Regenerative medicine is a branch of translational research[1] in tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function".[2] This field holds the promise of engineering damaged tissues and organs by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to functionally heal previously irreparable tissues or organs.[3]
Regenerative medicine also includes the possibility of growing tissues and organs in the laboratory and implanting them when the body cannot heal itself. If a regenerated organ's cells would be derived from the patient's own tissue or cells, this would potentially solve the problem of the shortage of organs available for donation, and the problem of organ transplant rejection.[4][5][6]
Some of the biomedical approaches within the field of regenerative medicine may involve the use of stem cells.[7] Examples include the injection of stem cells or progenitor cells obtained through directed differentiation (cell therapies); the induction of regeneration by biologically active molecules administered alone or as a secretion by infused cells (immunomodulation therapy); and transplantation of in vitro grown organs and tissues (tissue engineering).[8][9]
The term "regenerative medicine" was first used in a 1992 article on hospital administration by Leland Kaiser. Kaisers paper closes with a series of short paragraphs on future technologies that will impact hospitals. One paragraph had "Regenerative Medicine" as a bold print title and stated, "A new branch of medicine will develop that attempts to change the course of chronic disease and in many instances will regenerate tired and failing organ systems."[10][11]
The widespread use of the term regenerative medicine is attributed to William A. Haseltine (founder of Human Genome Sciences).[12] Haseltine was briefed on the project to isolate human embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells at Geron Corporation in collaboration with researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He recognized that these cells' unique ability to differentiate into all the cell types of the human body (pluripotency) had the potential to develop into a new kind of regenerative therapy.[13][14] Explaining the new class of therapies that such cells could enable, he used the term "regenerative medicine" in the way that it is used today: "an approach to therapy that ... employs human genes, proteins and cells to re-grow, restore or provide mechanical replacements for tissues that have been injured by trauma, damaged by disease or worn by time" and "offers the prospect of curing diseases that cannot be treated effectively today, including those related to aging." [15] From 1995 to 1998 Michael D. West, PhD, organized and managed the research between Geron Corporation and its academic collaborators James Thomson at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and John Gearhart of Johns Hopkins University that led to the first isolation of human embryonic stem and human embryonic germ cells, respectively.[16]
Dr. Stephen Badylak, a Research Professor in the Department of Surgery and director of Tissue Engineering at the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh, developed a process for scraping cells from the lining of a pig's bladder, decellularizing (removing cells to leave a clean extracellular structure) the tissue and then drying it to become a sheet or a powder. This extracellular matrix powder was used to regrow the finger of Lee Spievak, who had severed half an inch of his finger after getting it caught in a propeller of a model plane.[17][18][19][dubious discuss] As of 2011, this new technology is being employed by the military on U.S. war veterans in Texas, as well as for some civilian patients. Nicknamed "pixie-dust," the powdered extracellular matrix is being used to successfully regenerate tissue lost and damaged due to traumatic injuries.[20]
In June 2008, at the Hospital Clnic de Barcelona, Professor Paolo Macchiarini and his team, of the University of Barcelona, performed the first tissue engineered trachea (wind pipe) transplantation. Adult stem cells were extracted from the patient's bone marrow, grown into a large population, and matured into cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, using an adaptive method originally devised for treating osteoarthritis. The team then seeded the newly grown chondrocytes, as well as epithileal cells, into a decellularised (free of donor cells) tracheal segment that was donated from a 51-year-old transplant donor who had died of cerebral hemorrhage. After four days of seeding, the graft was used to replace the patient's left main bronchus. After one month, a biopsy elicited local bleeding, indicating that the blood vessels had already grown back successfully.[21][22]
In 2009, the SENS Foundation was launched, with its stated aim as "the application of regenerative medicine defined to include the repair of living cells and extracellular material in situ to the diseases and disabilities of ageing." [23]
In 2012, Professor Paolo Macchiarini and his team improved upon the 2008 implant by transplanting a laboratory-made trachea seeded with the patient's own cells.[24]
On September 12, 2014, surgeons at the Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Hospital in Kobe, Japan, transplanted a 1.3 by 3.0 millimeter sheet of retinal pigment epithelium cells, which were differentiated from iPS cells through Directed differentiation, into an eye of an elderly woman, who suffers from age-related macular degeneration.[25]
Because a person's own (autologous) cord blood stem cells can be safely infused back into that individual without being rejected by the body's immune system and because they have unique characteristics compared to other sources of stem cells they are an increasing focus of regenerative medicine research.
The use of cord blood stem cells in treating conditions such as brain injury[26] and Type 1 Diabetes[27] is already being studied in humans, and earlier stage research is being conducted for treatments of stroke,[28][29] and hearing loss.[30]
Current estimates indicate that approximately 1 in 3 Americans could benefit from regenerative medicine.[31] With autologous (the person's own) cells, there is no risk of the immune system rejecting the cells.
