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There is still some confusion surrounding the difference between precision medicine and personalized medicine. Some argue for a strict distinction between the two. For them, using the term precision medicine instead of personalized medicine offers a more accurate representation of practices involving the customisation of healthcare services.

Others have used the two interchangeably however. The public and mainstream media, as well as industry practitioners and non-profit healthcare and scientific organizations have used a degree of freedom in switching between the two terms.

A 2011 report prepared by a committee of the U.S. National Research Council suggested the use of the term precision medicine instead of personalized medicine. Note that NRC is the working arm of the United States National Academies responsible for shaping policies and advancing the pursuit of science, medicine, and engineering.

The report defines precision medicine as the tailoring of medical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient. The report added, It does not literally mean the creation of drugs or medical devices that are unique to a patient, but rather the ability to classify individuals into subpopulations that differ in their susceptibility to a particular disease, in the biology and/or prognosis of those diseases they may develop, or in their response to a specific treatment.

In explaining the difference between precision medicine and personalized medicine, the report said the latter is susceptible to misinterpretation. Some might regard personalized medicine as a concept that implies the design of unique treatments for each individual. This is not the actual case in practice as iterated in the definition of precision medicine.

An executive at Merck Research Laboratories and geneticist also explained the distinction between the two. In his blog article, Robert M. Plenge, MD, PhD, considered the term personalized medicine as synonymous with practices involving basic patient care. According to him, physicians generally make decisions about the best course of treatment based on patient preferences. This should be the actual and most basic definition of personalized medicine.

Plenge also said that there are some burdens associated with personalized medicine. When the Human Genome Project was nearing it completion in 2000, people hoped that the identification of genetic markers would clearly differentiate patients between responders and non-responders. Personalized medicine was a buzzword around this time. This did not happen due to the polygenicity of complex traits.

Gary An, MD, and Yoram Vodovotz, MD, also trace the popularity of the term personalized medicine from the assumptions associated with the Human Genome Project. These assumptions revolved around using sequence data and information such as demography, medical histories, and responsiveness to medications to determine therapies that would work best for an individual patient. The assumptions never materialised however. An and Vodovotz said that precision medicine has become a more appropriate terminology to describe a healthcare approach involving the analysis of precisely defined subgroups of patients using genomic sequence data and metadata from existing therapies.

Others have used the terms precision medicine and personalized medicine despite some strict calls to use the former. This is evident in casual and formal discourse, as well as in scientific and non-scientific literatures.

During his 2015 State of the Union Address, President Obama announced an initiative centred on promoting precision medicine. His speech interestingly highlighted how some people use the term personalized medicine.

Publications from non-profit organisations have also switched the two terms with a high degree of liberty. For example, an article published online by the American Cancer Society featured personalized medicine in its headline. Author Elizabeth Mendes also mentioned that the definitions of precision medicine and personalized medicine seem to be merging.

The patient information website of the American Society of Clinical Oncologists has also used the terms interchangeably throughout its contents. In a specific info page about cancer treatment options, ASCO included personalized medicine in the list. However, some of its blog articles featured precision medicine in their headlines.

Note that personalized medicine seems an obsolete term based on the arguments by NRC and other physicians. However, organizations such as pharmaceutical companies and scientific communities are still using it in their publication. Companies such as Bayer and Pfizer, for instance, have made information webpages about personalized medicine. Pfizer describes the term as an approach involving the tailoring of drugs to match the genetic variability of diseases.

The Jackson Laboratory, a non-profit biomedical research institution, also uses personalized medicine as a term to describe tailoring of healthcare services based on genomics. Other organisations use precision medicine such as the National Health Institute and U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Journals under the Nature Publishing Group and Public Library of Science have also featured articles using either the terms precision medicine or personalized medicine. There are even journals that are carrying the either of the two. Examples of these are the The Journal of Personalized Medicine of Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Personalized Medicine by Future Medicine, and the Personalized Medicine Universe by the Society of Personalized Medicine; as well as The Journal of Precision Medicine and Advances in Precision Medicine, among others.

However, PHG Foundation has concluded that the two terms have specific meanings. In their position paper, the UK-based health policy think thank suggested that personalized medicine is a more general or broader concept. Under this broad concept are specific concepts such as precision medicine, stratified medicine, and P4 medicine. PHG Foundation is still on the process of reviewing and analysing relevant literatures to come up with a more concrete suggestion as regards the use of these terminologies.

The concepts behind precision medicine and personalized medicine are hardly new. But there is a discord among stakeholders regarding their exact definitions and differentiations. One of the probable reasons behind this discord is that the actual application of each concept is relatively new. Another reason is that the overlaps between precision medicine and personalized medicine are very evident that their differences become negligible. Then there are those who consider the debate as nothing but a case of preferential difference.

Further readings: (1)An, Gary and Vodovotz, Yoram. 9 March 2015. What Is Precision Medicine And Can It Work? Elsevier Connect;(2)Mendez, Elizabeth. 3 April 2015. Personalized Medicine: Redefining Cancers And Its Treatment. ACS Research Updates. American Cancer Society;(3)National Research Council. 2011. Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease. ISBN: 978-0-309-22222-8;(4)PHG Foundation. n.d. Many Names For One Concept Or Many Concepts In One Name? PHG Foundation;(5)Plenge, Robert M. 16 March 2013. Personalized Medicine vs. Precision Medicine. Plenge Gen Blog

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Personalised medicine is a move away from a one size fits all approach to the treatment and care of patients with a particular condition, to one which uses new approaches to better manage patients health and targets therapies to achieve the best outcomes in the management of a patients disease or predisposition to disease.

We are all unique. Our health is determined by our inherent differences combined with our lifestyles and environment. By combining and analysing information about our genome, with other clinical and diagnostic information, patterns can be identified that can help to determine our individual risk of developing disease; detect illness earlier; and, determine the most effective interventions to help improve our health, be they medicines, lifestyle choices, or even simple changes in diet.

The concept of personalised medicine is not new. Clinicians have been working to personalise care, tailored to peoples individual health needs, throughout the history of medicine, but never before has it been possible to predict how each of our bodies will respond to specific interventions, or identify which of us is at risk of developing an illness. New possibilities are now emerging as we bring together novel approaches, such as whole genome sequencing, data and informatics, and wearable technology. It is the interconnections between these innovations that makes it possible to move to an era of truly personalised care.

Technological and scientific advances are already here and will continue to develop and improve medical practice; change is inevitable. For the NHS, we must consider not whether we should go down this path of personalised medicine, but instead how we can best respond and adapt, to ensure everyone benefits regardless of where people live, the illnesses they have, or where their care is provided.

We are on a journey towards embedding a personalised medicine approach into mainstream healthcare. NHS England is beginning a discussion about what we mean by personalised medicine, now and in the future, and the approach we will take, working with our partners, so that we can embrace new approaches, while ensuring that ethical, equality and economic implications are fully understood and addressed.

