation to virulence was DNA. Therefore, it seemed that DNA, because it could transform, must be the hereditary material.

A similar conclusion was reached from the study of bacteriophages, viruses that attack and kill bacterial cells. From a host cell infected by one bacteriophage, hundreds of bacteriophage progeny are produced. In 1952 American biologists Alfred D. Hershey and Martha Chase prepared two populations of bacteriophage particles. In one population, the outer protein coat of the bacteriophage was labeled with a radioactive isotope; in the other, the DNA was labeled. After allowing both populations to attack bacteria, Hershey and Chase found that only when DNA was labeled did the progeny bacteriophage contain radioactivity. Therefore, they concluded that DNA is injected into the bacterial cell, where it directs the synthesis of numerous complete bacteriophages at the expense of the host. In other words, in bacteriophages DNA is the hereditary material responsible for the fundamental characteristics of the virus.

Today the genetic makeup of most organisms can be transformed using externally applied DNA, in a manner similar to that used by Avery for bacteria. Transforming DNA is able to pass through cellular and nuclear membranes and then integrate into the chromosomal DNA of the recipient cell. Furthermore, using modern DNA technology, it is possible to isolate the section of chromosomal DNA that constitutes an individual gene, manipulate its structure, and reintroduce it into a cell to cause changes that show beyond doubt that the DNA is responsible for a large part of the overall characteristics of an organism. For reasons such as these, it is now accepted that, in all living organisms, with the exception of some viruses, genes are composed of DNA.

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Heredity - Chromosomal aberrations | Britannica.com

The Department of Molecular Genetics applies powerful tools of molecular biology to problems of clinical medicine with heavy emphasis on genetic and metabolic disorders. Identification and characterization of malfunctioning genes in disease can lead not only to better treatment of the disease but also to understanding how the genes operate in the normal state.

The Department of Molecular Genetics faculty holds some of sciences highest awards and recognitions:

From a historical perspective, the research ofMichael Brown, M.D., andJoseph Goldstein, M.D., resulted in the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism. Their partnership has lasted more than 40 years and continues today in the Brown/Goldstein Lab, a signature part of the Department of Molecular Genetics, of which Dr. Goldstein is now Chair.

Together, Goldstein and Brown lead a research team that typically includes 10 to 12 postdoctoral fellows and three to five graduate trainees. They have trained more than 150 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. Five of their former fellows (Thomas C. Sdhof, Wang Xiaodong, Helen H. Hobbs, David W. Russell, and Monty Krieger) have been elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.

The core of our Departmental research centers on lipid research, which touches on many vital bodily functions and diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimers disease. The fruits of our research include the development of life-saving statin drugs. Topics of investigation include regulation of lipid synthesis and membrane composition; production of steroid hormones and bile acids; development anddegeneration of the brain; and genes that control appetite and sleep.

The Department is united by weekly research conferences, sharing of equipment and ideas, and our devotion to fighting devastating diseases with the tools of basic science.

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Department of Molecular Genetics: UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX

OverviewDescription

Molecular geneticists identify genes associated with specific functions, diseases, and disorders. They identify genetic mutations on a molecular level and establish genotypes to better understand the nature of genetic makeup. Some molecular geneticists work to develop new diagnostic tests based on DNA analysis.

The most common activity undertaken by molecular geneticists is identifying the causes of congenital disease and determining what roles environmental conditions play in their development. Their hope is to devise ways to minimize or even eliminate the presence of these disorders in humans.

Molecular geneticists use cutting edge equipment and techniques to gather, replicate, and analyze DNA. After testing is complete, they produce reports summarizing their findings and share them with colleagues. By gathering enough information, geneticists can form new understandings and methods for addressing genetic diseases and disorders.

Given the abundance of information coming from the Human Genome Project, opportunities in the field of molecular genetics will continue to expand. As genetic testing becomes more commonplace, more molecular geneticists will be needed to conduct and evaluate tests and their results.

Molecular geneticists work in laboratories associated with hospitals, universities, and medical research centers. They typically work with a team of assistants and related specialists. Their work demands familiarity with sophisticated equipment and methods, about which they are expected to continue learning throughout their careers.

Molecular geneticists are most frequently employed by hospitals, though universities and government agencies are also common employers. There is limited employment by private corporations.

A typical Salary Range for this career is $35,620 - $101,030 annually.

The Median Income for this career is about $65,080 annually.

A Bachelor's degree is the minimum expected of molecular geneticists. The best opportunities are available to those who obtain at least a Ph.D. or M.D. One's Bachelor's and Master's degrees should be in genetics or molecular biology, complemented by courses in biochemistry, biomedical science, and biotechnology.

Experience is a key factor in job opportunities. Those with significant experience in laboratory settings will have a competitive edge.

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Genomic Career: Molecular Geneticist ($35,620-$101,030)