Researchers are exploring the use of cord blood stem cells for a spectrum of regenerative medicine applications, including the following:
A clinical trial under way at the University of Florida is examining how an infusion of autologous cord blood stem cells into children with Type 1 diabetes will impact metabolic control over time, as compared to standard insulin treatments. Preliminary results demonstrate that an infusion of cord blood stem cell is safe and may provide some slowing of the loss of insulin production in children with type 1 diabetes.[32]
The stem cells found in a newborn's umbilical cord blood are holding great promise in cardiovascular repair. Researchers are noting several positive observations in pre-clinical animal studies. Thus far, in animal models of myocardial infarction, cord blood stem cells have shown the ability to selectively migrate to injured cardiac tissue, improve vascular function and blood flow at the site of injury, and improve overall heart function.[31]
Research has demonstrated convincing evidence in animal models that cord blood stem cells injected intravenously have the ability to migrate to the area of brain injury, alleviating mobility related symptoms.[33][34] Also, administration of human cord blood stem cells into animals with stroke was shown to significantly improve behavior by stimulating the creation of new blood vessels and neurons in the brain.[35]
This research also lends support for the pioneering clinical work at Duke University, focused on evaluating the impact of autologous cord blood infusions in children diagnosed with cerebral palsy and other forms of brain injury. This study is examining if an infusion of the child's own cord blood stem cells facilitates repair of damaged brain tissue, including many with cerebral palsy. To date, more than 100 children have participated in the experimental treatment many whose parents are reporting good progress.[36]
Another report published encouraging results in 2 toddlers with cerebral palsy where autologous cord blood infusion was combined with G-CSF.[37]
As these clinical and pre-clinical studies demonstrate, cord blood stem cells will likely be an important resource as medicine advances toward harnessing the body's own cells for treatment. The field of regenerative medicine can be expected to benefit greatly as additional cord blood stem cell applications are researched and more people have access to their own preserved cord blood. [38]
On May 17, 2012, Osiris Therapeutics announced that Canadian health regulators approved Prochymal, a drug for acute graft-versus-host disease in children who have failed to respond to steroid treatment. Prochymal is the first stem cell drug to be approved anywhere in the world for a systemic disease. Graft-versus-host disease, a potentially fatal complication from bone marrow transplant, involves the newly implanted cells attacking the patient's body.[39]
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Regenerative medicine - Wikipedia
- 001 Stem cells for a Webby! [Last Updated On: April 28th, 2010] [Originally Added On: April 28th, 2010]
- 002 Stem cells for a Webby! [Last Updated On: April 28th, 2010] [Originally Added On: April 28th, 2010]
- 003 Latest Cell Therapy Approval by FDA. Dendreon's Provenge. [Last Updated On: April 30th, 2010] [Originally Added On: April 30th, 2010]
- 004 Latest Cell Therapy Approval by FDA. Dendreon's Provenge. [Last Updated On: April 30th, 2010] [Originally Added On: April 30th, 2010]
- 005 Google to Invest in Regenerative Medicine [Last Updated On: May 5th, 2010] [Originally Added On: May 5th, 2010]
- 006 Biotech tax credit appears perfectly designed for cell therapy companies to recoup research dollars spent in 2009-10 [Last Updated On: May 22nd, 2010] [Originally Added On: May 22nd, 2010]
- 007 The changing face of PR and why it matters to regenmed [Last Updated On: June 12th, 2010] [Originally Added On: June 12th, 2010]
- 008 The changing face of PR and why it matters to regenmed [Last Updated On: June 12th, 2010] [Originally Added On: June 12th, 2010]
- 009 Stem Cell Therapy: Age of Human Cell Engineering is Born [Last Updated On: June 25th, 2010] [Originally Added On: June 25th, 2010]
- 010 Using Stem Cells Scientists Grow a Rat Lung, Humans are Next [Last Updated On: June 29th, 2010] [Originally Added On: June 29th, 2010]
- 011 FDA files injunction again Regenerative Sciences citing Regenexx violates regulations [Last Updated On: August 12th, 2010] [Originally Added On: August 12th, 2010]
- 012 FDA files injunction again Regenerative Sciences citing Regenexx violates regulations [Last Updated On: August 12th, 2010] [Originally Added On: August 12th, 2010]
- 013 Careers in cell therapy & regenerative medicine [Last Updated On: October 11th, 2010] [Originally Added On: October 11th, 2010]
- 014 Careers in cell therapy & regenerative medicine [Last Updated On: October 11th, 2010] [Originally Added On: October 11th, 2010]
- 015 The LinkedIn Cell Therapy Industry Group - 1,000 members strong [Last Updated On: January 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: January 18th, 2011]
- 016 Cell Therapies: Commercializing a New Class of Biopharmaceuticals [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2011] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2011]
- 017 The LinkedIn Cell Therapy Industry Group - 1,000 members strong [Last Updated On: February 14th, 2011] [Originally Added On: February 14th, 2011]