Through the 100,000 Genomes Project, a ground breaking and world leading initiative, the NHS is building partnerships with academia and industry to decode the human genome, in people with rare diseases and cancer. This will help to predict the future development of disease, to make a diagnosis where one has not existed previously and to identify treatments where possible. Please see the genomics page for further information.

Improving Outcomes through Personalised Medicine

If you have any queries regarding any aspect of personalised medicine please contact the Genomics Team at NHS England via:england.genomics@nhs.net

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NHS England Personalised medicine

Industry Insights

The global personalized medicine (PM) market size was estimated at USD 1.57 trillion in 2018 and is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of 10.6% during the forecast period. Personalized medicine promises a paradigm shift in diagnosis and care delivery as the treatment is based on data leveraged from a holistic view of an individual patient. Proliferation of sequencing methodologies, especially Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), due to rising cost of sequencing and development of Human Genome Project in genomics field is expected to drive the market.

NGS technology delivers the data related to the genetic makeup of the patient and response of drugs on patient, thereby fostering the development of precision medicineto treat diseases. Moreover, NGS combined with Companion Diagnostics (CDx) is expected to play a major role for advancement of personalized diagnostics and therapeutics over the forthcoming years. Advent of novel CDx and biomarkers for non-oncology therapeutic applications have forced companies to improve their precision medicine portfolio; focusing oninfectious diseases and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs).

This generates a strong impetus for scaling up the CDx tests to form PM for non-oncology cases. Increasing prevalence of cancer, which boosts demand for personalized cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, is also one of the key factors responsible for the growth of the market. As per data GLOBOCAN 2018, the global burden of cancer has increased to 18.1 million new cases in 2018. Growing cancer-related spending is also amongst the drivers for growth.

Key companies in the personalized medicine market are involved in several investment programs pertaining to the precision medicine. This has resulted in an increased commitment of leading pharma competitors toward this sector. Furthermore, companies providing molecular decision support system are combining genomic data with clinical data to minimize the gaps in precision medicine practice.

Personalized nutrition & wellness was the largest product segment in 2018. Availability of a wide range of nutrition & wellness products and increased Over The Counter (OTC) sale of these productsplay a significant role in boosting the segment growth. Companies are undertaking several initiatives for sustaining market competition. For instance, in March 2018, DSM partnered with Mixfit to provide personalized nutrition solutions by combining Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology.

This strategic partnership was targeted towards offering consumers a personalized approach regarding nutrition. PM therapeutics includes pharmaceuticals, genomic medicine, and medical devices for personalized therapies and it is anticipated to witness the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Advent of high-capacity rapid sequencing platforms and reducing cost of sequencing whole human genome plays a major role in the segment development.

Genomic medicine has emerged as a significant segment in PM therapeutics. Availability of large databases of genomic data enables researchers to develop accurate and effective therapeutic products for several medical conditions. Consequently, this results in high utilization of human genome sequencing techniques for genomic medicine.

Led by U.S., North America was the dominant regional personalized medicine market in 2018. Increasing adoption of NGS methods and healthcare IT systems in clinical workflow along with supportive government policies and funding drives the regional market.

For instance, in September 2018, the All of Us Research Program initiated by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded funds of USD 28.6 million to three genome centers of the U.S. This funding supported the generation of genomic data from biosamples by these centers, which is a critical component of precision medicine discoveries.

However, Asia Pacific is projected to witness the highest CAGR over the forecast period owing to low cost of clinical trialsof newly developed precision medicines and diagnostic products. Moreover, rising disposable income levels and growing economy of emerging countries will boost the market further.

Some key companies in this market include GE Healthcare; Illumina, Inc.; Asuragen, Inc.; Abbott Laboratories; Dako A/S; Exact Science Corporation; Danaher Corporation (Cepheid, Inc.);Decode Genetics, Inc.;Genelex Corporation; Exagen Diagnostics, Inc.; Precision Biologics, Inc.; QIAGEN; Celera Diagnostics LLC; and Biogen, Inc.

These companies invest in personalized products-focused innovations and developments for business expansion. For instance, in April 2018, Ilumina helped various startup companies by offering them financial support. One of such startups, TruGenomix Health, Inc. focused on individualized treatment options, thereby advancing personalized therapies.

Attribute

Details

Base year for estimation

2018

Actual estimates/Historical data

2014 - 2017

Forecast period

2019 - 2025

Market representation

Revenue in USD Million and CAGR from 2019 to 2025

Regional scope

North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and MEA

Country scope

U.S., Canada, Germany, U.K., Japan, China, Brazil, and South Africa

Report coverage

Revenue forecast, company share, competitive landscape, growth factors and trends

15% free customization scope (equivalent to 5 analyst working days)

If you are looking for specific information, which is not currently within the scope of the report, we will provide it to you as a part of customization

This report forecasts revenue and volume growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2014 to 2025. For the purpose of this study, Grand View Research has segmented the global personalized medicine (PM) market report on the basis of product and region:

Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 - 2025)

Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 - 2025)

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Personalized Medicine Market Size & Forecast | Industry ...

In the United States, despite high hopes, our health-care system still generally operates as a one-size-fits-all model. Some refer to this as a population model. This paradigm suggests that in the majority of people, an ailmentbe it a common cold or cancerhas a common predicted trajectory, and most people will benefit from a homogeneous course of treatment. If a particular treatment does not work, then the second-most likely successful treatment plan is prescribed.

This continues until the ailment is relieved. Treatments are set based on available population statistics, and trial and error is used until the patient is well. In this model of medicine, personal characteristics, risk factors, lifestyle choices and genetics are rarely considered. Therefore, the treatment approach will not be ideal in all cases, failing those who do not fit with average parameters.

Personalized medicine, on the other hand, advocates the customization of health care. It aims to prevent diseases, as well as tailor treatments to an individual so a disease or illness can be targeted in a way that promises the highest chance of success based on the attributes of the individual. An underlying assumption of this approach is personalized medicine (PM) takes into account that drugs and interventions will have varying efficacy based on the person being treated.

Now that science possesses a complete map of all the genes in the body, personalized medicine is manifesting as a reality.

Angelina Jolies public disclosure about carrying a BRCA1 gene mutation, which puts her at high risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer, brought some of these concepts to the publics attention. Making choices based on gene type might not yet be the norm in everyday health-care practice, but it is becoming more prevalent.

Oncology is an area of medicine where DNA sequencing technology has a lot of potential. For example, for lung cancer, there are many personalized treatment options now available based on different lung cancer biomarkers. If there is a medical indication, genetic tests can often be covered by insurance, especially if there is an FDA-approved drug or treatment that is tied to a genetic mutation.