- 018 Cell Therapies: Commercializing a New Class of Biopharmaceuticals [Last Updated On: February 14th, 2011] [Originally Added On: February 14th, 2011]
- 019 In vivo cell trafficking just took a leap forward [Last Updated On: July 3rd, 2011] [Originally Added On: July 3rd, 2011]
- 020 In vivo cell trafficking just took a leap forward [Last Updated On: July 3rd, 2011] [Originally Added On: July 3rd, 2011]
- 021 Cell Therapy's Got Talent Technology Showcase - A Call for Cell Therapy Manufacturing Technology Presentations [Last Updated On: July 10th, 2011] [Originally Added On: July 10th, 2011]
- 022 Cell Therapy's Got Talent Technology Showcase - A Call for Cell Therapy Manufacturing Technology Presentations [Last Updated On: July 10th, 2011] [Originally Added On: July 10th, 2011]
- 023 Clinical trial costs [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2011] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2011]
- 024 Clinical trial costs [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2011] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2011]
- 025 Good Data? $100. Good Product Development? $100. Good Commercialization Strategy? Priceless. [Last Updated On: August 14th, 2011] [Originally Added On: August 14th, 2011]
- 026 Good Data? $100. Good Product Development? $100. Good Commercialization Strategy? Priceless. [Last Updated On: August 14th, 2011] [Originally Added On: August 14th, 2011]
- 027 Potential far-reaching implications of the ongoing fight over point-of-care autologous cell therapy [Last Updated On: September 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: September 18th, 2011]
- 028 Commercial-stage Cell Therapy Companies and Products [Last Updated On: September 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: September 18th, 2011]
- 029 Potential far-reaching implications of the ongoing fight over point-of-care autologous cell therapy [Last Updated On: September 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: September 18th, 2011]
- 030 Commercial-stage Cell Therapy Companies and Products [Last Updated On: September 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: September 18th, 2011]
- 031 Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine Domains Available [Last Updated On: September 25th, 2011] [Originally Added On: September 25th, 2011]
- 032 Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine Domains Available [Last Updated On: September 25th, 2011] [Originally Added On: September 25th, 2011]
- 033 Dr Farshchian: Regenerative Medicine shows Potentials - Video [Last Updated On: October 14th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 14th, 2011]
- 034 Mayo Clinic Regenerative Medicine Consult Service - Video [Last Updated On: October 16th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 16th, 2011]
- 035 Regenerative Medicine and Applications of Stem Cell Research - Video [Last Updated On: October 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 18th, 2011]
- 036 The Future of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine - Video [Last Updated On: October 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 18th, 2011]
- 037 "You and Your Health" TV Show - Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine - Video [Last Updated On: October 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 18th, 2011]
- 038 Closing Remarks, Screening Stem Cells 2009: From Reprogramming to Regenerative Medicine - Video [Last Updated On: October 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 18th, 2011]
- 039 Hearing Loss Research: CBR Exclusive! Stem Cells Explored as Cure for Hearing Loss - Video [Last Updated On: October 19th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 19th, 2011]
- 040 An amazing story of stem cells, regenerative medicine and healing power: - Video [Last Updated On: October 19th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 19th, 2011]
- 041 What is Regenerative Medicine? | Los Angeles | Hollywood | Beverly Hills - Video [Last Updated On: October 19th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 19th, 2011]
- 042 A New Era in Regenerative Medicine - Video [Last Updated On: October 20th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 20th, 2011]
- 043 McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine - Video [Last Updated On: October 20th, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 20th, 2011]
- 044 Retroviruses, Reproduction, and Regenerative Medicine: The Influence of Federal Funding - Video [Last Updated On: October 21st, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 21st, 2011]
- 045 You and Your Heath TV Show - Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Part 1 - Video [Last Updated On: October 21st, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 21st, 2011]
- 046 TEDxPhoenix - Jane Maienschein - Stem Cells, Regenerative Medicine and Us - Video [Last Updated On: October 21st, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 21st, 2011]
- 047 Regenerative Medicine: Pathways to Cure - Version 2.0 - Video [Last Updated On: October 21st, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 21st, 2011]
- 048 Opening Remarks, Screening Stem Cells 2009: From Reprogramming to Regenerative Medicine - Video [Last Updated On: October 23rd, 2011] [Originally Added On: October 23rd, 2011]
- 049 Commercializing Cell-based Regenerative Medicines [Last Updated On: November 13th, 2011] [Originally Added On: November 13th, 2011]
- 050 Commercializing Cell-based Regenerative Medicines [Last Updated On: November 13th, 2011] [Originally Added On: November 13th, 2011]
- 051 Coast To Coast AM - 15.11.2011 - 4/4 - Regenerative Medicine/Dulce Base - Video [Last Updated On: November 17th, 2011] [Originally Added On: November 17th, 2011]
- 052 Coast To Coast AM - 15.11.2011 - 1/4 - Regenerative Medicine/Dulce Base - Video [Last Updated On: November 17th, 2011] [Originally Added On: November 17th, 2011]
- 053 Stem Cell Based Therapies for Blindness: David Hinton - CIRM Science Writer's Seminar - Video [Last Updated On: November 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: November 18th, 2011]
- 054 Dr. Craig Saunders Discusses Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine at the Evolution of Fat Workshop - Video [Last Updated On: November 24th, 2011] [Originally Added On: November 24th, 2011]
- 055 Coast To Coast AM: Regenerative Medicine / Dulce Base 11-15-2011 Download Link - Video [Last Updated On: November 24th, 2011] [Originally Added On: November 24th, 2011]
- 056 Sabrina Cohen Foundation Thanks Stem Cell Researchers [Last Updated On: November 27th, 2011] [Originally Added On: November 27th, 2011]
- 057 Sabrina Cohen Foundation Thanks Stem Cell Researchers [Last Updated On: November 27th, 2011] [Originally Added On: November 27th, 2011]
- 058 StemCellTV Talks to Elona Baum of the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine - Video [Last Updated On: December 9th, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 9th, 2011]
- 059 StemCellTV Talks to Michael Werner of Alliance for Regenerative Medicine at Meeting on the Mesa - Video [Last Updated On: December 10th, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 10th, 2011]
- 060 StemCellTV Talks to Morrie Ruffin of Alliance for Regenerative Medicine at Meeting on the Mesa - Video [Last Updated On: December 10th, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 10th, 2011]
- 061 Active phase III or II/III cell therapy trials [Last Updated On: December 11th, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 11th, 2011]
- 062 Active phase III or II/III cell therapy trials [Last Updated On: December 11th, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 11th, 2011]
- 063 2011 Summit: Harnessing Regenerative Medicine for US Service-members, Major General James K. Gilman - Video [Last Updated On: December 17th, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 17th, 2011]
- 064 Recently approved cell therapy products [Last Updated On: December 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 18th, 2011]
- 065 Inactive and recently failed or terminated phase III or II/III cell therapy trials [Last Updated On: December 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 18th, 2011]
- 066 Recently approved cell therapy products [Last Updated On: December 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 18th, 2011]
- 067 Inactive and recently failed or terminated phase III or II/III cell therapy trials [Last Updated On: December 18th, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 18th, 2011]
- 068 Coast To Coast AM: 15.11.2011 - Regenerative Medicine/ Dulce Base - Video [Last Updated On: December 22nd, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 22nd, 2011]
- 069 Stem Cell Clinical Trial for Heart Failure: Eduardo Marban - CIRM Spotlight on Disease - Video [Last Updated On: December 23rd, 2011] [Originally Added On: December 23rd, 2011]
- 070 2011 EMA Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT) classification record. What can be learned? [Last Updated On: January 1st, 2012] [Originally Added On: January 1st, 2012]
- 071 2011 EMA Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT) classification record. What can be learned? [Last Updated On: January 1st, 2012] [Originally Added On: January 1st, 2012]
- 072 Regenerative medicine company encouraged by heart failure trial [Last Updated On: January 28th, 2012] [Originally Added On: January 28th, 2012]
- 073 IndiaMART Leaders of Tomorrow AWards 2011 - Regenerative Medical Services Pvt Ltd - Video [Last Updated On: February 8th, 2012] [Originally Added On: February 8th, 2012]
- 074 American CryoStem Joins Alliance for Regenerative Medicine [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2012] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2012]
- 075 ACT Announces Third Patient with Stargardt’s Disease Treated in U.S. Clinical Trial with RPE Cells Derived from ... [Last Updated On: February 14th, 2012] [Originally Added On: February 14th, 2012]
- 076 Biomask: Improving Facial Burn Treatment for Soldiers in the Field [Last Updated On: February 17th, 2012] [Originally Added On: February 17th, 2012]
- 077 Cytomedix to Showcase Aldagen's Promising Autologous Cell Therapy Technology at Two Regenerative Medicine Meetings [Last Updated On: February 17th, 2012] [Originally Added On: February 17th, 2012]
- 078 Histogenics to Present at 7th Annual New York Stem Cell Summit [Last Updated On: February 17th, 2012] [Originally Added On: February 17th, 2012]
- 079 BioTime CEO Michael D. West to Present at New York Stem Cell Summit [Last Updated On: February 18th, 2012] [Originally Added On: February 18th, 2012]
- 080 Makucell(TM) Announces Key Scientific Presentations and Launch of a Large, Multicenter Use Study of Asymmtate(TM) [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2012] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2012]