Recently, researchers have also used DNA sequencing to establish the connection between bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and breast cancer. It was previously believed that this cattle virus cannot infect humans. However, a study conducted by the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, showed that BLV can be present in human tissue three to 10 years before cancer gets diagnosed, indicating a strong correlation.

Genome-driven medical care is becoming increasingly utilized due to the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies.

According to The National Human Genome Research Institute, whole genome sequencing can now be performed in less than 24 hours for under $1,000. The genetic services have become more accurate and affordable and are now used in both public and private institutions. However, numerous challenges still need to be tackled. For instance, many doctors may lack training opportunities and are unfamiliar with the emerging technologies. Some experts also warn that there needs to be a balance between hope and hype and that ethical issues should be strictly monitored.

Perhaps one of the most sensational innovations in the area of personalized medicine is printing 3-D organs from ones own cells. It is predicted that in about 10 to 15 years, organs will routinely be produced from cells harvested from patients themselves using 3-D bioprinting technology. In the future, organ transplantations might eventually be replaced by customized organ-growing.

Anthony Atala, M.D., the Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), has already demonstrated that transplantable kidneys can be produced using such a technique, helping to curb a crisis resulting from organ shortage. Currently, scientists at WFIRM are engineering over 30 different tissues and organs that could be used as replacement organs. Organovo, a company working on personalized bioprinted human tissue, has so far produced 3-D liver models that stay functional and stable for up to 60 days, which is an improvement from the previously established functionality of 28 days. The printed liver tissue can be used for drug testing, offering an alternative to animal and in vitro experiments. It also offers new hope to people with various genetic conditions who could benefit from a transplant. In 2016, Chinese scientists successfully printed a part of the hearts left atrium (left atrial appendage). Occlusion of this part can play a role in preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. It appears that 3-D technology can offer an improved presentation of an individuals left atrial appendage compared to conventional imaging methods. This is essential for surgeons as they need an accurate preoperative reference before they start with the occlusion procedure.

Eric Topol, the Director and Professor of Genomics at Scripps Translational Science Institute, describes the now-ubiquitous smartphones as the hub of future medicine. Mobile phones and mobile peripherals can be used as biosensorsmeasuring blood pressure, heart rhythm, blood sugar levels and even brain wavesas well as functioning as a personal scanner such as an otoscope or ultrasound. People can now perform many measurements by themselves, when they want and where it is most convenient for them. They can view and interpret their data without having to visit the doctor, making health care increasingly more personal and individual-based.

Since the dawn of personalized medicine, several limitations of this approach have been discussed. Some experts argue that it carries a risk of reducing medicine to molecular profiling. A properly executed traditional medicine practice should already include a degree of personalization by looking at your unique characteristics, medical history and social circumstances. Many social scientists and bioethicists believe that the label personalized medicine could involve a radical shift of responsibility toward the individual, potentially dismissing other socioeconomic factors that are important to examine as well. The approach might in some cases contribute to the culture of blaming the victim, creating stigmatization of certain groups of people and taking the public health resources away from initiatives that try to address the social disparities and inequity that also affect health.

An article published by the Hastings Centera research institute that addresses ethical and social issues in health care, science, and technologyhighlighted that there might be some erroneous expectations surrounding personalized medicine. It is very unlikely that in the future, you will be able to receive a unique prescription or a treatment specific to you alone. Personalized medicine is more about classifying people into groups based on genomic information and looking at your health risks and treatment responses in the context of that genetic group.

Many people are concerned that being classified as a member of a certain subgroup could, for example, increase your insurance rates or make you a less desirable job candidate. These considerations are not unfounded. Personalized medicine goes hand in hand with increased data accumulation, and data security remains a challenge. Moreover, being in a certain subgroup might oblige you to participate in screening programs as a matter of social responsibility somewhat reducing the freedom of personal choice.

There are also potential ethical implications for doctors handling genomic information. For instance, doctors might need to contemplate withdrawing some pieces of information that have no medical utility. The disclosure process would require some careful editing to prevent confusing or scaring the patient further. However, this could signal the return to paternalistic medicine where the doctor decides what is best for you and what you should be told. There is clearly a need for a solid ethical framework in this field, as well as a need for careful monitoring to ensure concerns are balanced with benefits.

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Moving from Population Medicine to Personalized Medicine

Molecular profiling has emerged to play a pivotal role in personalized medicine, classifying tumors based on genetic profiles for the purposes of cancer diagnosis or treatment,or predicting response to therapy. Innovative technologies, including next generation sequencing (NGS), can now clinically identify an extensive panel of actionable and exploratory genetic alterations.

In the US, Sarah Cannon physicians identify and order the most appropriate molecular test(s) from a number of best in class commercial laboratory service providers, such as Foundation Medicine,PathGroup, or Caris Life Sciencesaccredited from the Commission on Laboratory Accreditation of the College of American Pathologists (CAP). The NGS panels that are ordered target 35 to over 400 genes that are currently known to be altered in solid tumors or blood cancers. The appropriate molecular test and/or NGS panel is chosen based on tumor characteristics.

In the UK, Sarah Cannon is working withUniversity College London - Advanced Diagnostics (UCL-AD), a CPA-accreditedmolecular profiling laboratory, to develop novel technologies and assay menus and provide a clinical service to the private sector and the NHS, as well as a comprehensive research platform to the pharmaceutical industry.

With access to thousands of patients with different tumor types and access to the latest technologies used for molecular profiling, we are able to rapidly identify eligible patients for early and late-phase clinical trials and explore novel biomarkers that predict response to specific treatments.

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Personalized Medicine | Sarah Cannon

Fact Sheets about Genomics | NHGRI Skip to main content

The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has produced this series of fact sheets to explain complex concepts in genomics research to a non-scientific audience. Teachers, students and the general public alike will find the materials clearly written and easy to understand.

A biological pathway is a series of actions among molecules in a cell that leads to a certain product or a change in the cell.

Genomics is the study of all of a person's genes (the genome), including interactions of those genes with each other and with the person's environment.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells.

Cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity.

Comparative genomics is a field of biological research in which researchers compare the complete genome sequences of different species.

DNA sequencing determines the order of the four chemical building blocks - called "bases" - that make up the DNA molecule.

Epigenomics is a field in which researchers chart the locations and understand the functions of all the chemical tags that mark the genome.

Genetic mapping offers evidence that a disease transmitted from parent to child is linked to one or more genes and clues about where a gene lies on a chromosome.

A knockout mouse is a laboratory mouse in which researchers have inactivated an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.

Newborn screening tests use a dried blood sample collected during the first week after birth to measure the presence of disease biomarkers.

Data used to estimate the cost of sequencing the human genome over time since the Human Genome Project.

The X chromosome determines your sex, gives some females super color vision and lends its magic to a certain breed of cat.

The Y chromosome of all living men is related through a single male ancestor who lived over 100,000 years ago.

Genetics refers to the study of genes and their roles in inheritance. Genomics refers to the study of all of a person's genes (the genome).

Last updated: November 9, 2015

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Fact Sheets about Genomics | NHGRI - genome.gov

For the most comprehensive take on all of David Sinclairs recommendations and the best ideas on optimizing healthspan, check out The Table of Longevity | The 5 Pillars to Optimize for Increasing Healthspan and Living Your Best LifeKey Takeaways

NAD+ is responsible for hundreds of critical biological processes, including creating energy, regulating sleep/wake cycles, and maintaining healthy DNA. Heres the problem: NAD+ declines with age no matter how much you exercise and how well you eat. So what can you do? You have a few options, but the most promising is supplementing with the oral NAD+ precursor, NR (nicotinamide riboside). For us at Podcast Notes, hands down, when it comes to a brand of NR, we cant recommend Elysium Basis enough (use the code podcast45 at checkout to receive $45 off a semi/annual subscription). We, Matt and Yoni, have been researching the company and trying Basis out for the past 3 months. Basis is a proprietary formulation of crystalline NR and pterostilbene that supports cellular health by increasing and sustaining NAD+. Long-term health starts at the cellular level. If you want to improve your healthspan and increase your energy, replenish your NAD+ levels in the most efficient way possible with Elysium Basis.

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David Sinclair, Ph.D. - The Joe Rogan Experience #1349 ...

First test plate of the Ishihara CVD test.

The original Ishihara color blindness test was introduced in early last century and since then, it is by far the most well known color vision deficiency test all around the world. Dr. Shinobu Ishihara from Japan produced three different test sets which are widely used and which all based on the same pseudoisochromatic plates.

This test is actually designed to be used in a booklet and is usually executed by an eye doctor.But I have made an onlince version of the test, available right here on Colblindor.

The online test is based on the 38 plates edition and will give you a little feedback at the end of the test.

As this test is only made to check for red-green color blindness, any other form of CVD can not be detected. And at the endif you likeyou can even share your test result with your friends.This way they can see how you performed and try the test themselves if they like to.

Be aware: This test consist of scanned plates. The colors are not exactly the same as in the original version. You also have to consider, that every computer screen has different color settings and therefore the test results might alter between different trials.

If you would like to see all the 38 plates in an overview, you can find them at Ishihara Test for Colour Deficiency 38 Plates Edition.

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Ishihara 38 Plates CVD Test - color-blindness.com

What is Integrative Medicine?

Integrative medicine is an approach to health care that takes into account the whole person, addressing the full range of physical, emotional, mental, social, spiritual and environmental influences that affect an individuals health. Integrative medicine is informed by evidence, makes use of all appropriate therapies, and emphasizes that the patient and holistic doctor or provider are partners in the healing process.

At UH Connor Integrative Health Network, we offer integrative medicine therapies and services that work together with traditional medical treatments to heal the mind, body and spirit. Employing a personalized strategy that considers the patients unique circumstances, we use the most appropriate holistic medicine interventions from an array of scientific disciplines to heal illness and disease and help people attain optimum health.

Learn more about the health benefitsof integrative medicine.

The Connor story: Learn more about the Connor family and the story behind the creation of UH Connor Integrative Health Network.

Words cannot begin to explain the gratitude I feel for this organization. Integrative medicine has changed my life when no one else could. This is the future of medicine.

UH Connor Integrative Health patient

Our dedicated health care professionalsalso include acupuncturists, massage therapists, meditation guides, yoga instructors and life coaches. All of our practitioners are experts with the highest credentials, whether in conventional medicine, integrative health, medical massage, exercise or Traditional Chinese Medicine. They will work closely with your primary care or specialty physicians to ensure that all the care you receive is coordinated and safe.

While there are many practitioners of complementary services throughout our community, availing yourself of services in a medical setting provides the certainty that those who are providing your healing therapy are highly trained and experienced, and follow the best practices model in health care. They are familiar with the most recent scientific research in their specialties, and they are rigorous about maintaining and enhancing their education in the field of integrative medicine. Integrative medicine happens not outside the parameters of medical specialties and departments, but within them. UH Connor Integrative Health Network is a place where compassionate, innovative and research-minded experts join together in a collaborative spirit.

For a national perspective on integrative medicine, we offer comprehensive information on evidence-based integrative medicine therapies. A broad and deep look at the many aspects of integrative medicine can be found at the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.

To request an appointment with an Integrative Medicine specialist at University Hospitals call 216-250-9520.

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Integrative Medicine | Providing Functional Medical ...

UH Connor Integrative Health Network, a system-wide initiative at University Hospitals, offers acupuncture treatments for patients suffering from pain caused by a variety of medical conditions.

My experience with UH Connor has been nothing short of amazing, from the friendly staff to the unmatched care from Megan. This is my first experience with acupuncture and I was not sure what to expect. From my first appointment I knew I made the right choice.

Bob Wagner, acupuncture patient

Acupuncture is one of the eight branches of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which has been practiced for over 3,000 years. It is one of the oldest and most commonly used treatments in the world.

According to TCM, natural energy, or qi (pronounced chi) travels along 14 pathways or meridians throughout the body in a way that is similar to how blood flows through the veins and arteries.

The meridians are all connected to specific organs or bodily functions, and when they are blocked or thrown off balance, symptoms or illness may result.

Acupuncturists stimulate certain points by inserting hair-thin, metallic needles to remove energy blocks and restore balance and flow in the body, which restores health.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommend acupuncture for the treatment of chronic pain and over 40 other conditions, including:

Women and men who are struggling with infertility may find help through the use of acupuncture, which can help balance hormones, decrease stress, improve blood flow to the uterus, improve the bodys response to in-vitro fertilization, and more.

Learn more about Connor Integrative Health Networks approach to acupuncture for fertility.

For more information, or to schedule an acupuncture appointment call 216-250-9765.

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Cloning suggests the possibility of growing or cultivating human beings in the future.

Cloning has been around since 1952 when Robert Briggs and Thomas King externally fertilized and developed a leopard frog using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Though scientists had discussed the need for communication about the ethical ramifications of cloning since as early as 1972, it was not until the successful cloning of a sheep named Dolly in 1997 that cloning came to the forefront of scientific and societal discussion. As a result of the continuity of fast-paced scientific discovery, the issues surrounding cloning of both animals and humans remain a hot topic, with people divided on both sides of the controversy.

From the production of vaccines to organ regrowth for transplantation, cloning from stem cells can improve people's health. In regards to the cloning of whole organisms, however, the benefits are largely found in increasing nutrition derived from food. In the United States, you frequently see whole organism cloning in the genetically modified foods you eat, which are FDA approved and not limited to plants but also to animals such as cloned pigs modified to be a source of omega-3 fatty acids that usually come from fish and certain seeds. Additionally, the replacement of dead or dying household pets and children with genetic disorders, termed ''reproductive cloning,'' has become a social argument in favor of cloning. In fact, in 2004 a company devoted solely to the cloning of household pets opened, and though it closed after only a short, two-year stint, some people continue to see this as a valuable route for cloning research.

From a religious standpoint, many argue that the act of cloning makes humans God, an equality not viewed as appropriate as humans lack omniscience. Morally, the arguments are more broad. The ethics of animal research come into play, where many, such as the moral philosopher Peter Singer, believe that all animals are created equal, suggesting animal testing in science should be completely eliminated. The possibilities of unforeseen health risks in cloned organisms and potential negative effects of decreased genetic variation on the human gene pool are seen as ethical causes for concern in addition to the mixed ethical and social consideration of increasing population sizes when worldwide resource availability is a problem.

The social issues of cloning tend to focus on human clones in terms of both availability of cloning technology and integration of clones into society. Reproductive cloning raises the question of cost and who should have access. However, the biggest social argument is that cloning negates a person's right to individuality and ignores the potential psychological effects of such a parentless and de-individualized identity.

Legally, funding has always been a concern for cloning research. Many believe the government and taxpayer money should not support research not agreed upon by a clear majority, and in this respect, the U.S. Congress has continued to prohibit use of taxpayer dollars for any research that may result in the death of human embryos. However, reproductive animal cloning continues not just in the U.S., but around the world. The biggest legal issues concerning animal clones are who should be responsible for and at what depth there should be oversight and accountability, as well as the legal right to patent live organisms.

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The Ethical, Social & Legal Issues of Cloning Animals ...

Does stem cell therapy for back pain actually work? If so, can stem cell therapy work for degenerative disc disease? What kinds work better than others? Is stem cell therapy covered by insurance? And does Stem Cell Therapy Work for Back Pain? Lets dig in.

Back in 2005, I was one of the first humans on earth to inject stem cells into a human disc. In the past almost two decades Ive published and learned much about what works and doesnt work. My goal here is to make sure that I transfer that wisdom to you to keep you from getting scammed.

Before we jump into stem cell therapy for back pain, its critical to review what the targets for the therapy would be. Meaning, what causes back pain? Lots of things:

Its critical when looking for the right stem cell therapy for back pain that you follow the Who, What, and Where method. If you dont, youre more likely than not to get scammed. So how does that work?

Who will perform the stem cell therapy for back pain is critical. Given that the stem cells need to be placed into specific spots that are causing pain and this requires advanced imaging guidance and training to do safely, getting this injection procedure done by a nurse or physicians assistant or even a non-specialist family physician just isnt a viable option. You need a spine specialist who can perform precise injections using an x-ray technology known as fluoroscopy.

What will be injected is also critical. As an example, a common message youll hear at seminars is that the clinic uses young and vibrant stem cells from amniotic fluid or umbilical cords! Theres just one problem with that message and its called reality. Meaning multiple studies have now shown that the products used by these clinics contain no live and viable stem cells, in fact, these preparations theyre using are all dead tissue (1-3). In fact, the only stem cell therapy out there right now that can be performed in the United States is Bone Marrow Concentrate (BMC) from the same patient, which contains many live and viable mesenchymal stem cells (4). BMC is obtained from a bone marrow aspirate at the back of the pelvis, centrifuged to concentrate the stem cell fraction, and then reinjected. Other possibilities include using cells that are cultured and grown to bigger numbers.

Where will the stem cells be reinjected? As discussed above, that could be many different areas from into the disc, around the nerves (epidural), into the facet joints, ligaments, muscles, etc Injecting stem cells into the wrong area will provide no results, so being able to diagnose where cells should go and then getting the cells to that specific area is critical.

Want to learn more about choosing a good stem cell clinic using this who, what, and where system? Click on the cover below to read that short mini-book:

Has medical research demonstrated that stem cell therapy for back pain is effective? Does Stem Cell Therapy Work for Back Pain? To answer that question, Ill include all regenerative medicine therapies, such as platelet-rich plasma (concentrated platelets from the patients own blood), bone marrow concentrate, and cultured stem cells (not available in the United States).

Theres pretty good research that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can help various causes of back pain. For example, there is a high-level study showing that PRP can help painful low back discs (9). We published a research study on using a type of PRP called platelet lysate to help sciatica caused by bulged and herniated discs (10). In addition, PRP has been shown to help reduce the atrophy of low back stabilizing muscles as well (11). Finally, PRP has also been used to treat sacroiliac joint problems and was shown to better than steroid shots (12).

Next up is bone marrow concentrate. This has been used successfully to treat painful discs through injection (13). Practically, we have also used it to treat damaged facet joints, sacroiliac joint instability/pain, as well as degenerative disc disease. However, the sweet spot appears to be in treating painful disc tears that often reduce the ability of the patient to sit for any prolonged period of time.

While not legal in the United States, in other countries, the patients bone marrow stem cells can be cultured and grown to larger numbers. We have published on injecting these types of cells to treat bulging discs causing nerve root impingement (14, 15). There are a few others who have also published on a smaller number of patients.

Notice what you dont see in this section. There are no human studies on using amniotic or umbilical cord products in the spine. There is also nothing published in human patients where exosomes were used (a type of therapy beginning to be offered). Hence, if you go to a seminar that claims that there is copious research showing these things work well in real patients, then run.

One of the more common questions I get from patients on stem cell therapy for back pain is whether it can regrow a collapsed low back disc. The discs in the spine are cushions that sit between individual backbones (vertebrae). In DDD the disc collapses and this causes degenerative instability which can lead to facet joint arthritis, irritated nerves, and over the long run, stenosis.

So can stem cell therapy for back pain regrow a degenerated disc? There was a real promise that this would happen, as in animals like rabbits, this is easy to do (16). However, to date, in humans, reliable disc regeneration has remained elusive. Meaning that it is very unlikely that if you have a collapsed disc, injecting stem cells will grow you a new plump disc.

I created a little video on this topic, so please watch this for more information:

In addition, I wrote a whole book on this topic of stem cells for spine problems, click on the cover below to download a copy:

Regrettably, for most patients, stem cell therapy for back pain is not covered by major health insurers, Medicare, or Medicaid. However, Regenexx has had success in getting full coverage from various self-funded health plans. Click here to learn more about getting your employer to cover these procedures.

The upshot? Stem cell therapy for back pain is a promising alternative to surgery. However, making sure you actually get the real deal versus treatment with dead stem cells may take some homework!

___________________________________________

References:

(1) Berger D, Lyons N, Steinmetz, N. In Vitro Evaluation of Injectable, Placental Tissue-Derived Products for Interventional Orthopedics. Interventional Orthopedics Foundation Annual Meeting. Denver, 2015. https://interventionalorthopedics.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/AmnioProducts-Poster.pdf

(2) Becktell L, Matuska A, Hon S, Delco M, Cole B, Fortier L. Proteomic analysis and cell viability of nine amnion-derived biologics. Orthopedic Research Society Annual Meeting, New Orleans, 2018. https://app.box.com/s/vcx7uw17gupg9ki06i57lno1tbjmzwaf

(3) Panero, A, Hirahara, A., Andersen, W, Rothenberg J, Fierro, F. Are Amniotic Fluid Products Stem Cell Therapies? A Study of Amniotic Fluid Preparations for Mesenchymal Stem Cells With Bone Marrow Comparison. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2019 47(5), 12301235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519829034

(4) Gianakos AL, Sun L, Patel JN, Adams DM, Liporace FA. Clinical application of concentrated bone marrow aspirate in orthopaedics: A systematic review.World J Orthop. 2017;8(6):491506. Published 2017 Jun 18. doi:10.5312/wjo.v8.i6.491

(5) Kalichman L, Carmeli E, Been E. The Association between Imaging Parameters of the Paraspinal Muscles, Spinal Degeneration, and Low Back Pain.Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:2562957. doi:10.1155/2017/2562957

(6) Vleeming A, Schuenke MD, Masi AT, Carreiro JE, Danneels L, Willard FH. The sacroiliac joint: an overview of its anatomy, function and potential clinical implications.J Anat. 2012;221(6):537567. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01564.x

(7) Manchikanti L, Hirsch JA, Falco FJ, Boswell MV. Management of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain.World J Orthop. 2016;7(5):315337. Published 2016 May 18. doi:10.5312/wjo.v7.i5.315

(8) White, A. A., & Panjabi, M. M. (1978).Clinical biomechanics of the spine. Philadelphia: Lippincott.

(9) Monfett M, Harrison J, Boachie-Adjei K, Lutz G. Intradiscal platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections for discogenic low back pain: an update. Int Orthop.2016 Jun;40(6):1321-8. doi: 10.1007/s00264-016-3178-3.

(10) Centeno C, Markle J, Dodson E, et al. The use of lumbar epidural injection of platelet lysate for treatment of radicular pain.J Exp Orthop. 2017;4(1):38. Published 2017 Nov 25. doi:10.1186/s40634-017-0113-5

(11) Hussein M, Hussein T. Effect of autologous platelet leukocyte rich plasma injections on atrophied lumbar multifidus muscle in low back pain patients with monosegmental degenerative disc disease.SICOT J. 2016;2:12. Published 2016 Mar 22. doi:10.1051/sicotj/2016002

(12) Singla V, Batra YK, Bharti N, Goni VG, Marwaha N. Steroid vs. Platelet-Rich Plasma in Ultrasound-Guided Sacroiliac Joint Injection for Chronic Low Back Pain. Pain Pract. 2017 Jul;17(6):782-791. doi: 10.1111/papr.12526

(13) Pettine KA, Suzuki RK, Sand TT, Murphy MB. Autologous bone marrow concentrate intradiscal injection for the treatment of degenerative disc disease with three-year follow-up. Int Orthop. 2017 Oct;41(10):2097-2103. doi: 10.1007/s00264-017-3560-9.

(14) Centeno C, Markle J, Dodson E, et al. Treatment of lumbar degenerative disc disease-associated radicular pain with culture-expanded autologous mesenchymal stem cells: a pilot study on safety and efficacy.J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):197. Published 2017 Sep 22. doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1300-y

(15) Elabd C, Centeno CJ, Schultz JR, Lutz G, Ichim T, Silva FJ. Intra-discal injection of autologous, hypoxic cultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in five patients with chronic lower back pain: a long-term safety and feasibility study.J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):253. Published 2016 Sep 1. doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1015-5

(16) Sakai D1, Mochida J, Yamamoto Y, Nomura T, Okuma M, Nishimura K, Nakai T, Ando K, Hotta T. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells embedded in Atelocollagen gel to the intervertebral disc: a potential therapeutic model for disc degeneration. Biomaterials. 2003 Sep;24(20):3531-41. DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00222-9

Read more from the original source:
Does Stem Cell Therapy Work For Back Pain? - Regenexx

A stunningly powerful novel of man's will to survive against all odds, by the winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Literature. This is a shattering work by a literary master.The Boston GlobeA New York Times Notable Book of the Year A Los Angeles Times Best Book of the Year A city is hit by an epidemic of "white blindness" which spares no one. Authorities confine the blind to an empty mental hospital, but there the criminal element holds everyone captive, stealing food rations and raping women. There is one eyewitness to this nightmare who guides seven strangersamong them a boy with no mother, a girl with dark glasses, a dog of tearsthrough the barren streets, and the procession becomes as uncanny as the surroundings are harrowing. A magnificent parable of loss and disorientation and a vivid evocation of the horrors of the twentieth century, Blindness has swept the reading public with its powerful portrayal of man's worst appetites and weaknessesand man's ultimately exhilarating spirit.

Originally posted here:
Blindness by Jos Saramago, Paperback | Barnes & Noble

Color Blind Test | Test Color Vision by Ishihara Test for Colorblindness

Color Blind Test info: Around the world, approximately 1 in 12 men and 1 in 200 women are affected by color blindness. This fairly common condition often goes undiagnosed, because patients do not realize they arent seeing colors like other people do. yet testing for color blindness is simple and doesnt even require a trip to the doctor. You can do it easily online using your computer. Simply look at the symbols below and enter the numbers that you can see. You will get an instant result that will help you know whether or not you are struggling with color blindness.How does the Color Blind Test work? This test, known as the Ishihara Test, makes numbers out of dots that are a different color than the dots surrounding them. Someone who is color blind sees all of these dots as the same color, whereas someone with normal vision can distinguish the different colors. Ishihara Test a type of Color Blind Test is a fast and simple way to determine whether or not you are struggling.Color Blind Test or the Ishihara test contains of a number of colored plates, known as Ishihara plates. All of the plates contains a circle of dots appearing in random order of color and size. Most people will view the images differently (mostly Arabic numbers). Those with certain types of color blindness will see different numbers from those not affected by color blindness.A color code happens when there is some information in the color of items being analysed. These codes cannot be easily explained by those who have color blindness. This is the main reason as to why, color should not be the sole criteria to provide information. The ideal way to to avoid color coding or color differences is to use Good graphic design to give information. This not only helps the color blind people, but is also helpful to the normal vision people.External info: Ishihara test Wikipedia

Look at the pictures below, and enter the numbers that you see in the corresponding boxes.

Are you concerned about your results? Did you struggle to see several of the numbers? Did you find yourself guessing instead of confidently entering the answers? If the test shows that you may be color blind, and you feel that color blindness is affecting your everyday life, then there is good news for you. Color blindness treatment is available to help you see the full range of colors that other people see.

The ColorCorrection System from ColorMax offers an easy, personalized solution to the problem of color blindness. This system has helped hundreds of people just like you overcome color blindness and the challenges it can cause. Whether you have known for a long time that you are color blind or just found out using this test, there is a solution. Reach out to our team today to learn more about the ColorCorrection system and how it can help you see colors clearly again.

The number pictured above is actually ' + rightanswer + '. ' + addinfo + '

Everyone should see the number 12 including people that are color blind.

Go here to read the rest:
Color Blind Test | Test Color Vision by Ishihara Test for ...

The hoopoe said: 'Your heart's congealed like ice;When will you free yourself from cowardice?Since you have such a short time to live here,What difference does it make? What should you fear?The world is filth and sin, and homeless menMust enter it and homeless leave again.They die, as worms, in squalid pain; if weMust perish in this quest, that, certainly,Is better than a life of filth and grief.If this great search is vain, if my beliefIs groundless, it is right that I should die.So many errors throng the world - then whyShould we not risk this quest? To suffer blameFor love is better than a life of shame.No one has reached this goal, so why appealTo those whose blindness claims it is unreal?I'd rather die deceived by dreams than giveMy heart to home and trade and never live.We've been and heard so much - what have we learned?Not for one moment has the self been spurned;Fools gather round and hinder our release.When will their stale, insistent whining cease?We have no freedom to achieve our goalUntil from Self and fools we free the soul.To be admitted past the veil you mustBe dead to all the crowd considers just.Once past the veil you understand the WayFrom which the crowd's glib courtiers blindly stray.If you have any will, leave women's stories,And even if this search for hidden gloriesProves blasphemy at last, be sure our questIs not mere talk but an exacting test.The fruit of love's great tree is poverty;Whoever knows this knows humility.When love has pitched his tent in someone's breast,That man despairs of life and knows no rest.Love's pain will murder him and blandly askA surgeon's fee for managing the task -The water that he drinks brings pain, his breadIs turned to blood immediately shed;Though he is weak, faint, feebler than an ant,Love forces him to be her combatant;He cannot take one mouthful unawareThat he is floundering in a sea of care. Farid Attar, The Conference of the Birds

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Blindness Quotes (211 quotes) - goodreads.com

It's logical to think that you see whenever your eyes are open. But the reality is that attention plays a major role in visual perception. One of the primary reasons why you may fail to notice things like obvious bloopers in movies, for example, is a psychological phenomenon known as inattentional blindness. When you focus hard on one thing, such as the actions of the main character in a film, you might not notice unexpected things entering your visual field.

The term "inattentional blindness" was first coined by psychologists Arien Mack, Ph.D., and Irvin Rock, Ph.D., who observed the phenomenon during their perception and attention experiments. "Because this inability to perceive, this sighted blindness, seemed to be caused by the fact that subjects were not attending to the stimulus but instead were attending to something else...we labeled this phenomenon inattentional blindness (IB)," they explained.

One of the best-known experiments demonstrating inattentional blindness is the "invisible gorilla test" carried out by Christopher Chabris, Ph.D. and Daniel Simons, Ph.D. In this experiment, researchers asked participants to watch a video of people tossing a basketball, and the observers were told to count the number of passes or to keep track of the number of throws versus bounce passes. Afterward, the participants were asked if they had noticed anything unusual while watching the video. In most of the tests, approximately 50 percent of the participants reported seeing nothing out of the ordinary.

But in reality, something odd had happened. In some instances, a woman dressed in a gorilla suit strolled through the scene, turned to the camera, thumped her chest, and walked away. While it may seem impossible that the participants missed such a sight since their attention was focused elsewhere and on a demanding task, the gorilla basically became invisible.

Rather than focusing on every tiny detail in the world around us, we tend to concentrate on things that are most important, relying on our existing schemas to "fill in the blanks." This is highly economical. As our attentional, cognitive, and processing resources are limited, this allows us to dedicate them to what matters most, while still allowing us to have complete, seamless experiences.

One of the reasons why people so often "miss the gorilla," so to speak, is simply because the stimulus lacks what is known as ecological validity. A gorilla showing up in the middle of a basketball game is unlikely to happen in a real-world setting, so we are less likely to notice it. It is essentially ruled out as a component that will help you better understand or carry out the task at hand.

That said, while we do sometimes fail to miss things in the world around us, we are generally pretty good at noticing information that is relevant to us, such as a car speeding toward us or a deer jumping out of the trees into the road. Of course, this is not always the case.

We all experience inattentional blindness from time to time, such as in these potential situations:

There are certain factors that can affect inattentional blindness. Drs. Simons and Chabris did an experiment similar to the invisible gorilla experiment, but in this one, the participants had to count the number of passes made by either the team in black or the team in white.

Out of the participants who were counting passes made by the white team, only 42 percent saw the gorilla, but for the participants who counted passes made by the black team, 83 percent saw the gorillawho was also dressed in black, illustrating the impact of similarity between the unexpected stimulus (gorilla) and task-relevant stimuli (members of the black team).

In the "Encyclopedia of Human Memory, psychologist Kristin Mauldin notes that inattentional blindness is similar to change blindness, which is when you miss a change in a stimulus that was there before. In inattentional blindness, you miss a new stimulus, often because of your own expectations.

A Word From Verywell

Though it is not possible to avoid all instances of inattentional blindness, it's important to remember this very natural occurrenceparticularly when you are in a disagreement with someone about the full scope of a situation. Your brain is sophisticated enough to help you register and interpret visual cues that it thinks will provide you with the most value. But, in its efforts, visual informationboth important and notcan sometimes get overlooked.

Read the rest here:
Inattentional Blindness in Psychology - Verywell Mind

Matthew 23:16-26

"Woe to you, blind guides, who say, 'Whoever swears by the temple, that is nothing; but whoever swears by the gold of the temple is obligated.' "You fools and blind men! Which is more important, the gold or the temple that sanctified the gold? "And, 'Whoever swears by the altar, that is nothing, but whoever swears by the offering on it, he is obligated.' read more."You blind men, which is more important, the offering, or the altar that sanctifies the offering? "Therefore, whoever swears by the altar, swears both by the altar and by everything on it. "And whoever swears by the temple, swears both by the temple and by Him who dwells within it. "And whoever swears by heaven, swears both by the throne of God and by Him who sits upon it. "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint and dill and cummin, and have neglected the weightier provisions of the law: justice and mercy and faithfulness; but these are the things you should have done without neglecting the others. "You blind guides, who strain out a gnat and swallow a camel! "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you clean the outside of the cup and of the dish, but inside they are full of robbery and self-indulgence. "You blind Pharisee, first clean the inside of the cup and of the dish, so that the outside of it may become clean also.

See more here:
50 Bible Verses about Blindness

What is the immune system?

The immune system protects your child's body from outside invaders. These include germs (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi) andtoxins (chemicals made by microbes). The immune system is made up of different organs, cells, and proteins that work together.

There are 2 main parts of the immune system:

The innate immune system. You are born with this.

The adaptive immune system. You develop this when your body is exposed to microbes or chemicals released by microbes.

These 2 immune systems work together.

This is your child's rapid response system. It is the first to respond when it finds an invader. It is made up of the skin, the eye's cornea, and the mucous membrane that lines the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts. These all create physical barriers to help protect your child's body. They protect against harmful germs, parasites (such as worms), or cells (such as cancer). The innate immune system is inherited. It is active from the moment your child is born. When this system recognizes an invader, it goes into action right away. The cells of this immune system surround and cover the invader. The invader is killed inside the immune system cells (called phagocytes).

The acquired immune system, with help from the innate system, makes cells (antibodies) to protect your body from a specific invader. These antibodies are developed by cells called B lymphocytes after the body has been exposed to the invader. The antibodies stay in your child's body.It can take several days for antibodies to form. But after the first exposure, the immune system will recognize the invader and defend against it. The acquired immune system changes during your child's life. Immunizationstrain your child's immune system to make antibodies to protect him or her from harmful diseases.

The cells of both parts of the immune system are made in different organs of the body, including:

Adenoids. Two glands located at the back of the nasal passage.

Bone marrow. The soft, spongy tissue found in bone cavities.

Lymph nodes. Small organs shaped like beans, which are located all over the body and connect via the lymphatic vessels.

Lymphatic vessels. A network of channels all over the body that carries lymphocytes to the lymphoid organs and bloodstream.

Peyer's patches. Lymphoid tissue in the small intestine.

Spleen. A fist-sized organ located in the belly (abdominal) cavity.

Thymus. Two lobes that join in front of the windpipe (trachea) behind the breastbone.

Tonsils. Two oval masses in the back of the throat.

Antibiotics can be used to help your child's immune system fight infections by bacteria. But antibiotics dont work for infections caused by viruses. Antibiotics were developed to kill or disable certain bacteria. That means that an antibiotic that works for a skin infection may not work to cure diarrhea caused by bacteria. Using antibiotics for viral infections or using the wrong antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection can help bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic so it won't work as well in the future.It's important to take antibiotics as prescribed and for the right amount of time.If antibiotics are stopped early, the bacteria may develop a resistance to the antibiotics. Then the infection may come back again.

Most colds and acute bronchitis infections won't respond to antibiotics.You can help decrease the spread of more aggressive bacteria by not asking your childs healthcare provider for antibiotics in these cases.

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The Immune System - stanfordchildrens.org

The Future of Medicine is Here!

To help you return to the activities you love, our expert team at Triad Regenerative Medicine now offer Regenerative Cell Therapy procedures to help alleviate your pains without relying on complex surgical procedures or medication.

Of all bodily ailments, nothing is more painful and crippling than the persistent knee, hip or shoulder pain. Unfortunately, any damage to the ligaments, cartilage or bone by way of injury or disease (such as osteoarthritis), can cause severe pain and difficulty walking or partaking in your favorite activities. To help you return to the activities that you love, our expert team at Triad Regenerative Medicine now offer Regenerative Cell Therapy, based on a 21st-century therapeutic procedure to help alleviate your shoulder, hip, and knee pains without relying on complex surgical procedures or medication.

Regenerative Cell Therapy is one of the most effective treatments today that help the body to heal and regenerate tendon injuries, ligament damage, degenerative joint disease DJD and osteoarthritis. This procedure is non-invasive and harnesses your bodys natural healing potential to combat shoulder, hip and knee problems by the newly introduced cells stimulating existing healthy cells and tissues to operate at a higher level of function boosting the bodys repair mechanisms to aid in the healing process. The whole procedure takes approximately 30 minutes and has no known adverse side effects.

Regenerative Cell Therapy is one of the safest and most advanced approaches to treating a wide variety of injuries and diseases within the human body.

Patients recovering from injuries will rapidly improve exhibiting a greater mobility and less pain, compared to the lengthy and exhaustive period of post-surgical healing and rehabilitation.

Regenerative Cellular Medicine has opened the doors to medical advancements. We have only just begun to explore the amazing benefits. Praised notes of success thus far include the reduction or elimination of pain, increased strength and mobility, and quicker healing and recovery.

Originally posted here:
Triad Regenerative Medicine - Greensboro, NC

How can you quickly change all positive numbers or values to negative in Excel? The following methods can guide you to quickly change all positive numbers to negative in Excel.

Change positive numbers to negative with Paste Special function

Change positive numbers to negative with VBA code

Change positive numbers to negative or vice versa with Kutools for Excel

Change or convert positive numbers to negatives and vice versa:

With Kutools for Excels Change Sign of Values utility, you can change the positive numbers to negative or vice versa, reverse the sign of numbers, fix trailing negative signs, and so on.

You can change positive numbers to negative with Paste Special function in Excel. Please do as follows.

1. Tap number -1 in a blank cell and copy it.

2. Highlight the range that you want to change, then right-click and choose Paste Special from the context menu to open the Paste Special dialog box. See screenshot:

3. Then select All option from the Paste, and Multiply from the Operation.

4. And then click OK, all of the positive numbers have been changed to negative numbers.

5. At last, you can delete the number -1 as you need.

Using VBA code, you can also change positive numbers to negative, but you must know how to use a VBA. Please do as the following steps:

1. Select the range that you want to change.

2. Click Developer >Visual Basic, a new Microsoft Visual Basic for applications window will be displayed, click Insert > Moduleand then copy and paste the following codes in the module:

3. Click button to run the code, a dialog is popped out for you to select a range that you want to convert the posItive values to negative. See screenshot:

4. Click Ok, then the positive values in the selected range is converted to negative at once.

You can also use Kutools for Excels Change Sign of Values tool to quickly change all positive numbers to negative.

If you have installed Kutools for Excel, you can change positive numbers to negative as follows:

1. Select the range you want to change.

2. Click Kutools > Content > Change Sign of Values, see screenshot:

3. And in the Change Sign of Values dialog box, select Change all positive values to negative option.

4. Then click OK or Apply. And all of the positive numbers have been converted to negative numbers.

Tips: To change or convert all the negative numbers to positive, please choose Change all negative values to positive in the dialog box as following screenshot shown:

Kutools for Excels Change Sign of Values can also fix trailing negative signs, change all negative values to positive and so on. For more detailed information about Change Sign of Values, please visit Change Sign of Values feature description.

Click to Download and free trial Kutools for Excel Now!

Related articles:

Change negative numbers to positive

Reverse signs of values in cells

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Kutools for Excel Solves Most of Your Problems, and Increases Your Productivity by80%

Office Tab Brings Tabbed interface to Office, and Make Your Work Much Easier

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How to change positive numbers to negative ... - ExtendOffice